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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [website]
This record is the official website of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), which is a program of the U.S. National Institutes of Health under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "The mission of the NIEHS is to reduce the burden of human illness and disability to understanding how the environment influences the development and progression of human disease."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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Power of Prevention: Strengthening the BTWC
The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) was entered into force in 1975 and has since been ratified by 143 countries and signed by an additional 18. Today, the U.S. Department of Defense estimates at least 12 countries are cheating on their treaty obligations. There is currently no system for monitoring compliance among treaty members, a "black hole" that many experts see as the BTWC's main shortcoming. To close the loopholes in the convention and make it harder for countries to cheat, an ad hoc group formed in 1994 at a Special Conference of the state parties to the BTWC was directed to "strengthen the effectiveness and improve the implementation of the Conventions... and identify and examine potential verification measures." What the group finally produced after six years of deliberation is a protocol--a document...with an inspection regime at its core. The goal of the protocol is to increase BTWC's effectiveness in part by creating a legally binding framework for facility inspections. At a July 25, 2001 meeting of the ad hoc group in Geneva Switzerland, the United States stunned the international community when it became the only nation to reject the protocol.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Schmidt, Charles W.
2001-11
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Tokyo Attacks in Retrospect: Sarin Leads to Memory Loss
On 20 March 1995, members of the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult released sarin in the Tokyo subway, using umbrellas to puncture newspaper-wrapped bags of the gas as they left the trains. Twelve people were killed in the incident, and more than 5,500 required emergency medical treatment. Although several studies have looked at the acute clinical manifestations of sarin poisoning, the authors felt there was an urgent need to perform an epidemiologic study of the chronic effects of sublethal exposures to sarin
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Hood, Ernie
2001-11
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Impact of Hurricane Katrina on the Mental and Physical Health of Low-Income Parents in New Orleans
From the Abstract: "The purpose of this study was to document changes in mental and physical health among 392 low-income parents exposed to Hurricane Katrina and to explore how hurricane-related stressors and loss relate to post-Katrina well being. The prevalence of probable serious mental illness doubled, and nearly half of the respondents exhibited probable PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder]. Higher levels of hurricane-related loss and stressors were generally associated with worse health outcomes, controlling for baseline socio-demographic and health measures. Higher baseline resources predicted fewer hurricane-associated stressors, but the consequences of stressors and loss were similar regardless of baseline resources. Adverse health consequences of Hurricane Katrina persisted for a year or more, and were most severe for those experiencing the most stressors and loss. Long-term health and mental health services are needed for low-income disaster survivors, especially those who experience disaster-related stressors and loss."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Rhodes, Jean; Chan, Christian; Paxson, Christina H. . . .
2010-04
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Enhancing Community-Based Disaster Preparedness with Information Technology: Community Disaster Information System
"A critical component of community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) is a local resource database of suppliers providing physical, information and human resources for use in disaster response. Maintenance of such a database can become a collaborative responsibility among community-based non-governmental organizations (NGOs), public, and private organizations in the community. In addition to mobilizing resources, this process raises awareness within the community and aids in assessing local knowledge and resources. This paper presents the results of a pilot study in implementing a community-based resource database through collaboration with local American Red Cross chapters and public and private community organizations. The design of the resource database is described. The resource database is accessible both using the Internet and offline using laptops and handheld PDAs to support disaster response. The study concludes that CBDP is strengthened through a combination of appropriate information technology and collaborative relationships between NGOs and community-based organizations."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Troy, Douglas A.; Vanderbeek, Jean; Hutton, Anne
2008
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Overview of Findings from the World Trade Center Disaster Outcome Study: Recommendations for Future Research after Exposure to Psychological Trauma
In this article we review findings from the World Trade Center Disaster (WTCD) Outcomes Study, a prospective cohort study of 2,368 New York City (NYC) adults funded by the National Institutes of Health after the September 11 attacks. The findings reported were based on a baseline survey conducted one year after the disaster and a follow-up conducted two years post-disaster. One of the goals of this research was to assess the effectiveness of post-disaster treatments received by NYC residents following the attacks. Among the major findings of this study were the relatively small increase in mental health service utilization and the fact that only brief worksite interventions seemed to be an effective post-disaster treatment intervention. Specifically, those who received more conventional post-disaster interventions, such as formal psychotherapy sessions and/or psychotropic medicines, seemed to have poorer outcomes. Since this study was designed to assess treatment outcomes, use advanced measurement techniques, and incorporate propensity score matching to control for bias, these treatment findings were unexpected and raised clinical questions. Additional findings were also discussed related to minority group members, alcohol abuse, the onset and course of posttraumatic stress disorder post-disaster, and other findings. Future research is recommended to resolve the issues raised by this important study, especially as this relates to treatment outcomes.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Boscarino, Joseph A.; Adams, Richard E.
2008
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Brief Overview of the Freedom of Information Act
This PowerPoint presentation provides information on the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), FOIA requirements, who is subject to FOIA, who may file a FOIA request, and FOIA response options.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Cornell, Susan R.
2007
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Toxicology Terrorism: Nerve Gas Technology Use
"Recently, a new chapter was started in the handbook of terror involving the application of nerve gas technology to the killing of civilians. On March 19, a terrorist attack in a Tokyo subway resulted in the loss of 10 lives and injury to over 5,000 others. In view of the lethality of the suspected agent, sarin, the fatalities were surprisingly few. Terrorist attacks on civilians are not new, but what was unique about this particular attack was the use of a nerve agent instead of the customary conventional weapons. The possibility that nerve agents can be used against a vulnerable civilian population is alarming. A new era has begun, and we would be remiss if we did not learn from this one attack and take steps to prepare for the next. There is no doubt that those involved in the use of terror will learn from their mistakes and become more effective in their deployment of these horrific weapons. From a public perspective there are several questions that must be urgently addressed. What can we do to prevent such attacks and how do we respond if such an attack should occur? Can we prevent terrorist organizations from making nerve agents? How do we prevent them from delivering these agents to their targets? Is there anything that we as a society can do to protect ourselves in the event of a gas attack? How do we minimize our vulnerability? How do we respond to an attack?"
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Hook, Gary E. R
1995-05
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National Institutes of Health (NIH) [website]
"This is the homepage for the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is the steward of medical and behavioral research for the nation under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Links include information for visitors on NIH jobs, science education, an employee directory, public involvement, policy issues, organization & mission of NIH, history, doing business with NIH, FOIA (Freedom of Information Act), and a director's page."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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NIH: Office of Research Services [website]
This National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Research Services (ORS) "plans and directs service programs for public safety and security operations, scientific and regulatory support programs, and a wide variety of other program and employee services. The ORS advises the NIH Deputy Director for Management and other NIH senior staff on the management and delivery of technical and administrative services in support of the NIH research mission. The ORS activities impact directly and indirectly organizations and people across the entire NIH including: scientific, administrative and support staff; patients and volunteers; visitors, contractors and suppliers; providers of services including public transportation and other municipal services; other federal government organizations and agencies such as regulatory agencies, state and local governments; and the surrounding neighborhood and business community. The ORS responds to the priorities of the NIH and IC [Institute or Center] Leadership, NIH employees, patients and others served by the NIH, by supporting an exemplary physical and service infrastructure that will effectively support new scientific challenges to strengthen the NIH mission, the unique NIH research environment, and enhance the quality of life for all who come in contact with the NIH."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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NIH Office of Biotechnology Activities (OBA) [website]
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Biotechnology Activities (OBA) "promotes science, safety and ethics in the development of public policies in three areas: Biomedical Technology Assessment, Biosafety, and Biosecurity. By monitoring research and through consultation, coordination, and analysis, the office develops policies related to: The conduct of clinical trials using recombinant and synthetic nucleic acids; Biosafety for NIH supported research; Biosecurity, including oversight of dual use research; and Registration of new stem cells lines for NIH funded research. Specific activities include optimizing the conduct and oversight of gene transfer research, updating and interpreting biosafety policies under the NIH Guidelines Involving Research with Recombinant and Synthetic Nucleic Acids, providing critical input on Governmental policies regarding dual use research, the NIH Stem Cell Registry."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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Disaster Information Management Research Center: Fires and Wildfires
This web page, provided by the National Institutes of Health Specialized Information Services, features information on fires and wildfires. Information and links are categorized in the following manner: Overview; Preparing for Wildfire; Air Quality; First Responders; Environmental Cleanup and Recovery; Resources from the National Library of Medicine; Información en español; State Information; Animals in Disasters; and Disclaimer. Also included on the page is a "Featured Site".
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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Emergency Management Plan
"The Clinical Center (CC) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda,
Maryland, is the nation's largest hospital solely devoted to the conduct of clinical
research. The CC's clinical research mission supports national and international
emergency preparedness efforts by rapidly translating scientific observations and
laboratory discoveries into new approaches for diagnosing, treating, and preventing
disease.
Because of the Clinical Center's unique mission and lack of infrastructure to support an
influx of disaster casualties (e.g., an emergency room, facilities to triage patients), the
Clinical Center is not designated by Montgomery County Maryland as a recipient
hospital during local emergencies. Nonetheless, as a founding member of the Bethesda
Hospitals' Emergency Preparedness Partnership (see below), the Clinical Center provides
critical assistance during local and national emergency events."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
2011-10
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National Pain Strategy: A Comprehensive Population Health-Level Strategy for Pain
"In 2010, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) contracted with the Institute of Medicine (IOM)
to undertake a study and make recommendations 'to increase the recognition of pain as a significant
public health problem in the United States.' The resulting 2011 IOM report called for a cultural
transformation in pain prevention, care, education, and research and recommended development of 'a
comprehensive population health-level strategy' to address these issues.
In response to the report, the
Assistant Secretary for Health, Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asked the Interagency
Pain Research Coordinating Committee (IPRCC) to oversee creation of this National Pain Strategy
(NPS). Experts from a broad array of public and private organizations explored areas identified in the
core IOM recommendations-population research, prevention and care, disparities, service delivery and
reimbursement, professional education and training, and public awareness and communication. A
companion effort is underway to address the IOM's call for further research to support the cultural
transformation."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters
The purpose of this fact sheet is to tell what is known about the impact of violence and disasters on children and adolescents and suggest steps to minimize long-term emotional harm.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
2001-09
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Office of Technology Transfer [website]
The Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) which is the principal biomedical and behavioral research agency of the US Government. OTT is responsible for the central development and implementation of technology transfer policies for four research components of the Public Health Service (PHS) the NIH, the FDA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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Chemical Biological Weapons: New Questions, New Answers
The words "chemical and biological weapons" (CBW) send a shiver down
most spines these days. With the end of the Cold War, the possibility of a
massive nuclear confrontation appears remote, so today many popular
doomsday scenarios center on the aggressive use of chemical or biological
warfare by rogue nations or terrorist groups. As exaggerated as some of the
accounts are, with CBW cast as the latest unseen, unstoppable enemy, the
threat posed by these weapons is all too real, and growing. Although most of the CBW agents involve often complex technical challenges
to be met before they can be effectively weaponized and
delivered to a target, those challenges can be overcome with the right
combination of expertise and resources. Even in crude form and delivered in
a crude fashion, CBW agents can have a devastating impact. This sobering
reality was realized on 20 March 1995, when members of the Aum Shinrikyo
religious cult released the nerve gas sarin in the Tokyo subway. Twelve
people were killed and more than 1,000 were hospitalized of the more than
5,000 who received medical attention. The material was impure and the
delivery method was extremely crude, but with that attack against civilians
during peacetime, and with the worldwide attention it received, CBW agents
graduated from being a concern of the battlefield to a potential nightmare of
our daily lives.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Hood, Ernie
1999-12
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Health and Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Disaster
This study "characterizes the environmental exposures resulting from destruction of the WTC and assesses their effects on health." The authors distinguish four distinct phases of environmental contamination by examining the composition of settled dust. The predominant sources of pollution included burning jet fuel, fires, smoldering fires, and removal of debris by trucks and other heavy equipment. An overview is provided of the health risk assessment with regard to firefighters, cleanup and recovery workers, community workers, and pregnant women.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Landrigan, Philip J.; Lioy, Paul J.; Thurston, George
2004-05
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Gulf Long Term Follow-Up Study (GuLF STUDY) [website]
"The Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study (GuLF STUDY ) is the largest study ever conducted on the potential health effects associated with an oil spill, with nearly 33,000 participants. The GuLF STUDY is focused on prospectively determining both physical and mental health effects related to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is collecting information that can be used by individuals, communities and governments to better understand the consequences of oil spills and plan for future disasters." This site includes the study protocol, questionnaires, and a document describing the strategy for exposure classification.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
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DHHS Concept of Operations for Medical Response to Disasters: Where We are Now and Where Should We Be Going?
This (video) presentation by Craig Vanderwagen is an overview of preparedness and response by the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response of the Department of Health and Human Services. Also included in the presentation is an update on the status of the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act. This video is approximately 1:20:44.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Vanderwagen, Craig
2007-04-26
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NIH Strategic Plan and Research Agenda for Medical Countermeasures against Chemical Threats
"In 2003, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) asked the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to ascertain the availability of medical products that could be used in a chemical terrorist attack in the United States, and to develop a comprehensive research plan for the development of new medical countermeasures that would be useful during and following such an event. For many years, the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested in a research program to develop medical and non-medical chemical defenses for U.S. military forces. The DoD research efforts addressed the classical chemical warfare threats such as sarin, soman, VX, and mustard gas, as well as novel chemical threats to military forces operating throughout the world. With the increasing threat of terrorism, the development of medical products for use in the event of a chemical attack on civilians has become a high priority […]. This NIH Strategic Plan and Research Agenda for Medical Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats is the culmination of NIH planning efforts to develop medical countermeasures against chemical threats to civilian populations with NIAID serving as the main coordination and implementation Institute. This Plan and Research Agenda complements the research strategies already developed by NIAID against biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. It also takes into account the ongoing efforts of other federal agencies and departments, and is consistent with current threat assessment of chemical attacks on civilian populations."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
2007-08
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NIH Strategic Plan and Research Agenda for Medical Countermeasures Against Radiological and Nuclear Threats
"In 2004, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services tasked the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to develop a strategic plan and research agenda to guide all activities of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to develop medical countermeasures against possible terrorist attacks involving radioactive materials. Prior to this, no Federal agency had the mission to develop such products for civilian populations. The NIH Strategic Plan and Research Agenda for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological and Nuclear Threats is the subject of the present report and builds upon and extends NIAID's activities in the biodefense arena. Currently, relatively few medical treatments are available to counter radiological and nuclear threats, and most of those in development will need extensive preclinical testing before they can be evaluated for licensure. Radiological and nuclear threats to the nation are complex, encompassing the detonation of conventional explosives combined with radioactive materials ('dirty bombs'), placement of radioactive sources in public locations, contamination of food and water supplies, attacks on nuclear reactors or sites where radioactive materials are stored, or, in a worst case scenario, the detonation of a nuclear explosive device. Notably, only a small number of radiation countermeasures have been entered into the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), the purpose of which is to facilitate emergency deployment on a national scale. Many more such agents are needed, based on the range of options that could be employed by terrorists, the need for urgent intervention following radiation exposure, and the medical complexities of acute and chronic radiation injury."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
2005-06
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1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics
This article discusses on the 1918 Spanish Influenza responsible for the death of approximately 50 million people world wide. The authors argue that the sequencing of the entire genome from archival autopsy tissues are of limited use in understanding the implications of the current H5N1 virus.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Taubenberger, Jeffery; Morens, David M.
2006-01-01
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Addressing the Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance: 1) National Strategies to Track and Improve Antibiotic Use and 2) Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance on Patient Outcome Through a Big Data Lens [video]
From the Disaster Information Management Research Center website: "This one-hour presentation discusses antimicrobial resistance, with a focus on national strategies to improve antibiotic use, the impact of antimicrobial resistance on patient outcomes using big data, and hospital antibiotic use. Speakers detail options, which are primarily the reduction of transmission of resistant organisms, and reduction of the selection pressure for resistance."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Kadri, Sameer; Srinivasan, Arjun
2018-09-26
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Infectious Diseases: An Emerging Bioterrorist Threat Facing America
This report examines examples of infectious diseases including those of a zoonotic nature which have a potential of being used in biological attacks. Further, highlighted are some of the strategic steps being researched and recommended by organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Please Note: This record has been imported to the HSDL as part of the LLIS Consolidation project and has not yet been reviewed by HSDL staff. Some information may be incomplete, missing, or inaccurate. For more information on the LLIS Consolidation project, please see here: [http://www.hsdl.org/?llis]
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
2004-04-27
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Clinical Trials in Public Health Emergencies: The Ebola and COVID Experiences [video]
From the Video Description: "Designing and implementing clinical trials for novel infectious disease treatments brings many challenges, especially during a rapidly evolving pandemic. A new disease brings uncertainties arising from an imperfect understanding about illness, limited information about proposed countermeasures, and complexities in measuring relevant patient outcomes. A pandemic adds an overloaded medical system with limited resources for research, heightened pressure to find cures quickly, and unpredictability about potential case numbers. I will discuss issues related to designing and conducting treatment trials in outbreaks of Ebola and COVID [coronavirus disease] based on my experience with three studies: Prevail II (the West African Ebola virus disease study of ZMapp), PALM (the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus disease study of ZMapp, mAb114, REGN-EB3 and remdesivir) and ACTT-1 (the multinational, platform COVID-19 study of remdesivir vs placebo)." The duration of the video is 57 minutes and 48 seconds.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Dodd, Lori
2020-05-13
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Toward Understanding COVID-19 Infection, Transmission, and Pathogenesis at Single-Cell Resolution with the Human Cell Atlas [video]
From the Description: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], creates an urgent need for identifying molecular mechanisms that mediate viral entry, propagation, and tissue pathology. Single-cell analysis of healthy- and SARS-CoV-2-infected tissues offers a unique lens to identify these mechanisms. In an international integrated analysis of the Human Cell Atlas Lung Biological Network--which spans more than 100 single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq [ribonucleic acid sequencing] datasets previously collected from healthy tissues and includes many previously unpublished studies--we identified the cell types throughout the body most likely to be susceptible to viral entry. In line with epidemiological observations, we also identified increased expression of key mediators of SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry associated with increasing age, male gender, and smoking." The length of this video is 1:01:21.
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
Regev, Aviv
2020-06-03
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U.S. Response to Disasters and Public Health Emergencies
"This class provides an introduction to disaster/emergency planning and response as conducted in the United States, with an emphasis on medical response. To determine where disaster information specialists might best fit into the U.S. framework for disaster/emergency response, it is necessary to start with shared understanding of terminology, concepts, legislation, organizations, and lessons learned from previous incidents. The class describes efforts to provide structure and order before, during, and after emergencies and disasters. Changes over time in legislation and the U.S. framework for disaster/emergency response are discussed. This self-paced course fulfills one of the requirements of the Medical Library Association (MLA) Disaster Information Specialization, Basic Level. Students will earn three MLA Continuing Education (CE) credits. This program provides the opportunity for participants to expand their roles in providing information for disaster and emergency preparedness, response, and recovery."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.); National Library of Medicine (U.S.)
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Seat at the Table: Working with the Disaster Workforce
"This course prepares librarians on how to work with first responders, including public safety, fire/rescue, public health department, local health care facilities, and emergency planners. Libraries have a critical role to play in disaster preparation and recovery, but they need a seat at the table with the right people, and they need to have something to offer. During and after a disaster are not the times for libraries to learn how to work with local, state, and federal responders. The time to build and develop these relationships is before a disaster strikes. It is critical to have a seat at the table before, during, and after a disaster. This course will cover the basics of initiating and developing relationships with all relevant local, state, and federal officials and agencies, as well as with emergency responders. This self-paced course fulfills one of the requirements of the Medical Library Association (MLA) Disaster Information Specialization, Advanced Level. Students will earn four MLA Continuing Education (CE) credits."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.); National Library of Medicine (U.S.)
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Disaster Health Information Sources: The Basics
"This course provides a comprehensive overview of the essential resources needed to provide health-related information services for supporting disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. We will cover key sources from the U.S. National Library of Medicine® (NLM), federal and nonfederal agencies, and international organizations. Tools for locating, organizing, and disseminating disaster health information will also be covered. This self-paced course fulfills one of the requirements of the Medical Library Association (MLA) Disaster Information Specialization, Basic Level. Students will earn three MLA continuing education (CE) credits."
National Institutes of Health (U.S.); National Library of Medicine (U.S.)
