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Viewpoints: Developing a Customer-Service Approach to Securing the Port of Long Beach [video]
In this Viewpoints interview, "Detective Candice Wright discusses the challenges of building strong partnerships between local government agencies and the private sector to provide security for the largest port complex in the US by developing relationships of trust that enable more effective asset/resource and information sharing."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Wright, Candice L.
2011-04-05
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Viewpoints: Modeling Social Networks [video]
In this Viewpoints interview, "Steve Lieberman, Ph.D. candidate from the MOVES [Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation] Institute at the Naval Postgraduate School, discusses his use of network science to analyze the change in social networks and interactions over time to try to identify the various factors that cause extremist groups to splinter from a general population."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Lieberman, Steve
2011-04-04
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Viewpoints: Virtual Alabama [video]
In this Viewpoints interview, "Jim Walker, Homeland Security Director for the state of Alabama gives a detailed view of the groundbreaking 'Virtual Alabama' program. Combining the latest web and mapping technologies with cost-effectiveness, Virtual Alabama has become a new model for expanding communications and interoperability for the Homeland Security community."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Walker, Jim
2010-04-07
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Viewpoints: Improving Tribal Relations in Homeland Security [video]
In this Viewpoints interview, "Dr. James Tindall discusses tribal relations with federal and state entities regarding homeland security, bringing up issues such as tribal sovereignty, training, funding, and border jurisdiction."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tindall, James A., 1953-
2011-04-04
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Using Public Network Infrastructures for UAV Remote Sensing in Civilian Security Operations
"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) enable the in-depth reconnaissance and surveillance of major incidents. Uncontrolled emissions of liquid or gaseous contaminants in cases of volcanic eruptions, large fires, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks can be analyzed by utilizing UAV. Hence, the use of cognitive Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for distributing mobile sensors in incident areas is in general a significant value added for remote sensing, reconnaissance, surveillance, and communication purposes. Police departments, fire brigades, and other homeland security organizations will have access to medium and small UAV in the near future and will be able to integrate UAV in their work flow. In this paper we focus on the civilian concepts of operations (CONOPS) for UAV, in particular for smallscale UAV. We present viable concepts at the systems level for leveraging public wireless communication networks for UAV-based sensor networks with respect to existing constraints and user requirements."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Daniel, Kai; Wietfeld, Christian
2011-03
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Policy, Practice, and the Search for Alpha
"If there were a scale to measure the level of abstraction associated with science, technology, strategy, and policy, we could think of science and technology at one end and strategy and policy at the other. While scientists and technologists often must work to understand and manipulate very small, detailed aspects of a problem (like searching for the value of alpha in a formula that will optimize coverage by a radio signal), policymakers often attend to the large, macro aspects (perhaps deciding who can use available radio frequencies and for what purposes). While both ends of the spectrum are important, my observation is that it is sometimes a challenge for these groups to understand and best benefit from each other. Yet innovations in science and technology can enable policy options that were not previously available and policy goals can drive scientists and technologists to find ways to reach heretofore-unobtainable objectives. To work well, these diverse worlds need to work together. It is with that idea in mind that we present a set of papers recently judged best-in-track and best--in-conference at the 2010 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Homeland Security Technology (HST) Conference, the tenth annual meeting of this group."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Josefek, Robert
2011-03
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Gamma-Insensitive Fast Neutron Detector with Spectral Source Identification Potential
"Calculations are presented to support the claim that fast neutron detection systems can achieve higher performance in detecting weak neutron sources than conventional thermal neutron detection systems involving moderators. Minimum Detectable Limits (MDL) are used as a comparative metric, more representative than the metric of absolute sensitivity, which does not take into account the influence of natural backgrounds. Monte Carlo simulations are used to show that heavily shielded neutron sources emit a substantial fraction of fast neutrons. Arguments are presented to support the claim that fast neutron detection systems are superior at defeating heavy neutron shielding than thermal systems."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
2011-03
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Intelligent Recognition of Acoustic and Vibration Threats for Security Breach Detection, Close Proximity Danger Identification, and Perimeter Protection
"The protection of perimeters in national, agricultural, airport, prison, and military sites, and residential areas against dangerous approaching human and vehicles when using human agents to provide security is expensive or unsafe. Because of this, acoustic/vibration signature identification of approaching human and vehicles threats has attracted increased attention. This paper addresses the development and deployment of three types of acoustic and vibration based smart sensors to identify and report sequential approaching threats prior to the intrusion. More specifically, we have developed: a) acoustic based long range sensor with which vehicles' engine sound and type can be identified, b) vibration based seismic analyzer which discriminates between human footsteps and other seismic events such as those caused by animals, and c) fence breaching vibration sensor which can detect intentional disturbances on the fence and discriminate between climb, kick, rattle, and lean. All of these sensors were designed with several issues in mind, namely, optimized low power usage, a low number of false positives, small size, secure radio communication, and military specifications. The developed vibration based system was installed in an airport with unprotected shore lines in the vicinity of taxi-and run-ways. The system reported an average of less than two false positives per week and zero false negative for the duration of forty-five days. Six fence sensors were installed on the terminal area and end-of runway chain-link fences where there was possibility of intentional fence climbing. The fence sensors reported no false positives for the duration of forty-five days which included several days of seasonal storms."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Dibazar, Alireza A.; Yousefi, Ali; Park, Hyung O.
2011-03
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Augmenting the DGPS Broadcast with Emergency Information
"Differential GPS, or DGPS [ Differential Global Positioning Satellite], is a medium frequency radio system that is used worldwide for the broadcast of differential corrections to users to improve the accuracy and integrity of the GPS. This communications system works by digitally modulating radio signals broadcast from a network of marine radio beacons operating in the 283.5-325 kHz radio band. The modulation scheme called Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) is used to transmit the correction data at typical data rates of between 50 and 200 bits per second. The U.S. Coast Guard has pioneered the use of MSK for transmission of differential GPS corrections, and has provided over ten years of worthy service with the system. In this paper we suggest that the DGPS system has significant capability for use beyond that of its current mandate; specifically, there exists the potential for concurrently transmitting a second information-bearing signal on the beacon signal. We believe that this simultaneous transmission of the current navigation correction information (the primary channel) and additional messaging (perhaps DHS emergency messaging or other relevant information) could be accomplished at very minimal cost, and with minimal impact on current users, using a technique we have called phase trellis overlay."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Hartnett, Richard J.; Swaszek, Peter F.; Cross, Keith C.
2011-03
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Prototyping Fusion Center Information Sharing: Implementing Policy Reasoning Over Cross-Jurisdictional Data Transactions Occurring in a Decentralized Environment
"In 2004, the White House and then Congress determined there should be an 'Information Sharing Environment' that facilitates the flow of critical information for counterterrorism, related law enforcement, and disaster management activities. That work has been progressing but a major challenge is how to create technologies that: ensure compliance with laws and policies of the federal government, fifty states, and individual agencies; convey appropriate data that would support access control and privilege decisions in different jurisdictions; and achieve accountability and transparency for this activity. We have built a prototype of Fusion Center information sharing that shows significant progress in the representation of law in a policy language, the reasoning of that law over data transactions occurring in a web environment (internet or intranet), acquiring necessary information from authoritative sources wherever they reside in the decentralized environment, and providing both a binary response suitable for automated work flow implementation and a detailed justification suitable for human validation of the conclusion. In this paper, we briefly describe the technologies employed for serializing the data and policy, reasoning over the rules contained in the policy, and displaying the results to users. These combine to provide a powerful tool supporting a range of necessary governmental functions including access control, privilege management, audit, periodic reporting, and risk modeling."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Waterman, Krasnow K.; Wang, Samuel
2011-03
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Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Thinking Like a Terrorist [video]
"Mike German, former undercover F.B.I. agent now Policy Counsel for the A.C.L.U. [American Civil Liberties Union] and author of 'Thinking Like a Terrorist' gives his unique insight into the factors that motivate terrorists and how this should drive policy considerations for the investigation and prosecution of terror suspects."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
German, Michael
2010-05-21
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Center for Homeland Defense and Security Annual Report [2016]
"The Naval Postgraduate School's (NPS) Center for Homeland Defense and Security (CHDS) through 2016 continued its mission of innovation, critical thinking and policy development through leading-edge education and research. The Center's gold-standard programs are cultivating homeland security leaders across the nation and offering real-world solutions to the agencies our students and alumni represent. The past year saw CHDS graduates drive positive change in such areas as the National Terrorism Advisory System, anti-radicalization in prisons, active shooters, natural disasters and academia, among others. […] The Center remains positioned to assist homeland security professionals and thought leaders facing emerging issues. In addition to its educational programs, the Center provides resources for professionals in the field. The Homeland Security Digital Library (HSDL), the nation's largest repository of vetted homeland security documents, added more than 1,000 individual accounts and more than 20,000 account holders have access to its more than 200,000 documents. The Center remains committed to continued work with the U.S. Navy, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and all of our state and local partners to contribute towards a safer United States in 2017."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
2017-04
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San Francisco Bay Area Earthquake Plan [video]
From the description on the Center for Homeland Defense and Security (CHDS) website: "CHDS has supported FEMA and Cal OES [Office of Emergency Services] in the development of a video outlining the recently-released 2016 Bay Area Earthquake Plan. This short film is a visual introduction to the updated San Francisco Bay Area Catastrophic Earthquake Plan, which combines the talent, expertise and input from dozens of partners drawn from across the Whole Community to prepare for and recover from a major earthquake." The video is 5 minutes and 41 seconds in length.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
2016-07-19
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Domestic Intelligence Today: More Security but Less Liberty?
"Erik Dahl discusses the reshaping of the U.S. intelligence system over the past ten years and argues, 'that even though we as a nation decided not to establish a domestic intelligence organization, we have in recent years done just that…' His overview concludes that while progress has been made, '… the development of a vast domestic intelligence structure since 9/11 has moved the balance [between security and liberty] quite firmly in the direction of more security, but less liberty.'"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Dahl, Erik J.
2011-09
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Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Intelligence Reform: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom - Part I and Part II [video]
This is Part I of a two part webcast from the Center for Homeland Defense and Security at the Naval Postgraduate School. "Is the NSA [National Security Agency] becoming so overwhelmed with the high volume of information that its response to threats becomes less effective? Is this massive collection of data actually hurting our ability to identify and disrupt would-be terrorist plots? These, and other questions are raised in this two-part series with Mike German (The Brennan Center for Justice and former FBI special agent in domestic terrorism) and Erik Dahl (Assistant Professor, Naval Postgraduate School and Center for Homeland Defense & Security Instructor) as they discuss topics such as the NSA domestic spying program and possible reforms to ensure the rights of ordinary citizens are not being violated." The total duration of part one is 14:07. The duration of part two is 16:14.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
German, Michael; Dahl, Erik J.
2014-07-14
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Presidential Decision Directive 63: Critical Infrastructure Protection [Audio, Part 2]
This is part two of an audio recording of the text of Presidential Decision Directive 63. This Presidential Directive builds on the recommendations of the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection. In October 1997 the Commission issued its report, calling for a national effort to assure the security of the United States' increasingly vulnerable and interconnected infrastructures, such as telecommunications, banking and finance, energy, transportation, and essential government services. Presidential Decision Directive 63 is the culmination of an intense, interagency effort to evaluate those recommendations and produce a workable and innovative framework for critical infrastructure protection.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
1998-05-22
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Global Jihadi Threat [Self-Study Course]
This self-study course was developed by the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security. "Islam is a faith of richness and complexity that has manifested itself over time in a broad variety of ways. Unfortunately, it is also used as the basis for the violent ideologies of the Global Jihad. Understanding the fundamentals behind the religion (as well as concepts such as Jihad), the background with respect to the Islamic community's relationship to the West, the position of Muslims in modern-day Western societies and the various permutations of extremist Islamic ideologies is critical in helping policy makers, law enforcement personnel and governmental administrators at various levels relate to Islam and Muslims in an informed manner while also being able to effectively counteract extremist activities and ideas." The course includes the following modules: Module 1: Islam - Basic Principles, Origins and Divisions; Module 2: The Role of Jihad in Islam; Module 3: Islamic Civilization and the Western Challenge; Module 4: The Development of Islamic Extremism; and Module 5: Islam in the West: Integration, Isolation, Radicalization.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Morag, Nadav, 1965-
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Intelligence for Homeland Security: Organizational and Policy Challenges [Self-Study Course]
This self-study course was developed by the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security. "This course examines key questions and issues facing the U.S. intelligence community and its role in homeland security and homeland defense. Course reference materials will provide an overview of diverse intelligence disciplines and how the intelligence community operates. Course emphasis will be on issues affecting policy, oversight, and intelligence support to homeland defense/security and national decision-making. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 is presented and the course is shaped to focus on homeland intelligence support issues at the State / Local / Tribal levels." The course includes the following modules: Module 1: Introduction to the U.S. Intelligence Community; Module 2: Interagency Processes and Intelligence Reform; Module 3: Homeland Security Intelligence for State, Local & Tribal; Module 4: Homeland Defense Intelligence; and Module 5: Intelligence Analysis.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
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Lockdown Terminology in K-12 Schools: Why It Is Okay to Use Codes and Which Codes Are Best
From the Abstract: "In this paper, school leaders and their law enforcement partners will learn that using codes for lockdown terms does not violate the plain-language requirement of the National Incident Management System (NIMS). They will discover which lockdown codes are best at reducing
confusion to help school students and staff members respond quickly and effectively during
emergency situations. Finally, the reader will learn that the most flexible and intuitive lockdown
terms are Code Yellow Lockdown and Code Red Lockdown."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Graves, Susan M.
2017-01-19
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Online Human Behaviors on Social Media During Disaster Responses
"Social media plays a critical role in natural disasters as an information propagator that can be leveraged for disaster responses. This study analyzed the online user engagement on social media during the 2016 Louisiana Flood through the lens of Social Network Analysis (SNA). Our findings revealed temporal and spatial characteristics of online social engagement as well as a trend of online users' interests during the flood. We also identified how social capital/infrastructure and community leaders were engaged in improving a flood inundation map. The results will assist emergency agencies and organizations to understand characteristics of social media and the user behaviors during disasters."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Kim, Jooho; Hastak, Makarand
2017-10
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State of Science Regarding Membership in Terrorist Organizations and Perpetration of Terrorist Attacks
"One strategy in the fight against terrorism involves identifying individuals who are at heightened risk of joining terrorist organizations or perpetrating terrorist attacks. Success of this counterterrorism strategy will depend upon knowledge of the factors that increase risk for these outcomes. To date, the intelligence community has a served as a primary source of information on terrorist organizations and activity. However, hundreds of scientific papers have been written on the topic and may offer important insights into risk factors for terrorism. These largely academic endeavors have been diverse in their foci, approach, and findings. As such, there is a need to summarize the state of science regarding membership in terrorist organizations and perpetration of terrorist attacks towards the goal of informing counterterrorism strategy."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Desmarais, Sarah L.; Simons-Rudolph, Joseph; Brugh, Christine Shahan; Schilling, Eileen; Hoggan, Chad
2017-10
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Preparing for the Next Mass Migration: Lessons from the Past and Recommendations for the Future
"In 1995 over 60,000 migrants from both Haiti and Cuba attempted to reach the United States through maritime means, primarily vastly overcrowded sailboats and rafts. While it is unclear how many died in the attempt to reach the United States, the vast number were rescued via a huge inter-agency effort led by the Coast Guard and Navy. In 2006, it was feared that a migration on this scale was imminent due to failing health of President Castro. But much had changed since the 1990s; the strategic migration plan--Operation Vigilant Sentry--did not reflect the formation of DHS or the massive organizational and interagency shift that had occurred since 9/11. After an extensive inter-agency planning effort, the strategy was updated to reflect the new operational reality; fortunately, the threat of a new mass migration subsided. Ten years later, the problem of maritime migration not only remains likely in our hemisphere due to political and economic unrest in South and Central America, but is also becoming a global phenomenon."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Watts, R.B.
2017-10
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Mass Migration and the Media: Convergence and Divergence of Global Media Narratives Towards a Working Model
"The size and scope of the Syrian refugee crisis has made it a salient humanitarian crisis for the international community that has given rise to fears among European and U.S. populations and leaders, altered the demographic landscape of the Middle East and Europe, and exposed a generation of youth to lives as exiles. Our quantitative, inductive content analysis analyzed news media coverage of refugees from Arabic, Russian, and American media news sources in an attempt to understand how the crisis has been packaged and presented to citizens across the globe in order to give insight to the motives and potential actions to be taken by the global community concerning the crisis. The study was conducted using the M3S media monitoring system at Texas A&M University. The M3S technology allows researchers to evaluate foreign language news broadcast and media websites in the original context with validated English language translations. The authors evaluated Al Jazeera (Arabic), Rossiya 24 (Russian), and The New York Times (U.S) as sources for analysis. The research was conducted within the timeframe of August 5 to 21, 2016, as that time spanned the 2016 Olympics in Rio, Brazil, in which the creation of the Olympic Refugee team caused a spike in media discussion of the refugee crisis. A total of 193 articles were coded across the three news sources using the keyword 'Refugee.' Researchers developed a coding scheme of ten categories designed to give insight into presentation of refugees in media. The coded data was then evaluated for statistical significance between the news sources."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Damm, Emily; Jones, Amy; Cooley, Skye; Roshelli, Elizabeth
2017-10
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Defensibility and Risk Management
"A common problem in risk management is to characterize the overall security of a system of valuable assets (e.g., government buildings or communication hubs), and to suggest measures to mitigate any security threats. Currently, analysts rely on a combination of security indices, such as resilience (the ability of a system to return to normal rapidly); robustness (the ability to function despite damage); redundancy (spare capacity); security (barriers to limit access); and vulnerability (susceptibility to hazards and/or intentional threats). However, these indices are not always actionable; i.e., they are not themselves sufficient to indicate whether policy makers should invest in improving a given system. Indeed, it has been observed that some vulnerable systems cannot be improved cost-effectively [1]. Motivated by this gap, we recently proposed an index, defensibility [2], which characterizes how easily the damage to a system can be reduced. A system is highly defensible if a modest investment of resources can significantly reduce the damage from an attack or disruption (Fig. 1). Defensibility is defined in such a way that incommensurable systems can be compared to each other using a single measure. The most defensible system would then receive the highest priority for defensive resources. […] To summarize, security analysis to date has been focused on existing notions such as vulnerability and resilience. Our analysis here is based on the observation that some at-risk systems may be much easier to improve than others. We argue that risk analysts and managers would benefit by considering defensibility in their risk management plans."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Bier, Vicki M.; Gutfraind, Alex; Lu, Ziyang
2017-10
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Improving Citizen Threat Preparedness & Recovery
"Within the homeland security context, this paper examines obstacles to effective mass participation, ways to enhance citizen accountability and vigilance in the face of threat, and value controversies embedded in this thrust. The goal is to expand and refine existing techniques so as to improve citizen preparation and recovery regarding ominous human security dangers. Although the quest to improve mass public involvement in its protection from internal and external threat is not new, there is considerable room for improvement."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Mandel, Robert
2017-10
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Tiered Response Pyramid: A System-Wide Approach to Build Response Capability and Surge Capacity
"Today's expanding disaster landscape demands crisis managers to configure their organizations to handle a wider range of extreme events. This requires more varied capabilities, capacity and delivery of services. The article proposes that crisis managers must move away from organization-centered planning to a system-wide approach for preparedness. We lay out the limitations of using the current tiered response triangle for planning and argue for implementing a system-wide approach by using a Tiered Response Pyramid to increase response capabilities and surge capacity for large scale disasters. The tiered response pyramid offers crisis managers a way to visualize multiple response options that leverage each other's resources and create a more resilient response system for complex events."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Pfeifer, Joseph W.; Roman, Ophelia
2016-12
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9/11: Before and After
From the journal's abstract for this article: "Former DHS [Department of Homeland Security] Secretary Michael Chertoff provides an overview of the 'new legal architecture for counterterrorism' which required a refashioning of U.S. laws and processes 'focused on three elements of the counterterrorism process: intelligence collection, information integration, and terrorist incapacitation.' His analysis includes observations on the legal challenges that homeland security presents in preventing attacks, sharing information and bringing terrorists to justice."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Chertoff, Michael, 1953-
2011-09
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Progress Toward a More Secure and Resilient Nation
"DHS [Department of Homeland Security] Secretary Janet Napolitano looks at how the past ten years have 'made us smarter about the kind of threats we face, and how best to deal with them,' focusing on the strategy of local hometown security as a key to making our communities and the nation safer in the future. She makes the argument that, '…more and more often, state, local, and tribal law enforcement officers -- and their community partners -- are best positioned to uncover the first signs of terrorist activity.'"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Napolitano, Janet
2011-09
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Never Any Doubt: A Resilient America
"Former DHS Secretary Tom Ridge reminds us of the dangers of complacency and that 'ten years is enough time to know that in the next ten years, the fight will still be with us.' He also reminds us that as new threats surface our tools, policies and security strategies must continue to evolve. 'Because after taking fifty years to win the Cold War, while we emerged as the lone superpower, we were also left with a stockpile of weapons, tactics, and diplomatic relationships that were of little utility in the new security environment.'"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Ridge, Thomas J.
2011-09
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Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security
"The cumulative increase in expenditures on U.S. domestic homeland security over the decade since 9/11 exceeds one trillion dollars. It is clearly time to examine these massive expenditures applying risk assessment and cost-benefit approaches that have been standard for decades. Thus far, officials do not seem to have done so and have engaged in various forms of probability neglect by focusing on worst case scenarios; adding, rather than multiplying, the probabilities; assessing relative, rather than absolute, risk; and inflating terrorist capacities and the importance of potential terrorist targets. We find that enhanced expenditures have been excessive. To be deemed cost-effective in analyses that substantially bias the consideration toward the opposite conclusion, the security measures would have to deter, prevent, foil, or protect each year against 1,667 otherwise successful attacks that each inflicted some $100 million in damage (more than four per day) or 167 attacks inflicting $1 billion in damage (nearly one every two days). This is in the range of destruction of what might have happened had the Times-Square bomber of 2010 been successful. Although there are emotional and political pressures on the terrorism issue, this does not relieve politicians and bureaucrats of the fundamental responsibility of informing the public of the limited risk that terrorism presents, of seeking to expend funds wisely, and of bearing in mind opportunity costs. Moreover, political concerns may be overwrought: restrained reaction has often proved to be entirely acceptable politically. And avoiding overreaction is by far the most cost-effective counterterrorism measure."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Mueller, John E.; Stewart, Mark G., 1961-
2011-08
