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• Implementation Roadmap for the National Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Research and Development Plan

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  "Strengthening the resilience and security of the Nation's critical infrastructure is an ongoing priority for the Federal government. Sixteen critical infrastructure sectors support the Nation's economy, society, and national security. It is essential that these sectors be protected against all threats and hazards so that the services they provide continue during disruptive events. As critical infrastructure systems become increasingly interdependent, ensuring their security and resilience becomes more complex. Targeted research and development efforts are needed to anticipate new threats and hazards to infrastructure systems and mitigate potential cascading effects across sectors. Federal departments and agencies are key stakeholders in critical infrastructure and are uniquely positioned to initiate much of this research and development. I am pleased to release the 'Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience (CISR) Research and Development (R&D) Implementation Roadmap,' which outlines Federal R&D priorities and activities to strengthen critical infrastructure security and resilience. The Implementation Roadmap was ordered by the 'National CISR R&D Plan' (December 2015) and developed by Federal departments and agencies via the National Science and Technology Council, with input from external stakeholders. The contents of the Implementation Roadmap reflect the Federal Government's continuing commitment to support critical infrastructure."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2016-12-15
• National Plant Genome Initiative: Progress Report January 2008

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  "This report is an annual update from the Interagency Working Group (IWG) on Plant Genomes on activities of the National Plant Genome Initiative (NPGI). This year, it includes highlights that illustrate activities supported and coordinated by the NPGI member agencies. Plant genomics research in the United States continues to advance the frontiers of plant biology, addressing fundamental biological questions using the tools, resources and conceptual framework of genomics. Exciting new discoveries over the past year include the finding that genetic variants of tropical corn (maize) have novel sugar composition with potential uses for biofuel production. Outcomes from research supported under the NPGI are also providing important inputs for improved agricultural practices in peanut breeding, fruit tree cultivar development, as well as breeding of disease resistant and salt tolerant plants. Technological advances made in the past year include the development of innovative technology to enable automated, high-throughput analysis of plant growth and development and a novel X-ray system to analyze root development. Continued advances in both biological discovery as well as technology development will be important as reliance on plants increases for materials, energy and fuels. Plants will continue to serve as a key resource as we address the challenges of increasing population, decreasing agricultural land area, and the impacts of climate change. U.S. scientists involved in plant genomics research continue to cooperate nationally and internationally."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2008-01
• Identity Management Task Force Report 2008

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  "The Task Force's scope was limited to federal government systems, with the full understanding that these systems frequently rely on and impact IdM systems beyond federal control. This report presents an overview of the current state of federal IdM systems and also presents a high-level vision of how these systems can be holistically designed to provide better services while increasing privacy protection. The purpose of this report is to initiate further discussion on this vision, inform policy decisions, and provide direction on which to base near-term research."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2008-09-22
• Biometrics in Government Post-9/11: Advancing Science, Enhancing Operations

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  "This report, prepared by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Subcommittee on Biometrics and Identity Management, documents key US Government initiatives to advance the science of biometrics and assesses their value in meting critical operational needs. While federal efforts in biometric technologies predate the terrorist attacks of September 2001 by several decades, this report focuses on progress made since then."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2008-08
• National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An Integrated Assessment

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  This report published by the National Science Technology Council (NSTC) "presents the latest scientific information and analysis concerning the costs, benefits, and environmental effectiveness of the Acid Rain Program. This Program was mandated by Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from electric generating sources. The SO2 program includes the use of an innovative emissions cap and trade program. Title IX of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments requires the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) to report to Congress the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of the Acid Rain Program and characterize what deposition reductions would be necessary to prevent adverse ecological effects in acid sensitive ecosystems. This report fulfills the requirements of Title IX. [...] Acid deposition, more commonly known as acid rain, occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the atmosphere (with water, oxygen, and oxidants) to form various acidic compounds. These acidic compounds then fall to earth in either a wet form (rain, snow, and fog) or a dry form (gases, aerosols, and particles). Prevailing winds transport the acidic compounds hundreds of miles, often across state and national borders. At certain levels the acidic compounds, including small particles such as sulfates and nitrates can cause many negative human health and environmental effects."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  Saltman, Tamara; Cook, Robert; Eagar, Chris

  2005-08
• Multiyear Federal Research Plan for Particulate Matter: Within the Context of the NRC's Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter's Report IV

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  "This report was prepared by the Air Quality Research Subcommittee (AQRS) of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR). [...] In this report, the AQRS evaluates particulate matter (PM) research being conducted or planned across the federal government against the findings and recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC) report, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: IV, published in 2004. In addition, this document describes the organizational role of the AQRS for ensuring that the many PM related research projects conducted or supported by the government address the priorities, issues, and challenges identified in the NRC report. It profiles agency research being done under each of the ten topic areas identified in the NRC report, establishes research milestones for major agency-specific research contributions, establishes a process for periodic progress review and refinement, and identifies organizational roles and responsibilities in coordinating cross-agency research. In describing ongoing and planned research, the report provides a description of the broad scope of federal research related to this important issue and identifies areas where additional research attention will be beneficial. [...] Airborne particulate matter (PM*) is widely recognized as a serious environmental and public health concern at levels typical of some U.S. metropolitan areas. EPA estimates that current regulations to reduce air pollution can prevent tens of thousands of premature deaths per year and prevent perhaps hundreds of thousands of annual hospitalizations for cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. PM obscures scenic vistas in our National Parks and Wilderness Areas, and has an impact on global climate change by perturbing the Earth's radiation balance."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2007-04
• National Assessment of Efforts to Predict and Respond to Harmful Algal Blooms in U.S. Waters

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  This report published by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), "reviews and evaluates Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) prediction and response efforts, identifies current prevention, control, and mitigation programs for HABs, and is the first step in a process to create an innovative research and development plan for advancing HAB prediction and response. [...] This report was prepared by the National Science and Technology Council's Joint Subcommittee on Science and Technology Interagency Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hypoxia, and Human Health (IWG-4H). It draws from the contributions of numerous experts and stakeholders from federal, state, and local governments, academia, industry, and non-governmental organizations through direct contributions, previous reports and planning efforts, and a public comment period. [...] This report is an effort to assess the extent of federal, state and local efforts to predict and respond to HAB events and to identify opportunities for charting a way forward. [...] Algae are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in marine and freshwater ecosystems and are essential, energy-producing components of aquatic foodwebs. Harmful algal bloom or 'HAB' species are a small subset of algal species that produce toxins and/or bloom to excess, thus creating harm to humans and ecosystems. Humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, including endangered species, can be exposed to algal toxins through their food, drinking water, the water in which they swim, or aerosols."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  Jewett, Elizabeth Bromley; Lopez, Cary B.; Dortch, Quay

  2007-07
• Research Challenges in Combating Terrorist Use of Explosives in the United States

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  "IEDs are generally easy to develop, difficult to combat, and cause disproportionate harm (physical and psychological) to the citizenry. RDT&E options to assist in domestic IED efforts are plentiful, easily overwhelming the ability of government and industry to fund. This report outlines ten challenge areas where concentrated research can be most beneficial in combating IED use in the homeland, and is a summation of interagency efforts to analyze operational capabilities and gaps, as well as their associated research needs. [...] Terrorists have repeatedly shown their willingness and ability to use explosives as weapons worldwide and there is ample evidence to support the conclusion that they will continue to use such devices to inflict harm. In acknowledgement of this threat, the President issued Homeland Security Presidential Directive 19 (HSPD-19), 'Combating Terrorist Use of Explosives in the United States,' which establishes overall national policy, and calls for the development of a national strategy and an implementation plan to deter, prevent, detect, protect against, and respond to terrorist use of explosives in the United States. The Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in coordination with the Department of Defense (DoD) and other interagency partners, developed the National Strategy to Combat Terrorist Use of Explosives in the United States and the HSPD-19 Implementation Plan, which provide a way forward. Both the National Strategy and the Implementation Plan highlight the importance of a coordinated approach to a counter-IED (C-IED) RDT&E program."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2008-12
• Biometrics Glossary, Version 2.0

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  "This set of terms was developed by the National Science & Technology Council's (NSTC) Subcommittee on Biometrics with the full understanding that national (INCITS/M1) and international (ISO/IEC JTC1 SC37) standards bodies are working to develop standard references. The subcommittee will review this Glossary for consistency as standards are passed. The subcommittee recognizes the impact of ongoing challenge problems, technical evaluations, and technology advancements. The Glossary will be updated accordingly to reflect these changes. The statements herein are intended to further the understanding of a general audience and are not intended to replace or compete with sources that may be more technically descriptive/prescriptive."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2008-08-01
• Guide to the NITRD Program FY 2004 - FY 2005: Supplement to the President's Budget for FY 2005

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  "The Supplement to the President's FY 2005 Budget reports on the FY 2004 research and development (R&D) activities and FY 2005 plans of the multiagency Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program. A collaborative effort of many Federal agencies (listed on pages 2-3), the NITRD Program is the Nation's principal source of long-term, fundamental information technology (IT) R&D, including advanced technologies in high-end computing systems and software, high-speed networking, software assurance and reliability, human-computer interaction, and information management, as well as research in the socioeconomic and workforce development implications of these new technologies. Each year, the NITRD Supplement to the President's Budget, also known as "the Blue Book," seeks to illuminate the breadth of the NITRD portfolio and the impact of NITRD research advances on U.S. leadership in national defense and national security, cutting-edge science and technology, and economic prosperity, and on improving the quality of life for all Americans. This year's Blue Book highlights the technical domains, called Program Component Areas (PCAs), in which the NITRD agencies conduct IT research and collaborate to achieve common goals. The report, based on information provided by the agencies, is structured to serve as a detailed guide to the program, including both collaborative and agency-by-agency activities in FY 2004 and plans for FY 2005. The document begins with an overview of the NITRD Program, followed by sections on each NITRD PCA. The NITRD budget request for FY 2005, by agency and by PCA, appears on page 83, along with FY 2004 estimates."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2004-12
• CISET Emerging Infectious Diseases Task Force: PDD/NSTC-7 Annual Report, December 19, 1997

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  "In June 1996, President Clinton directed the Federal agencies to begin a coordinated national response to the growing threat of infectious diseases, both at home and abroad, through policy directive, PDD/NSTC-7. This Directive calls for action in four key areas: developing a global surveillance and response network; enhancing research and training; engaging our international partners; and strengthening public outreach. To implement this policy, the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on International Science, Engineering and Technology (CISET) formed a Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases, which is co-chaired by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The EID Task Force is composed of nearly two dozen agencies and is comprised of five working groups: 1) Surveillance and Response; 2) Research and Training; 3) Capacity Development; 4) Legislation and Mandates; and 5) Outreach. In addition, an ad hoc Working Group on Bioterrorism has been created to address potential terrorist use of biological agents. Since the release of PDD/NSTC-7, the EID Task Force members have made significant progress in implementing the President's policy. This report summarizes these accomplishments."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  1997-12-19
• Tsunami Risk Reduction for the United States: A Framework for Action

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  "Following the Indian Ocean tsunami on December 26, 2004, the President moved to protect lives and property by launching an initiative to improve domestic tsunami warning capabilities. This plan, developed under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council, places the President's initiative in the context of a broad national effort of tsunami risk reduction and United States participation in international efforts to reduce tsunami risk worldwide. Although the frequency of damaging tsunami in the United States is low compared to many other natural hazards, the Indian Ocean event was a reminder that the impacts can be extremely high. Recognizing the potential geographic links to other hazards such as hurricanes, volcanoes, and earthquakes, the framework for tsunami risk reduction incorporates an all-hazards approach and builds upon existing hazard programs."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2005-12
• Face Recognition

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  "Humans often use faces to recognize individuals and advancements in computing capability over the past few decades now enable similar recognitions automatically. Early face recognition algorithms used simple geometric models, but the recognition process has now matured into a science of sophisticated mathematical representations and matching processes. Major advancements and initiatives in the past ten to fifteen years have propelled face recognition technology into the spotlight. Face recognition can be used for both verification and identification (open-set and closed-set)."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27
• Biometrics History

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  "The term 'biometrics' is derived from the Greek words 'bio' (life) and 'metrics' (to measure). Automated biometric systems have only become available over the last few decades, due to significant advances in the field of computer processing. Many of these new automated techniques, however, are based on ideas that were originally conceived hundreds, even thousands of years ago. One of the oldest and most basic examples of a characteristic that is used for recognition by humans is the face. Since the beginning of civilization, humans have used faces to identify known (familiar) and unknown (unfamiliar) individuals. This simple task became increasingly more challenging as populations increased and as more convenient methods of travel introduced many new individuals into- once small communities. The concept of human-to-human recognition is also seen in behavioral-predominant biometrics such as speaker and gait recognition. Individuals use these characteristics, somewhat unconsciously, to recognize known individuals on a day-to-day basis."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-31
• Iris Recognition

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  "Iris recognition is the process of recognizing a person by analyzing the random pattern of the iris [...]. The automated method of iris recognition is relatively young, existing in patent only since 1994. The iris is a muscle within the eye that regulates the size of the pupil, controlling the amount of light that enters the eye. It is the colored portion of the eye with coloring based on the amount of melatonin pigment within the muscle [...]. Although the coloration and structure of the iris is genetically linked, the details of the patterns are not. The iris develops during prenatal growth through a process of tight forming and folding of the tissue membrane. Prior to birth, degeneration occurs, resulting in the pupil opening and the random, unique patterns of the iris. Although genetically identical, an individual's irides are unique and structurally distinct, which allows for it to be used for recognition purposes."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-31
• Dynamic Signature

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  "Dynamic Signature' is a biometric modality that uses, for recognition purposes, the anatomic and behavioral characteristics that an individual exhibits when signing his or her name (or other phrase). Dynamic Signature devices should not be confused with electronic signature capture systems that are used to capture a graphic image of the signature and are common in locations where merchants are capturing signatures for transaction authorizations. Data such as the dynamically captured direction, stroke, pressure, and shape of an individual's signature can enable handwriting to be a reliable indicator of an individual's identity (i.e., measurements of the captured data, when compared to those of matching samples, are a reliable biometric for writer identification.)"

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27
• Vascular Pattern Recognition

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  "Vascular Pattern Recognition, also commonly referred to as Vein Pattern Authentication, is a fairly new biometric in terms of installed systems. Using near-infrared light, reflected or transmitted images of blood vessels of a hand or finger are derived and used for personal recognition. Different vendors use different parts of the hand, palms, or fingers, but rely on a similar methodology. Researchers have determined that the vascular pattern of the human body is unique to a specific individual and does not change as people age."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27
• Privacy & Biometrics: Building a Conceptual Foundation

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  "The discrete fields of privacy and biometrics each have a rich history and an exciting, robust, present day status. Both disciplines are dynamic and multimodal. The current state of each is ever-changing and accelerating, and presents both promise and questions regarding its impact on individuals and societies. Much has been written on each topic, covering a breadth of issues and depth of details. Every day, new stories appear of new applications and new theories of both privacy and biometrics. In an effort to complement and support the vibrant growth of both fields, this paper seeks to connect privacy and biometrics at a structural level so that both fields can be understood within a common framework. This paper is specifically not intended as a comprehensive collection of in-depth details about privacy or biometrics. Instead, this paper provides a general overview of both privacy and biometrics and offers a perspective through which to view the convergence of both. The goal is to provide a context in which details and future developments can be placed and better understood. The paper is organized into three primary sections."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-04-14
• Science for the 21st Century

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  "This document was produced under the direction of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Science. The document details, from a Federal agency perspective, the science policies and accomplishments of the current Administration and illustrates how today's science sets the stage for benefits to the economy and national quality of life far into the future."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2004-07
• Grand Challenges for Disaster Reduction: A Report of the Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction

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  "The Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction identified four key characteristics of disaster-resilient communities: 1. Relevant hazards are recognized and understood. 2. Communities at risk know when a hazard event is imminent. 3. Individuals at risk are safe from hazards in their homes and places of work. 4. Disaster-resilient communities experience minimum disruption to life and economy after a hazard event has passed." The Subcommittee concluded: "High-priority science and technology investments, coupled with sound decision-making at all levels, will dramatically enhance community resilience and thus reduce vulnerability. In support of this goal, the following six Grand Challenges provide a framework for sustained Federal investment in science and technology related to disaster reduction. 1. Provide hazard and disaster information where and when it is needed. 2. Understand the natural processes that produce hazards. 3. Develop hazard mitigation strategies and technologies. 4. Recognize and reduce vulnerability of interdependent critical infrastructure. 5. Assess disaster resilience using standard methods. 6. Promote risk-wise behavior."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.). Committee on Environment and Natural Resources

  2005-06
• Biometrics Frequently Asked Questions

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  "This set of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) was developed by the National Science & Technology Council's (NSTC) Subcommittee on Biometrics with the full understanding that national (INCITS/M1) and international (ISO/IEC JTC1 SC37) standards bodies are working to develop standard references. The subcommittee will review this set of FAQs for consistency as standards are passed. The subcommittee recognizes the impact of ongoing challenge problems, technical evaluations, and technology advancements. The FAQs will be updated accordingly to reflect these changes. The statements herein are intended to further the understanding of a general audience and are not intended to replace or compete with sources that may be more technically descriptive/prescriptive."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2005-12-16
• MINEX: Performance and Interoperability of the INCITS 378 Fingerprint Template

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  "The approval of the INCITS 378 [Information Technology-Finger Minutiae Format for Data Interchange] fingerprint template standard creates the possibility of a fully interoperable multivendor marketplace for applications involving fast, economic, and accurate interchange of compact biometric templates. This document addresses the outstanding questions surrounding the new standard: Does the template give accuracy comparable with proprietary (image-based) implementations? Can template data be generated and matched by different vendors without attendant increase in error rates? The MINEX [Minutiae Interoperability Exchange Test] evaluation was designed to answer these questions. This report summarizes the MINEX comparison of proprietary templates and two variants of the INCITS 378 format - MIN:A which codes minutiae (x, y, Ө, type, quality) and MIN:B which supplements it with ridge count, core and delta information. Fourteen vendors participated. All of them implemented the MIN:A template, six elected to implement the MIN:B enhancement and all of them were baselined against their proprietary technology. By using very large scale trials and four archived operational datasets this report presents the headline assessments of proprietary vs. standard accuracy and cross vendor interoperability. In due course, this document may be supplemented by more detailed analyses on causes and effects."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-04-27
• Biometrics Glossary, Version 1.0

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  "This set of terms was developed by the National Science & Technology Council's (NSTC) Subcommittee on Biometrics with the full understanding that national (INCITS/M1) and international (ISO/IEC JTC1 SC37) standards bodies are working to develop standard references. The subcommittee will review this Glossary for consistency as standards are passed. The subcommittee recognizes the impact of ongoing challenge problems, technical evaluations, and technology advancements. The Glossary will be updated accordingly to reflect these changes. The statements herein are intended to further the understanding of a general audience and are not intended to replace or compete with sources that may be more technically descriptive/prescriptive."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2008-02-01
• Palm Print Recognition

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  "Palm print recognition inherently implements many of the same matching characteristics that have allowed fingerprint recognition to be one of the most well-known and best publicized biometrics. Both palm and finger biometrics are represented by the information presented in a friction ridge impression. This information combines ridge flow, ridge characteristics, and ridge structure of the raised portion of the epidermis. The data represented by these friction ridge impressions allows a determination that corresponding areas of friction ridge impressions either originated from the same source or could not have been made by the same source. Because fingerprints and palms have both uniqueness and permanence, they have been used for over a century as a trusted form of identification. However, palm recognition has been slower in becoming automated due to some restraints in computing capabilities and live-scan technologies. This paper provides a brief overview of the historical progress of and future implications for palm print biometric recognition."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27
• Speaker Recognition

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  "Speaker, or voice, recognition is a biometric modality that uses an individual's voice for recognition purposes. (It is a different technology than 'speech recognition', which recognizes words as they are articulated, which is not a biometric.) The speaker recognition process relies on features influenced by both the physical structure of an individual's vocal tract and the behavioral characteristics of the individual. A popular choice for remote authentication due to the availability of devices for collecting speech samples (e.g., telephone network and computer microphones) and its ease of integration, speaker recognition is different from some other biometric methods in that speech samples are captured dynamically or over a period of time, such as a few seconds. Analysis occurs on a model in which changes over time are monitored, which is similar to other behavioral biometrics such as dynamic signature, gait, and keystroke recognition."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27
• Biometrics Overview

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  "Biometrics' is a general term used alternatively to describe a characteristic or a process. As a characteristic: 1. A measurable biological (anatomical and physiological) and behavioral characteristic that can be used for automated recognition. As a process: 2. Automated methods of recognizing an individual based on measurable biological (anatomical and physiological) and behavioral characteristics."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27
• Hand Geometry

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  "Hand geometry recognition is the longest implemented biometric type, debuting in the market in the late 1980s. The systems are widely implemented for their ease of use, public acceptance, and integration capabilities. One of the shortcomings of the hand geometry characteristic is that it is not highly unique, limiting the applications of the hand geometry system to verification tasks only."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27
• High Performance Computing and Communications: FY 1999 - FY 2000 Implementation Plan

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  This document presents the FY 1999 - FY 2000 Implementation Plan (IP) for the Federal High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC)/Computing, Information, and Communications (CIC) Research and Development (R&D) programs. The HPCC Program goals are to: Extend U.S. technological leadership in high performance computing and computer communications; Provide wide dissemination and application of these technologies to speed the pace of innovation and improve national economic competitiveness, national security, education, health care, and the environment, and; Provide key enabling technologies for the National Information Infrastructure (NII) and demonstrate select NII applications.

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2000-04
• Biometrics Standards

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  "Standards for the collection, storage, and sharing of biometric data are of utmost importance to government and private systems. This paper provides an entry-level understanding of how biometric standards are developed and the current status of biometric standards by answering the following questions: [1] What are biometric standards? [2] Why are biometric standards important? [3] What types of biometric standards are there? [4] Who develops standards? [5] How are standards developed? [6] What is conformity assessment? [7] Is the use of biometric standards mandatory or optional? [8] Where do I find more information about a specific standard?"

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-04-12
• Biometrics Testing and Statistics

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  "Determining the best biometric system for a specific operational environment and how to set up that system for optimal performance requires an understanding of the evaluation methodologies and statistics used in the biometrics community. This document provides a baseline testing and statistics review, thus enabling appropriate analysis of available research reports. This document is intended to further the understanding of a general audience and is not intended to replace or compete with sources that may be more technically descriptive/prescriptive such as those under development by standards bodies such as INCITS and ISO/IED. Detailed information on how to properly perform performance evaluations is beyond the scope of this document."

  National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)

  2006-03-27