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Coast Guard and Navy: It's Time for a 'National Fleet'
The U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Navy have been and will remain complementary. They are not competitors. However, the distinctiveness of their missions and functions, in practice their duties overlap. There is a zone of activity wherein the services share maritime geography and foci of concern. Because the Coast Guard operates shallow-draft warships, it can be misrepresented as the coastal or shallow-water navy of the United States. Similarly, because the Navy supports the Coast Guard when necessary and feasible, perception of naval enthusiasm for such support (and beyond) can feed ill-founded anxiety that the Coast Guard is in peril of imperial absorption by the much larger service. This article is propelled by the appreciation that even through the Coast Guard and the Navy are natural and necessary allies, trends exist today--both internal to each service and, even more, in their contexts of operation--that could strain their relationship.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Gray, Colin S.
2001
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Has It Worked?: The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act
The overall report card is mixed. In the operational dimension of the Defense Department, which its original sponsors considered most pressing, the Goldwater-Nichols Act has been very successful. The act's "business" reforms, however, have not worked. These concerns, which may have been secondary fifteen years ago, are urgent now.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Locher, James R., 1946-
2001
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Socioeconomic Roots of Middle East Radicalism
The sources of Middle East extremism are profoundly complex and intertwined, composed of economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. As important as the socioeconomic and political aspects of the present crisis are, however, the cultural difficulties are equally challenging, perhaps uniquely so. How can the United States reduce the appeal of the utopian fanatics? It should approach the problem with considerable humility. Take the economic crisis. A strong case can be made that the economies of the Middle East have failed because of institutional and political deficiencies. Outsiders can do very little to promote institutional change, as the United States learned to its dismay in Russia and elsewhere. The deep cultural crisis of contemporary Islam's confrontation with modernity can be resolved only by Muslims.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Richards, Alan
2002
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National Interests: Grand Purposes or Catchphrases?
There are two basic schools of thought about how national interests should be defined: One school, the avatars of which might be realist statesmen like Otto von Bismarck in the nineteenth century and Richard Nixon in the twentieth, holds that national interests should be defined in terms of a state's tangible power and sphere of influence relative to those of other states. The single most important form of tangible power for this realist school is military (cannons and rifles in Bismarck's era, nuclear missiles and bombers in Nixon's); the statesman's ultimate challenge is to maintain a balance of military power that is favorable to his or her state. The other school holds that national interests should be defined more broadly to encompass intangible, but nevertheless highly prized, values like human rights, freedom from economic deprivation, and freedom from disease. In their vastly different ways, Woodrow Wilson and V. I. Lenin might be thought of as exemplars of this school. Both leaders employed the military power of their states to promote, respectively, the values of national self-determination and economic egalitarianism.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Miskel, James F., 1946-
2002
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Military Action against Iraq Is Justified
A controversial issue in the news is whether under international law, it would be lawful for the United States, either alone or as a member of an international coalition, to use lethal force against Saddam Hussein personally or against Iraq. Under international law lethal force can never be used unless it is necessary and proportional. If nonviolent remedies are available that can protect a nation's rights, they must be pursued. Force cannot be used to
resolve traditional political or economic grievances. It is permitted only when necessary to protect against the threat or use of unlawful force. Thus the key issue here is whether Iraq's current regime constitutes a threat to the peace against the United States or other countries. Furthermore, the purpose of the United Nations, as set forth in Article 1 of its charter, is "to maintain international peace and security, and to that end, to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace." The Security Council has made it clear that Saddam Hussein is a major threat to international peace and security.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Turner, Robert F.
2002
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Erosion of Civilian Control of the Military in the United States Today
Civil-military relationship is at the pinnacle of the government and in recent years, civilian control of the military has weakened in the United States and is threatened today. The issue is not the nightmare of a coup d'etat but rather the evidence that the American military has grown in influence to the point of being able to impose its own perspective on many policies and decisions. The American national security policy and decision-making process has tilted far more toward the military than ever before in American history in peacetime. Military officers, as well as civilians, must restore the understandings, behaviors, and attitudes that once made civilian control of the military a conscious civic principle of American life. This article is an expansion and update of the Harmon Memorial Lecture in Military History delivered in December 1999 at the U.S. Air Force Academy.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Kohn, Richard H.
2002
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'9/11' and After: A British View
The attack on the Pentagon in Washington may have been aimed specifically
at the United States, but those on the World Trade Center in New York, a supranational institution housing a multinational population in the greatest
polyglot city in the world, was directed against the nerve centre of an international community of which the United States is certainly the heart but that embraces the whole developed world. That was why the whole of that world in
fact, the whole world, with the exception only of a few predictable rogue
states--immediately declared its support to the United States in its hour of need. To call the struggle against terrorism "America's War," perhaps even a war at all, is to miss its full significance, argues one of the world's most distinguished military historians. It is a global confrontation between those who believe in the values of the Enlightenment and those who detest and fear them. In this confrontation armed force must inevitably play a part, but it can never be won by militaries alone--not even those of the United States.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Howard, Michael Eliot, 1922-
2002
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Impact of Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA) on Intelligence Support to DOD Joint Operations
"The paper analyzes the impact of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA) on Department of Defense (DoD) operational intelligence functions. The analysis briefly covers the development and reform process, which led to the creation of the modern US Intelligence Community. The paper then views the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission as the basis for the creation of Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in order to establish how policy makers viewed the DNI role in supporting military operations. Finally, the paper highlights that although the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 provided the tools to the DNI to support operational military commanders it is far less directive than Goldwater-Nichols was for the DoD. Therefore the paper argues that the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 will not improve DoD operational intelligence activities in support of Joint Operations without a significant DNI effort. The paper recommends how DoD can engage with the DNI in order to ensure better intelligence support to operational commanders."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Scanlin, Joseph E., Jr.
2007-05-18
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Space Countersurveillance: A Requisite for Theater Defense Planning
"The first 'space war' has been successfully fought hundreds of miles above the sands of the Middle East, and U.S. 'space warriors' are now contemplating future conflicts and how space can better contribute to operational success on the battlefield. However, the lessons of U.S. space dominance during Desert Storm also received much attention from other nations -- many of which U.S. forces may someday face in a future skirmish. These nations have learned the value of space assets and are busily seeking to acquire a space surveillance capability of their own. The U.S. national military strategy calls for its forces to exercise 'space control' and deny potential enemies use of the space medium when necessary -- but does the U.S. possess the weapons and plans to successfully accomplish this task? This paper examines both U.S. and enemy capabilities in the space warfare realm. Further, it suggests that the U.S. can better organize its space warfare personnel under a 'Space Component Commander' concept to successfully accomplish the space countersurveillance mission at the theater level of operational warfare."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Meyer, Donald A.
1993-05-17
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Global Shipping Game: Game Report
"During the period 8-9 December 2010, the United States Naval War College (NWC) in Newport, Rhode Island hosted the Global Shipping Game (GSG). The GSG was developed and executed at the direction of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). The purpose of the GSG was to explore strategic-level implications as a result of future changes in global shipping patterns. The CNO directed the NWC to develop a game that would explore changes in economic and trade patterns within the context of two future scenarios: expansion of the Panama Canal in 2020 and increased access of commercial shipping through the Arctic by 2035. After reviewing the research literature, the GSG was honed to explore two overarching research questions based on the CNO's areas of interest: 1) What are the broad, strategic security implications for the United States posed by projected changes in shipping patterns as a result of the Panama Canal expansion? 2) What are the broad, strategic security implications for the United States posed by projected changes in shipping patterns as a result of the opening of the Arctic? In addition to the two primary research questions, the GSG also examined the following two subsidiary questions: 1) What, if any, are the impacts to U.S. security interests for failing to ratify the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Treaty based on projected changes in shipping patterns as a result of either the Panama Canal expansion or the opening of the Arctic? 2) What challenges, if any, will expansion of the Panama Canal or the opening of the Arctic present to U.S. naval forces engaged in ensuring the free flow of goods at sea while maintaining forward global presence?"
Naval War College (U.S.)
2011-01-28
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Sea Devils, Submersibles, and Underwater IEDs: Asymmetric Undersea Threats to Assured Access in an Operational Environment
"Current U.S. military strategy requires assured maritime access to achieve national policy objectives. Because of our conventional superiority in the maritime domain, adversaries will seek asymmetric advantages to contest this access. Asymmetric undersea threats -- such as sea mines, improvised explosive devices [IED], combat swimmers and swimmer delivery vehicles, semi-submersibles, and mini-submarines -- can disrupt assured maritime access. Operational commanders must recognize the existing danger posed by such threats, and mitigate risk through the integration of joint, multinational, and interagency forces and capabilities. This paper discusses asymmetric undersea threats and their advantages to an adversary seeking to challenge assured maritime access. Next, the paper addresses current obstacles faced by U.S. joint forces when encountering these threats. Finally, it makes recommendations on how an operational commander can mitigate the risk posed by asymmetric undersea threats."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Haesler, John M.
2010-05-03
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Nation at War: Reconciling Ends & Mean
"These proceedings contain the following presentations: Opening Remarks by Dr. Richmond M. Lloyd, William B. Ruger Chair of National Security Economics, Naval War College, and Rear Admiral Jacob L. Shuford, USN, President, Naval War College; Global Challenges and Choices, by Dr. Richard N. Cooper; Opening Remarks for Panel I -- Competing National Priorities: Strategic and Resource Choices, by Dr. J. Michael Gilmore; Guns and Butter: A False Choice, by Mr. C. Lawrence Greenwood; What is to Be Done with U.S. Predominance? Grand Strategy Choices and Challenges, by Dr. Andrew L. Ross; Confronting the Challenges to National Security, by Mr. Walter Russell Mead; Panel II -- Global War on Terrorism, Homeland Security, Defense, and Intelligence; Homeland Security To-Do List, by Dr. James Jay Carafano; Strategy and Threat: The Problem of Language, Dr. David H. McIntyre; Soft Power and the Terror War, by Dr. Carnes Lord; 2005 Quadrennial Defense Review: Taking Stock and a Way Ahead, by Ms. Michele A. Flournoy; Panel III -- 2005 Quadrennial Defense Review: Issues and Options; Matching Resources with Requirements, by Mr. Steven Kosiak; Future Wartime Scenarios for Defense Planning, by Dr. Michael E. O'Hanlon; Ten Potential Navy-Related Issues for the QDR, by Mr. Ronald O'Rourke; and Closing Remarks by Rear Admiral Jacob L. Shuford, USN"
Naval War College (U.S.)
Lloyd, Richmond M.
2005-03-08
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Critical Assessment of the Effectiveness of the U.S. Customs Service/U.S. Coast Guard/Department of Defense in Joint Counternarcotics Air Interdiction
"This document examines Counternarcotics (CN) Air Interdiction (AI) coordination between the United States Customs Service (USCS), United States Coast Guard (USCG) and Department of Defense (DOD). USCS cooperation with the USCG and DOD has improved since the USCG and DOD became AI partners with Customs in 1987 and 1989 respectively. However, counterproductive CN agency practices continue, reducing AI effectiveness. Conclusions and recommendations spotlight the need t have one Operational Commander (OC), answerable to the Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) commonly known as the 'Drug Czar'. The OC would act as the Drug Czar's chief of staff for Air Operations. The OC would manage the actions of forces provided by the USCS, USCG and DOD for interdicting air narcotics smugglers. The OC would have no ties to his/her parent or former agency. The paradigm to use as the alternative to present CN agency organization, is the DOD unified CINC command structure. This structure was enriched by the 1906 Goldwater/Nichols Defense Reorganization Act. This act allows the unified CINC greater managerial freedom in executing warfare operations. Operational successes, that were greatly served by this act, were General Thurman's 1989 exploits in Panama and Genera: Schwartkopf's Accomplishments in Kuwait/Iraq."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Masiero, David A.
1992-06-19
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Strategic Implications of Obscurants: History and the Future
"Throughout history, smoke has been used in various forms to obscure naval forces at sea. During prominent naval battles in the twentieth century, from Jutland inWorldWar I to the U.S.Navy's clash with imperial Japanese forces off Leyte in 1944, smoke literally contributed to 'the fog of war' and added to the complexity and confusion of battle. But is there a role for smoke or other obscurants at sea in the radar-saturated, cyber-linked maritime environment of the twenty-first century? And what, if any, are the strategic implications of obscurants? This article will explore the latter question, leaving the tactical and operational opportunities of 'making smoke' for separate inquiry."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Culora, Thomas J.
2010
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Zumwalt-Class Destroyer: A Technology 'Bridge' Shaping the Navy after Next
"The U.S. Navy's decision to truncate procurement of the original fleet of thirty-two guided-missile destroyers of the Zumwalt (DDG 1000) class to just three ships does not diminish the value of the program to the United States as a technology bridge to the 'Navy after Next.' Rarely has the Navy had such an opportunity to do just what the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Admiral Gary Roughead, directed in early 2009: 'To take advantage of the technologies, to learn from them' and to prepare the Navy for the uncertain 'hybrid warfare' strategic environment of the future.1 Testing, refining, and retesting these technologies and systems in a major surface warship can accelerate the Navy's efforts to provide robust, flexible, and agile forces for tomorrow's roles, missions, and tasks. Indeed, the lead DDG 1000 offers the potential to leverage today's technology investments so as to help shape the characteristics and capabilities of warships yet to come."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Truver, Scott C.; Galdorisi, George, 1948-
2010
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Maritime Information-Sharing Strategy: A Realistic Approach for the American Continent and the Caribbean
"Despite the obstacles, no country should be completely left out of information sharing efforts, because that nation could become the Achilles' heel of the region in terms of maritime security. Therefore, political differences should be seen as obstacles to be overcome, and divergent interests and concessions should be tolerated. That is part of the price that will have to be paid to defeat threats and guarantee the security of our nations. The United States has a key role in leading the regional effort for information sharing. Most Latin American and Caribbean nations realize that they have to cooperate more than ever in order to achieve their goals and guarantee the security of their peoples. However, this cooperation and effort must be persistent and based on facts, not just words or documents, if they are to be credible. Trust is very difficult to develop, and it is very easy to destroy."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Soto, Alberto A.
2010
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Naval Vessel Traffic Services: Enhancing the Safety of Merchant Shipping in Maritime Security Operations
"Vessel traffic services (VTSs) ensure the safe and efficient handling of traffic on busy waterways like the English Channel and the approaches to New York. This technique, wherein electronic sensors and communication systems are used to manage traffic actively, can also be used in maritime security operations (MSOs) to enhance safety in areas with risks related to asymmetric threats.1 Nowadays a limited form of VTS is deployed for MSO situated in international waters. These services, provided by naval cooperation and guidance for shipping (NCAGS) organizations, are focused on building maritime domain awareness (MDA) and providing naval-related safety information to merchant shipping. Structuring and monitoring of vessel traffic, unfortunately, is supported only poorly, or not at all, by NCAGS. This is a serious omission, as structuring and monitoring vessel traffic make earlier detection of dangerous situations possible, render ships harder to attack, and minimize possible cascading effects to ship traffic from harassment or attack. Moreover, compared to alternatives such as escorts and convoys, there would be less delay to shipping, while the need for military assets may be reduced through improved efficiency."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Konig, H. de; Sluiman, Ir. F. J.
2010
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Operationalizing Intelligence Dominance
"In recent decades, globalization has produced both positive trends, such as economic development, enhanced communications, and the dissemination of liberal values, and negative ones, including the globalization of crime, corruption, and terrorism, as well as the uncertainties inherent in a globalized economy, including instability and social unrest. To effectively manage the contemporary security environment, the United States must be able to export local intelligence capabilities to foreign partners. A model of key elements of these capabilities has been developed that can be adapted relatively quickly for use by the U.S. in other countries. It is referred to as 'intelligence dominance consistent with rule-of-law principles.' Overall, the global security environment is characterized by several factors that are likely to persist for more than a decade. The first is the plethora of weak, fragile, failing, and failed states. More than half the world's population lives in regions where governments are unable to control their territory. In 1945, there were approximately 50 relatively homogeneous nationstates. By the end of the 1990s, after decolonization and the demise of the Soviet Union, this number had grown to more than 190 heterogeneous states and now reaches approximately 200. Most of these newer, fragile states lack the police, administrative, and economic resources needed to govern effectively, and many cannot provide basic goods and services to significant sectors of their population. Their authority is challenged both within and outside their limited areas of territorial control. Conditions in these states often include border conflicts, diasporas, and other situations that have ramifications for their neighbors or the entire region."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Godson, Roy, 1942-
2012
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Piracy
"Dr. Martin Murphy is the author of this case study, which examines piracy in Somalia as well as international regimes that have been established to deal with piracy. The ultimate outcome is an analysis of what works and what does not work in countering piracy, the reasons for the results so far, and future options. Maritime piracy is not only a threat to shipping and global trade; it is linked to failed states and has tentative links to terrorism as well. It is also important to note three critical caveats to this case study. First, the opinions found in this case study are solely those of the author and do not represent the views of the Department of Defense, the Naval War College, or CIWAG. Second, while every effort has been made to correct any factual errors in this work, the author is ultimately responsible for the content of this case study. Third, the study questions presented in all CIWAG case studies are written to provoke discussion on a wide variety of topics, including strategic, operational, and tactical matters as well as ethical and moral questions confronted by operators in the battlefield. The point is to make these case studies part of an evolving and adaptive curriculum that fulfills the needs of students preparing to meet the challenges of the post-9/11 world and to show them the dilemmas that real people faced in high-pressure situations."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Murphy, Martin
2012
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Revolutionary Risks: Cyber Technology and Threats in the 2011 Libyan Revolution
"'Revolutionary Risks: Cyber Technology and Threats in the 2011 Libyan Revolution' is the story of how John and his colleagues adapted existing information communication technology to help the Libyan opposition counter the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya government's control of communications. The case study is built from experience and contacts, stemming from @feb17voices, an evolution of @jan25voices, and supplemented with after-the-fact conversations and open-source research. This group of tech-savvy innovators have provided a wealth of knowledge on how information content and code (software) are used in contemporary conflicts. Their successful dispute of the government control of communications led to freedom of action in the cyber and land domains. This freedom of action led to traditional military support from the U.S. and NATO that ultimately allowed the opposition to achieve the physical objectives of defeating the Gaddafi regime and the eventual election of a new government."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Scott-Railton, John
2013
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Strategic and Operational Implications of Access to the South China Sea to Maintain Regional Peace and Security
"The South China Sea is of strategic importance to the United States and global economy. Continued access to the Sea Lines of Communications in South China Sea is vital for Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The U.S. Navy needs ensure to freedom of navigation and overflight by maintaining its presence in the South China Sea. As the People's Republic of China continues to grow economically and military, her economic and political interests will increase in the region. This will increase the clashes in the South China Sea between China and the U.S., the location most likely to play out the future of Sino-U.S. relations. China currently claims all of the South China Sea and is in dispute with other Southeast Asian nation claimants. China's maritime claim, Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, and People's Liberation Army's Navy modernization are aimed at excluding the U.S. Navy for the South China Sea. U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) need a more cohesive and farsighted strategy towards China and South China Sea. In order to reduce future clashes, PACOM should establish military to military relations with China today."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Nelson, Robert T.
2003-05-16
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International Law And The Changing Character Of War
"The historic International Law Studies ('Blue Book') series was initiated by the Naval War College in 1901 to publish essays, treaties and articles that contribute to the broader understanding of international law. This, the eighty-seventh volume of the 'Blue Book' series, is a compilation of scholarly papers and remarks derived from the proceedings of a conference hosted at the Naval War College on June 22-24, 2010 entitled 'International Law and the Changing Character of War.' The June 2010 International Law Conference participants examined the international law challenges presented by the changing character of war. The objectives of the conference were to catalogue the extent to which existing international law governs these changing aspects of warfare and to assess whether these developments warrant revision of existing international law. Five panels of presenters addressed topics that spanned the entire spectrum of armed conflict and focused on several emerging legal issues. Specifically, the panelists undertook an examination of the legal issues associated with the use of force in cyberspace, the civilianization of war fighting and the concept of "direct participation in hostilities," the use of unmanned systems, lawfare in asymmetrical conflicts, and legal issues associated with the investigation and enforcement of violations of the law in asymmetrical conflicts."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Pedrozo, Raul; Wollschlaeger, Daria P.
2011
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Finding the Demons in Our Midst: Utilizing DoD ISR Assets to Combat Terrorist Use of CBRNE Weapons
The horrific terrorist attacks of September ii, 2001 on the U.S. homeland highlighted the threat that terrorism poses to U.S. national security. DoD operates globally a large network of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) assets which could be brought to bear in the effort to combat terrorism. The geographic Commander's-in-Chief(CINCs) set the priorities for the intelligence networks in their Areas of Responsibility (AORs) according to their interpretation of the strategic guidance from the National Command Authority (NCA). A key tenet of the new strategic setting is the grave threat to national security posed by terrorism, potentially using Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or Enhanced High Explosive (CBRNE) weapons. This fact, coupled with the new strategic mandate that sets defense of the homeland as the highest priority for the U.S. military, dictates that each of the geographic CINCs set combatting terrorist use of CRBRNE weapons as the highest priority for their intelligence networks. The success or failure of this operational intelligence effort could have major strategic effects.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Liedman, Sean R.
2002-02-04
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Shipping Industry Perspective: Implementing the Strategy
"On October 29, 2008, the Naval War College had the privilege of hosting several prominent representatives from a variety of sectors within the shipping industry to examine the landscape of the industry, to better understand the industry challenges and suggest potential benefits of forming a better relationship between the maritime services and the shipping community. This conference produced a report that points out that both the industry and the maritime services are motivated to work together and form partnerships that will enhance the nation's ability to support the increasing demand on free trade and build a more secure maritime environment both at home and at sea. It makes sense. The maritime strategy sets out to 'advance the prosperity and security of our Nation' and there should be no doubt as to the significant role the shipping industry plays in both prosperity and security. This report highlights the need for a better understanding by government (including the maritime services), and also by the American public, of the shipping industry's contribution to the nation's economic viability. The report also suggests there is a need to better align government around the goals of free trade that allow our nation to compete in the rapidly changing global landscape."
Naval War College (U.S.)
2008-10-29
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Proliferation as a Framework for Adaptive Planning
"Throughout the forty years of the cold war, the military proficiently demonstrated planning, exercising, and employing against weapons of mass destruction -- specifically nuclear weapons. However, this planning has never targeted the spread of those weapons. This paper examines the high priority the National Command Authorities place on proliferation but explains how the military failed to plan operations countering the spread of weapons of mass destruction. The four stages of proliferation (supply, demand, indigenous, threatening) provide a framework for using the adaptive planning concept and identifying proactive military objectives. The existence of nuclear technology, command and control of the weapons of mass destruction, associated moral issues, or the value of assured deterrence between two nuclear weapon states are not addressed. Weapons of mass destruction are the example used to examine the stages of proliferation. Once planning for proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has been proven effective, this framework can be applied to other types of proliferants such as narcotic trafficking and transfer of conventional/high technology arms."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Adkins, Marcelyn A.
1993-02-22
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Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Support to Humanitarian Relief Operations within the United States: Where Everyone is in Charge
"Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) support to humanitarian relief operations within the United States has been a hot topic of discussion among the leadership of the military, federal government, and state governments since Hurricane Katrina. These organizations have deemed ISR support essential to conducting timely, effective, and responsive relief operations. However, ISR support to humanitarian relief operations within the United States suffers due to a lack of unity of command and a lack of unity of effort within NORTHCOM, its subordinate units, and its interagency partners. NORTHCOM must improve its operational ISR support by developing pre-existing ISR plans, establishing standing command relationships, improving information sharing through interoperable communications, creating a liaison officer plan, reviewing legal restrictions and modifying them if necessary, and developing and conducting more frequent and challenging exercises. These improvements will allow ISR support to be more effective during humanitarian relief operations within the United States."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Sovada, Jennifer P.
2009-04-23
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Military Police: A Multipurpose Force for Today and Tomorrow
"This paper addresses the contributions of the U.S. Army's Military Police combat support units to the United States' National Strategic objectives. These contributions are discussed in the context of military police utilization in the 1980s and 1990s, their role as a CINC's preferred force for peacetime and certain low intensity conflict missions, and the future base force role of the Military Police in AirLand Operations."
Naval War College (U.S.)
McNamee, Miles R.
1992-06-19
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Thinking about the Unthinkable: Tokoyo's Nuclear Option
"Seen in realist terms, then, China's maritime rise threatens to degrade Japan's strategic position in the region.[…]. A precipitous decline in conventional U.S. military capacity in the theater could have major diplomatic ramifications, undercutting American staying power in the western Pacific, giving rise to Japanese fears of abandonment, and unsettling the entire Asian security architecture. More to the point, Tokyo would likely interpret such a decline as foreshadowing an end to the American nuclear guarantee. Accordingly, an effort to discern, as through a glass darkly, Tokyo's nuclear options and their likely consequences is not only worthwhile but imperative for analysts and practitioners of Asian affairs. First, we briefly consider the motives that would induce Japan's leadership to make such a radical break with the antinuclear sentiments of the postwar era. Second, we consider the prospect of Japanese 'nuclear hedging,' an approach under which Tokyo would build up a capacity to develop nuclear weapons, keeping its strategic options open while remaining in formal compliance with its commitments under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, or NPT. Third, we consider the technical feasibility of a swift Japanese nuclear breakout, paying particular attention to assumptions that Tokyo could stage a breakout within a year of deciding to do so. Fourth, we identify possible force structures and strategies available to Japan should the island nation's leadership indeed decide it is in the national interest to cross the nuclear-weapons threshold."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Yoshihara, Toshi; Holmes, James R.
2009-06
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Political Economy of Piracy in the South China Sea
"In the past two decades it has increased substantially, leading to a renewed interest in piracy and its possible nexus with maritime terrorism, especially after the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States. Although it has been widely reported and investigated, piracy remains difficult to understand and to control. […]. This article attempts to analyze piracy through the perspective of political economy, with an emphasis on state and market stakeholders and on the economic, technological, and institutional factors affecting ocean governance of piracy. The major area of concern here is the South China Sea, where approximately half of the world's reported incidents of piracy have taken place since the 1990s. Following the usage of the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), this estimate includes instances of both piracy as defined under international law--theft on the high seas--and armed robbery or theft in the territorial waters or ports of coastal states. This article will examine the scope and trends in piracy in the South China Sea as well as the factors that motivate this form of maritime crime. It continues with an analysis of the factors that impede antipiracy efforts, including uncertainties over definitions and legal jurisdiction, the underlying dynamics of piracy, and uncoordinated efforts at detection, pursuit, arrest, and conviction of pirates as well as recovery of crew, cargo, or ships. It concludes with an analysis of the limited progress made by state and market stakeholders to improve antipiracy security in the vital shipping lanes of the South China Sea."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Rosenberg, David
2009-06
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Fish, Family, and Profit: Piracy and the Horn of Africa
"Given the definition of piracy crafted in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), most activity characterized by that name over the past decade actually comes far closer to armed robbery than actual piracy. […]. The nature of this definitional problem in its Somali form presents a contrast with the historical Asian paradigm. Pursuit, seizure, and deprivation at sea in waters bordering the Gulf of Aden and in the Indian Ocean fall more clearly than the Asian events into the UNCLOS definition of piracy. This kind of lawlessness has always presented political and international complexities, made more difficult by national jurisdictions, corporate motives, and the scattered geography of the broader Asian region. In the Horn of Africa, part of the considerable expanse patrolled by U.S. Naval Forces, Central Command and Combined Task Force 150, the geography and the jurisdictional difficulties, while not simple, do not present the same level of complexity."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Weir, Gary E.
2009-06
