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Coast Guard and Navy: It's Time for a 'National Fleet'
The U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Navy have been and will remain complementary. They are not competitors. However, the distinctiveness of their missions and functions, in practice their duties overlap. There is a zone of activity wherein the services share maritime geography and foci of concern. Because the Coast Guard operates shallow-draft warships, it can be misrepresented as the coastal or shallow-water navy of the United States. Similarly, because the Navy supports the Coast Guard when necessary and feasible, perception of naval enthusiasm for such support (and beyond) can feed ill-founded anxiety that the Coast Guard is in peril of imperial absorption by the much larger service. This article is propelled by the appreciation that even through the Coast Guard and the Navy are natural and necessary allies, trends exist today--both internal to each service and, even more, in their contexts of operation--that could strain their relationship.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Gray, Colin S.
2001
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Has It Worked?: The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act
The overall report card is mixed. In the operational dimension of the Defense Department, which its original sponsors considered most pressing, the Goldwater-Nichols Act has been very successful. The act's "business" reforms, however, have not worked. These concerns, which may have been secondary fifteen years ago, are urgent now.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Locher, James R., 1946-
2001
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Socioeconomic Roots of Middle East Radicalism
The sources of Middle East extremism are profoundly complex and intertwined, composed of economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. As important as the socioeconomic and political aspects of the present crisis are, however, the cultural difficulties are equally challenging, perhaps uniquely so. How can the United States reduce the appeal of the utopian fanatics? It should approach the problem with considerable humility. Take the economic crisis. A strong case can be made that the economies of the Middle East have failed because of institutional and political deficiencies. Outsiders can do very little to promote institutional change, as the United States learned to its dismay in Russia and elsewhere. The deep cultural crisis of contemporary Islam's confrontation with modernity can be resolved only by Muslims.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Richards, Alan
2002
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National Interests: Grand Purposes or Catchphrases?
There are two basic schools of thought about how national interests should be defined: One school, the avatars of which might be realist statesmen like Otto von Bismarck in the nineteenth century and Richard Nixon in the twentieth, holds that national interests should be defined in terms of a state's tangible power and sphere of influence relative to those of other states. The single most important form of tangible power for this realist school is military (cannons and rifles in Bismarck's era, nuclear missiles and bombers in Nixon's); the statesman's ultimate challenge is to maintain a balance of military power that is favorable to his or her state. The other school holds that national interests should be defined more broadly to encompass intangible, but nevertheless highly prized, values like human rights, freedom from economic deprivation, and freedom from disease. In their vastly different ways, Woodrow Wilson and V. I. Lenin might be thought of as exemplars of this school. Both leaders employed the military power of their states to promote, respectively, the values of national self-determination and economic egalitarianism.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Miskel, James F., 1946-
2002
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Military Action against Iraq Is Justified
A controversial issue in the news is whether under international law, it would be lawful for the United States, either alone or as a member of an international coalition, to use lethal force against Saddam Hussein personally or against Iraq. Under international law lethal force can never be used unless it is necessary and proportional. If nonviolent remedies are available that can protect a nation's rights, they must be pursued. Force cannot be used to
resolve traditional political or economic grievances. It is permitted only when necessary to protect against the threat or use of unlawful force. Thus the key issue here is whether Iraq's current regime constitutes a threat to the peace against the United States or other countries. Furthermore, the purpose of the United Nations, as set forth in Article 1 of its charter, is "to maintain international peace and security, and to that end, to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace." The Security Council has made it clear that Saddam Hussein is a major threat to international peace and security.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Turner, Robert F.
2002
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Erosion of Civilian Control of the Military in the United States Today
Civil-military relationship is at the pinnacle of the government and in recent years, civilian control of the military has weakened in the United States and is threatened today. The issue is not the nightmare of a coup d'etat but rather the evidence that the American military has grown in influence to the point of being able to impose its own perspective on many policies and decisions. The American national security policy and decision-making process has tilted far more toward the military than ever before in American history in peacetime. Military officers, as well as civilians, must restore the understandings, behaviors, and attitudes that once made civilian control of the military a conscious civic principle of American life. This article is an expansion and update of the Harmon Memorial Lecture in Military History delivered in December 1999 at the U.S. Air Force Academy.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Kohn, Richard H.
2002
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'9/11' and After: A British View
The attack on the Pentagon in Washington may have been aimed specifically
at the United States, but those on the World Trade Center in New York, a supranational institution housing a multinational population in the greatest
polyglot city in the world, was directed against the nerve centre of an international community of which the United States is certainly the heart but that embraces the whole developed world. That was why the whole of that world in
fact, the whole world, with the exception only of a few predictable rogue
states--immediately declared its support to the United States in its hour of need. To call the struggle against terrorism "America's War," perhaps even a war at all, is to miss its full significance, argues one of the world's most distinguished military historians. It is a global confrontation between those who believe in the values of the Enlightenment and those who detest and fear them. In this confrontation armed force must inevitably play a part, but it can never be won by militaries alone--not even those of the United States.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Howard, Michael Eliot, 1922-
2002
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Global Shipping Game: Game Report
"During the period 8-9 December 2010, the United States Naval War College (NWC) in Newport, Rhode Island hosted the Global Shipping Game (GSG). The GSG was developed and executed at the direction of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). The purpose of the GSG was to explore strategic-level implications as a result of future changes in global shipping patterns. The CNO directed the NWC to develop a game that would explore changes in economic and trade patterns within the context of two future scenarios: expansion of the Panama Canal in 2020 and increased access of commercial shipping through the Arctic by 2035. After reviewing the research literature, the GSG was honed to explore two overarching research questions based on the CNO's areas of interest: 1) What are the broad, strategic security implications for the United States posed by projected changes in shipping patterns as a result of the Panama Canal expansion? 2) What are the broad, strategic security implications for the United States posed by projected changes in shipping patterns as a result of the opening of the Arctic? In addition to the two primary research questions, the GSG also examined the following two subsidiary questions: 1) What, if any, are the impacts to U.S. security interests for failing to ratify the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Treaty based on projected changes in shipping patterns as a result of either the Panama Canal expansion or the opening of the Arctic? 2) What challenges, if any, will expansion of the Panama Canal or the opening of the Arctic present to U.S. naval forces engaged in ensuring the free flow of goods at sea while maintaining forward global presence?"
Naval War College (U.S.)
2011-01-28
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Nation at War: Reconciling Ends & Mean
"These proceedings contain the following presentations: Opening Remarks by Dr. Richmond M. Lloyd, William B. Ruger Chair of National Security Economics, Naval War College, and Rear Admiral Jacob L. Shuford, USN, President, Naval War College; Global Challenges and Choices, by Dr. Richard N. Cooper; Opening Remarks for Panel I -- Competing National Priorities: Strategic and Resource Choices, by Dr. J. Michael Gilmore; Guns and Butter: A False Choice, by Mr. C. Lawrence Greenwood; What is to Be Done with U.S. Predominance? Grand Strategy Choices and Challenges, by Dr. Andrew L. Ross; Confronting the Challenges to National Security, by Mr. Walter Russell Mead; Panel II -- Global War on Terrorism, Homeland Security, Defense, and Intelligence; Homeland Security To-Do List, by Dr. James Jay Carafano; Strategy and Threat: The Problem of Language, Dr. David H. McIntyre; Soft Power and the Terror War, by Dr. Carnes Lord; 2005 Quadrennial Defense Review: Taking Stock and a Way Ahead, by Ms. Michele A. Flournoy; Panel III -- 2005 Quadrennial Defense Review: Issues and Options; Matching Resources with Requirements, by Mr. Steven Kosiak; Future Wartime Scenarios for Defense Planning, by Dr. Michael E. O'Hanlon; Ten Potential Navy-Related Issues for the QDR, by Mr. Ronald O'Rourke; and Closing Remarks by Rear Admiral Jacob L. Shuford, USN"
Naval War College (U.S.)
Lloyd, Richmond M.
2005-03-08
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Operationalizing Intelligence Dominance
"In recent decades, globalization has produced both positive trends, such as economic development, enhanced communications, and the dissemination of liberal values, and negative ones, including the globalization of crime, corruption, and terrorism, as well as the uncertainties inherent in a globalized economy, including instability and social unrest. To effectively manage the contemporary security environment, the United States must be able to export local intelligence capabilities to foreign partners. A model of key elements of these capabilities has been developed that can be adapted relatively quickly for use by the U.S. in other countries. It is referred to as 'intelligence dominance consistent with rule-of-law principles.' Overall, the global security environment is characterized by several factors that are likely to persist for more than a decade. The first is the plethora of weak, fragile, failing, and failed states. More than half the world's population lives in regions where governments are unable to control their territory. In 1945, there were approximately 50 relatively homogeneous nationstates. By the end of the 1990s, after decolonization and the demise of the Soviet Union, this number had grown to more than 190 heterogeneous states and now reaches approximately 200. Most of these newer, fragile states lack the police, administrative, and economic resources needed to govern effectively, and many cannot provide basic goods and services to significant sectors of their population. Their authority is challenged both within and outside their limited areas of territorial control. Conditions in these states often include border conflicts, diasporas, and other situations that have ramifications for their neighbors or the entire region."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Godson, Roy, 1942-
2012
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Piracy
"Dr. Martin Murphy is the author of this case study, which examines piracy in Somalia as well as international regimes that have been established to deal with piracy. The ultimate outcome is an analysis of what works and what does not work in countering piracy, the reasons for the results so far, and future options. Maritime piracy is not only a threat to shipping and global trade; it is linked to failed states and has tentative links to terrorism as well. It is also important to note three critical caveats to this case study. First, the opinions found in this case study are solely those of the author and do not represent the views of the Department of Defense, the Naval War College, or CIWAG. Second, while every effort has been made to correct any factual errors in this work, the author is ultimately responsible for the content of this case study. Third, the study questions presented in all CIWAG case studies are written to provoke discussion on a wide variety of topics, including strategic, operational, and tactical matters as well as ethical and moral questions confronted by operators in the battlefield. The point is to make these case studies part of an evolving and adaptive curriculum that fulfills the needs of students preparing to meet the challenges of the post-9/11 world and to show them the dilemmas that real people faced in high-pressure situations."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Murphy, Martin
2012
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Revolutionary Risks: Cyber Technology and Threats in the 2011 Libyan Revolution
"'Revolutionary Risks: Cyber Technology and Threats in the 2011 Libyan Revolution' is the story of how John and his colleagues adapted existing information communication technology to help the Libyan opposition counter the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya government's control of communications. The case study is built from experience and contacts, stemming from @feb17voices, an evolution of @jan25voices, and supplemented with after-the-fact conversations and open-source research. This group of tech-savvy innovators have provided a wealth of knowledge on how information content and code (software) are used in contemporary conflicts. Their successful dispute of the government control of communications led to freedom of action in the cyber and land domains. This freedom of action led to traditional military support from the U.S. and NATO that ultimately allowed the opposition to achieve the physical objectives of defeating the Gaddafi regime and the eventual election of a new government."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Scott-Railton, John
2013
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Strategic and Operational Implications of Access to the South China Sea to Maintain Regional Peace and Security
"The South China Sea is of strategic importance to the United States and global economy. Continued access to the Sea Lines of Communications in South China Sea is vital for Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The U.S. Navy needs ensure to freedom of navigation and overflight by maintaining its presence in the South China Sea. As the People's Republic of China continues to grow economically and military, her economic and political interests will increase in the region. This will increase the clashes in the South China Sea between China and the U.S., the location most likely to play out the future of Sino-U.S. relations. China currently claims all of the South China Sea and is in dispute with other Southeast Asian nation claimants. China's maritime claim, Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, and People's Liberation Army's Navy modernization are aimed at excluding the U.S. Navy for the South China Sea. U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) need a more cohesive and farsighted strategy towards China and South China Sea. In order to reduce future clashes, PACOM should establish military to military relations with China today."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Nelson, Robert T.
2003-05-16
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International Law And The Changing Character Of War
"The historic International Law Studies ('Blue Book') series was initiated by the Naval War College in 1901 to publish essays, treaties and articles that contribute to the broader understanding of international law. This, the eighty-seventh volume of the 'Blue Book' series, is a compilation of scholarly papers and remarks derived from the proceedings of a conference hosted at the Naval War College on June 22-24, 2010 entitled 'International Law and the Changing Character of War.' The June 2010 International Law Conference participants examined the international law challenges presented by the changing character of war. The objectives of the conference were to catalogue the extent to which existing international law governs these changing aspects of warfare and to assess whether these developments warrant revision of existing international law. Five panels of presenters addressed topics that spanned the entire spectrum of armed conflict and focused on several emerging legal issues. Specifically, the panelists undertook an examination of the legal issues associated with the use of force in cyberspace, the civilianization of war fighting and the concept of "direct participation in hostilities," the use of unmanned systems, lawfare in asymmetrical conflicts, and legal issues associated with the investigation and enforcement of violations of the law in asymmetrical conflicts."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Pedrozo, Raul; Wollschlaeger, Daria P.
2011
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Finding the Demons in Our Midst: Utilizing DoD ISR Assets to Combat Terrorist Use of CBRNE Weapons
The horrific terrorist attacks of September ii, 2001 on the U.S. homeland highlighted the threat that terrorism poses to U.S. national security. DoD operates globally a large network of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) assets which could be brought to bear in the effort to combat terrorism. The geographic Commander's-in-Chief(CINCs) set the priorities for the intelligence networks in their Areas of Responsibility (AORs) according to their interpretation of the strategic guidance from the National Command Authority (NCA). A key tenet of the new strategic setting is the grave threat to national security posed by terrorism, potentially using Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or Enhanced High Explosive (CBRNE) weapons. This fact, coupled with the new strategic mandate that sets defense of the homeland as the highest priority for the U.S. military, dictates that each of the geographic CINCs set combatting terrorist use of CRBRNE weapons as the highest priority for their intelligence networks. The success or failure of this operational intelligence effort could have major strategic effects.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Liedman, Sean R.
2002-02-04
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Conflict Prevention and Security Cooperation in the Arctic Region: 'Frameworks of the Future'
From the Executive Summary: "The Arctic region is experiencing significant changes environmentally, economically, politically, and militarily. [...] Though the Arctic has been a region of relative peace and stability in recent decades, there is rising concern for increased tensions and conflict in the region. With this backdrop, the Newport Arctic Scholars Initiative was created to bring together national security practitioners and scholars from Arctic States to analyze security implications of the evolving Arctic and produce recommendations for heads of navy and policymakers. The Newport Arctic Scholars Initiative (NASI) 2020 consists of 19 national security practitioners and scholars from seven Arctic States. NASI 2020 analyzed issues of current and critical importance to Arctic policy and developed concrete findings and recommendations for policymakers. This report, 'Conflict Prevention and Security Cooperation in the Arctic Region: Frameworks for the Future', captures consensus of the NASI 2020 scholars. Building upon the 2018-2019 NASI work on the limitations of the current cooperative security fora in the Arctic region, this cohort explored existing international frameworks and assessed their abilities to ensure freedom and security in the Arctic through political-military means. NASI 2020 also examined existing frameworks to determine whether they enabled increased dialogue and maritime security cooperation in the region. The frameworks were further evaluated for their abilities to prevent and manage conflict and enhance cooperation on areas of common security and defense interests in the region."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Berbrick, Walter A.; Saunes, Lars
2020-09
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Sea Shepherd: The Evolution of an Eco-Vigilante to Legitimized Maritime Capacity Builder
From the Introduction: "In April 2015, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ship 'Bob Barker' completed a 10,000-nautical-mile, 110-day chase of an illegal fishing trawler, the 'Thunder', from the Southern Ocean to West Africa, which would culminate in the scuttling of the trawler, the rescue of its crew, and the successful prosecution of its captain. Over the course of the chase, the 'Bob Barker' worked with more than two dozen countries as well as Interpol. This event was a game-changer for Sea Shepherd, which had a four-decade history of touting itself as a 'pirate' organization taking action on behalf of marine life. With the chase of the 'Thunder', Sea Shepherd demonstrated a willingness to work with nation states, and those nation states gave some legitimacy to it in return. This case study examines Sea Shepherd and also weighs the organization's value as a business model for responding to the growing scarcity of marine food and the economic and national security implications of that challenge."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Berube, Claude G.
2021
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Naval War College Review (Volume 74, Number 1)
This Winter 2021 edition of Naval War College Review contains the following articles: "Strategy's Evangelist" by Lawrence Freedman; "Colin Gray and Maritime Strategy--an Appreciation" by Geoffrey Till; "On Deterrence, Defense, and Arms Control: In Honor of Colin S. Gray" by Keith B. Payne; "Some Lessons on Spacepower from Colin Gray" by John J. Klein; "From Orbit to Ocean: Fixing Southeast Asia's Remote-Sensing Blind Spots" by Gregory B. Poling; "Theories of Naval Blockades and Their Application in the Twenty-First Century" by Adam Biggs, Dan Xu, Joshua Roaf, and Tatana Olson; "Transformational Leadership in the Navy: Cultivating a Learning-Organization Culture" by Brenda Oppermann and William Nault; and "Research & Debate: Pier Competitor: Testimony on China's Global Ports" by Isaac Kardon.
Naval War College (U.S.)
2021
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Totalitarian Insurgency: Evaluating the Islamic State's In-Theater Propaganda Operations
From the Message from the Editors: "This case study by Charlie Winter makes use of primary source documents to present the in-theater propaganda strategies of the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). Although much attention has rightly been paid to their online recruiting and social media campaigns, their in-theater strategies are equally compelling and strategically targeted. The author uses a three-part framework--message, messenger, and media--developed by Naval War College professors Marc Genest, Andrea Dew, and Sally Paine in another study on strategic communications, to assess the intent and effectiveness of ISIS's in-theater propaganda. Winter makes a compelling case, through evidence and teaching questions, that this strategy is both deliberate and effective, especially when ISIS controlled and limited access to the internet and outside media."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Winter, Charlie
2017-04
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Shipping Industry Perspective: Implementing the Strategy
"On October 29, 2008, the Naval War College had the privilege of hosting several prominent representatives from a variety of sectors within the shipping industry to examine the landscape of the industry, to better understand the industry challenges and suggest potential benefits of forming a better relationship between the maritime services and the shipping community. This conference produced a report that points out that both the industry and the maritime services are motivated to work together and form partnerships that will enhance the nation's ability to support the increasing demand on free trade and build a more secure maritime environment both at home and at sea. It makes sense. The maritime strategy sets out to 'advance the prosperity and security of our Nation' and there should be no doubt as to the significant role the shipping industry plays in both prosperity and security. This report highlights the need for a better understanding by government (including the maritime services), and also by the American public, of the shipping industry's contribution to the nation's economic viability. The report also suggests there is a need to better align government around the goals of free trade that allow our nation to compete in the rapidly changing global landscape."
Naval War College (U.S.)
2008-10-29
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Proliferation as a Framework for Adaptive Planning
"Throughout the forty years of the cold war, the military proficiently demonstrated planning, exercising, and employing against weapons of mass destruction -- specifically nuclear weapons. However, this planning has never targeted the spread of those weapons. This paper examines the high priority the National Command Authorities place on proliferation but explains how the military failed to plan operations countering the spread of weapons of mass destruction. The four stages of proliferation (supply, demand, indigenous, threatening) provide a framework for using the adaptive planning concept and identifying proactive military objectives. The existence of nuclear technology, command and control of the weapons of mass destruction, associated moral issues, or the value of assured deterrence between two nuclear weapon states are not addressed. Weapons of mass destruction are the example used to examine the stages of proliferation. Once planning for proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has been proven effective, this framework can be applied to other types of proliferants such as narcotic trafficking and transfer of conventional/high technology arms."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Adkins, Marcelyn A.
1993-02-22
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Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Support to Humanitarian Relief Operations within the United States: Where Everyone is in Charge
"Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) support to humanitarian relief operations within the United States has been a hot topic of discussion among the leadership of the military, federal government, and state governments since Hurricane Katrina. These organizations have deemed ISR support essential to conducting timely, effective, and responsive relief operations. However, ISR support to humanitarian relief operations within the United States suffers due to a lack of unity of command and a lack of unity of effort within NORTHCOM, its subordinate units, and its interagency partners. NORTHCOM must improve its operational ISR support by developing pre-existing ISR plans, establishing standing command relationships, improving information sharing through interoperable communications, creating a liaison officer plan, reviewing legal restrictions and modifying them if necessary, and developing and conducting more frequent and challenging exercises. These improvements will allow ISR support to be more effective during humanitarian relief operations within the United States."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Sovada, Jennifer P.
2009-04-23
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Military Police: A Multipurpose Force for Today and Tomorrow
"This paper addresses the contributions of the U.S. Army's Military Police combat support units to the United States' National Strategic objectives. These contributions are discussed in the context of military police utilization in the 1980s and 1990s, their role as a CINC's preferred force for peacetime and certain low intensity conflict missions, and the future base force role of the Military Police in AirLand Operations."
Naval War College (U.S.)
McNamee, Miles R.
1992-06-19
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Thinking about the Unthinkable: Tokoyo's Nuclear Option
"Seen in realist terms, then, China's maritime rise threatens to degrade Japan's strategic position in the region.[…]. A precipitous decline in conventional U.S. military capacity in the theater could have major diplomatic ramifications, undercutting American staying power in the western Pacific, giving rise to Japanese fears of abandonment, and unsettling the entire Asian security architecture. More to the point, Tokyo would likely interpret such a decline as foreshadowing an end to the American nuclear guarantee. Accordingly, an effort to discern, as through a glass darkly, Tokyo's nuclear options and their likely consequences is not only worthwhile but imperative for analysts and practitioners of Asian affairs. First, we briefly consider the motives that would induce Japan's leadership to make such a radical break with the antinuclear sentiments of the postwar era. Second, we consider the prospect of Japanese 'nuclear hedging,' an approach under which Tokyo would build up a capacity to develop nuclear weapons, keeping its strategic options open while remaining in formal compliance with its commitments under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, or NPT. Third, we consider the technical feasibility of a swift Japanese nuclear breakout, paying particular attention to assumptions that Tokyo could stage a breakout within a year of deciding to do so. Fourth, we identify possible force structures and strategies available to Japan should the island nation's leadership indeed decide it is in the national interest to cross the nuclear-weapons threshold."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Yoshihara, Toshi; Holmes, James R.
2009-06
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Political Economy of Piracy in the South China Sea
"In the past two decades it has increased substantially, leading to a renewed interest in piracy and its possible nexus with maritime terrorism, especially after the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States. Although it has been widely reported and investigated, piracy remains difficult to understand and to control. […]. This article attempts to analyze piracy through the perspective of political economy, with an emphasis on state and market stakeholders and on the economic, technological, and institutional factors affecting ocean governance of piracy. The major area of concern here is the South China Sea, where approximately half of the world's reported incidents of piracy have taken place since the 1990s. Following the usage of the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), this estimate includes instances of both piracy as defined under international law--theft on the high seas--and armed robbery or theft in the territorial waters or ports of coastal states. This article will examine the scope and trends in piracy in the South China Sea as well as the factors that motivate this form of maritime crime. It continues with an analysis of the factors that impede antipiracy efforts, including uncertainties over definitions and legal jurisdiction, the underlying dynamics of piracy, and uncoordinated efforts at detection, pursuit, arrest, and conviction of pirates as well as recovery of crew, cargo, or ships. It concludes with an analysis of the limited progress made by state and market stakeholders to improve antipiracy security in the vital shipping lanes of the South China Sea."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Rosenberg, David
2009-06
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Fish, Family, and Profit: Piracy and the Horn of Africa
"Given the definition of piracy crafted in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), most activity characterized by that name over the past decade actually comes far closer to armed robbery than actual piracy. […]. The nature of this definitional problem in its Somali form presents a contrast with the historical Asian paradigm. Pursuit, seizure, and deprivation at sea in waters bordering the Gulf of Aden and in the Indian Ocean fall more clearly than the Asian events into the UNCLOS definition of piracy. This kind of lawlessness has always presented political and international complexities, made more difficult by national jurisdictions, corporate motives, and the scattered geography of the broader Asian region. In the Horn of Africa, part of the considerable expanse patrolled by U.S. Naval Forces, Central Command and Combined Task Force 150, the geography and the jurisdictional difficulties, while not simple, do not present the same level of complexity."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Weir, Gary E.
2009-06
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Principles of Strategic Communication for a New Global Commons
"At the highest level of national strategy, 'strategic communication' is defined as the highest layer within the communication climate through which U.S. Senior leaders can promulgate national themes and messages and use the principles of strategic communication to keep the peace and win at war. The most effective approach to understanding the principles of strategic communication is the dialogic model of communication. Thirteen core principles of strategic communication are synthesized from the tenets of dialogic communication, the principles of war, and the strategy development process. These principles can underpin national strategy and may help achieve U.S. national objectives at the lowest risk and with the highest benefit. Applying the principles of strategic communication to help realize these ends and objectives, however, requires the USG to inculcate these principles into their strategies and plans (ends), resource the needed capabilities (ways), and use the methods (means) that can best achieve the goals. The ways and means of the DOD may not be postured to support the strategic communication construct and apply the SC principles across its range of military operations. The DOD and USG may wish to assess their current SC resources and their alignment with national strategy so they can help thoroughly and effectively integrate all instruments of national power. In international diplomacy and war, a national strategy shaped by strategic communication principles may be an effective way to understand yourself and your enemies and to win, preferably without fighting, as Sun Tzu would urge, or with only the minimum necessary violence, as Clausewitz would agree."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Perry, Robert L.
2008-06-06
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Military Support to Law Enforcement and Posse Comitatus: Is the Search for Nontraditional Missions on a Collision Course with Operational Readiness?
"The potential danger to operational. readiness of the search for nontraditional roles and missions for the U.S. armed forces is examined. The paper explores the incentives for adding new missions to the armed forces in light of the post-Cold War 'draw-down' and looks at Military Support to Law Enforcement (MSLE) as an example fo [sic] the types of missions being considered for the military. It reviews the history of and recent changes to the Posse Comitatus Act, the traditional deterrent to military involvement in civilian law enforcement operations. Possible detrimental effects on operational readiness are discussed, as peacetime missions are equated to training for the wartime mission. Possible methods to evaluate potential missions are presented. The recommendation is made to keep the focus on the wartime mission and the needs of the operational commander when considering ancillary missions for the armed forces."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Baranzini, Richard D.
1993-06-18
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Shaping the Security Environment
"Newport Paper No. 29, Shaping the Security Environment […] is intended to explore the notion of shaping in its various aspects, both generally and in several regional contexts. The changing role of the regional COCOMs (formerly CINCs) over the last dozen years or so is the focus of a paper by General Anthony Zinni […]Papers by Commander Alan Lee Boyer, USN (Ret.), and Stephen A. Emerson examine maritime and regional security cooperation from the perspective of the U.S. European Command on the one hand and, on the other, the Combined Task Force--Horn of Africa, a joint organization headquartered in Djibouti that has played a critical role in recent years in strengthening the capabilities of countries throughout the region to improve their own security and counter terrorism. Two further chapters examine aspects of shaping from a global perspective. Ronald E. Ratcliffe provides a searching analysis of the 'thousand-ship navy' initiative proposed several years ago by outgoing Chief of Naval Operations Michael Mullen, including the difficulties the U.S. Navy has had in operationalizing this concept--and the difficulties some of our allies and partners continue to have in coming to terms with it. Ratcliffe makes a number of useful recommendations as to how the Navy can make headway in the area of maritime security cooperation in the coming years, which is likely to figure prominently in the new maritime strategy the Navy is currently developing. Finally, Dennis Lynn looks at 'strategic communication,' also a relatively new concept that is intended to bring greater coherence to the way the U.S. military thinks about the overall impact of its words and actions abroad and how it can better craft messages to shape the environment--friendly as well as adversarial-- in which it finds itself today."
Naval War College (U.S.)
2007-09
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New Obama Maritime Strategy?
This presentation examines President Obama's maritime strategy. The briefing is wide ranging, addressing issues from the U.S. economy, the threats from Russia and China, U.S. defense spending, and Obama's general standpoints on defense. Fedyszyn emphasizes that domestic economic issues are the priority, defense budgets are huge and wasteful, and defense should be reduced. He then reviews maritime strategic imperatives, elements of maritime power and security, humanitarian assistance and disaster response, and the Global Maritime Partnership. Concluding the briefing is an overview of the current plans for the Navy and what tomorrow's Navy will look like.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Fedyszyn, Tom
2009
