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Rural Crime and Rural Policing
"Police practices vary from one area to another, and studying the varieties of police behavior can yield important insights into the role of law enforcement officers in a community. Most studies of variations in police behavior have been conducted in urban settings. Neglecting rural policing and rural crime might be justifiable if there is nothing about policing, crime, or the community in rural environments that precludes directly applying knowledge from urban areas. It is evident, however, that rural environments are distinct from urban environments in ways that affect policing, crime, and public policy. The following discussion examines what is known about rural crime, rural policing, and how they are shaped by the rural environment. It is obvious that rural policing is shaped by the nature of rural crime and the features that distinguish rural culture and rural life. Consequently, the discussion begins with a description of what is known about rural crime."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Wells, L. Edward; Weisheit, Ralph A.; Falcone, David N.
1994-09
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Adaptive Surveillance: A Novel Approach to Facial Surveillance for CCTV Systems, Final Progress Report
"We have developed a surveillance system that uses real-time face recognition technology to increase the utility of currently existing CCN-compatible surveillance software. The performance of the best existing surveillance system was dramatically improved by development of techniques for: (1) dynamic adjustment of video parameters in the region of the image containing a face and (2) tracking a face to acquire multiple images of it, across video frames. The outcome of this work is a state-of-the-art, automated facial recognition surveillance system capable of providing immense value to the law enforcement community. The automation of the attentionally-taxing duty of surveillance lowers overhead, and thus, frees up resources for performance of other tasks. Use of this system will allow law enforcement to perform surveillance duties to a level of efficiency and precision beyond that which is possible at present. Ultimately, fewer crimes may be perpetrated and arrests made on the basis of surveillance may lead to a greater probability of conviction."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2001-02-09
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Department of Defense Nonlethal Weapons and Equipment Review: A Research Guide for Civil Law Enforcement and Corrections
"This NIJ Special Report (NCJ 205293) provides a detailed equipment review designed to give civil law enforcement organizations a greater understanding of DoD's nonlethal weapons program and currently used nonlethal technologies. Currently used DoD and U.S. Coast Guard nonlethal weapons and equipment are described in sections II and III. Section IV includes representative descriptions of less-lethal devices used by the Chicago Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Metropolitan Police Department of Washington, D.C., Philadelphia Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team, Seattle SWAT team, and U.S. Marshals Service. The product descriptions include photographs and information about manufacturers, costs, the services or law enforcement agencies that use each product, and each item's operational capability or use. Agencies that lack adequate research and development funding for less-lethal weapons and equipment often rely on private manufacturers to meet this need. The equipment selection process is discussed in appendix A. The appendix also includes descriptions of DoD's Joint Nonlethal Weapons Program; nonlethal weapons programs in the military branches (Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force), the DoD Special Operations Command, and U.S. Coast Guard; and civil law enforcement less-lethal weapons. A glossary is presented in appendix B. Typically, DoD uses the term 'nonlethal' and NIJ and civil law enforcement agencies use the term 'less-lethal' when referring to the same technology."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2004-10
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Impact Munitions Use: Types, Targets, Effects
"Law enforcement officers use impact munitions to subdue or arrest suspects with significantly less likelihood of anyone being killed or seriously injured. This NIJ Research for Practice (NCJ 206089) draws on data from a survey of law enforcement and corrections agencies to examine more than 370 incidents in which impact munitions were used."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2004-10
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Community Policing and Community Prosecution: Comparison and Differentiation
"The purpose of this paper is to compare two late 20th century criminal justice movements community oriented policing and community prosecution. The document will discuss the similarities and differences between community policing and community prosecution including management models, operational features, types of wrongdoing selected for pursuit, reaction to innovations, measures of impact, and the relationship between the two strategies within communities. The historical context within which these movements arose will be described as well as critical issues for both movements."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
McDonald, Phyllis P.
2002
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'Designing Out' Gang Homicides and Street Assaults
"The hottest spot for gang-on-gang homicide and assault in the city of Los Angeles had seen gang violence becoming a cycle of attacks followed by reprisals, followed by the inevitable counterattacks. Using a deceptively simple tactic, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) intervened in an attempt to restore order to the area. Under the direction of then Assistant Chief of Operations Robert Vernon, an experiment involving the use of traffic barriers to block access by automobiles was launched in 1990 as a means to 'design out' crime by reducing the opportunities to commit it."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Lasley, James
1998-11
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Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and Community Policing
"Crime prevention today benefits from two strategies for protecting neighborhoods from crime and the fear of crime--Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and community policing. CPTED programs, through design and management of the physical environment of buildings, residential neighborhoods, and business areas, increase public safety and reduce fear of crime. Community policing programs, by making police more visible and familiar to the people and with the physical environment of their beats, reinforce these efforts and promote police citizen partnerships to prevent crime and disorder. This Research in Action suggests several ways in which CPTED and community policing initiatives can be coordinated and integrated in a comprehensive approach to community security."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fleissner, Dan; Heinzelmann, Fred
1996-08
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Mass Fatality Incidents: A Guide for Human Forensic Identification
"Recent events and the emergent threat of continued terrorist activity emphasize the need for public-sector agencies to plan for a coordinated response to a mass fatality event. This guide is designed to assist all jurisdictions in creating new mass fatality plans or reviewing existing plans. I encourage every jurisdiction to give careful consideration to the recommendations in the guide. Regardless of the number of people killed, victims and their loved ones deserve our best efforts to provide accurate identification of the victims and effective investigation of the crime. This guide does not specifically address the search and rescue efforts for the living that take precedence over the recovery of the remains, collection of evidence, documentation of the scene, and other operational procedures. However, first responders and others can use this guide to understand the death investigation process. This guide can assist them in developing operational tactics for routine as well as mass fatality incidents."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2005-06
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Managing Calls to the Police with 911/311 Systems
"Many 911 systems are overwhelmed with calls, most of them not emergencies. In the mid-1990s, some jurisdictions introduced the 311 nonemergency number to relieve overburdened 911 systems. Calls can be switched instantaneously between 311 and 911 call centers and forwarded to other city agencies. Do 311 systems effectively reduce nonemergency calls to 911 operators and free more time for police officers on neighborhood beats? The researchers recommend that agencies adopting a 311 call system also consider a dual-dispatch policy"generally not dispatching patrol units in response to 311 calls, but instead following up with a community-oriented, problem-solving approach."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2005-02
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Calling 311: Guidelines for Policymakers
"Nonemergency 311 call systems can greatly reduce the 911 burden, according to a study sponsored by the National Institute of Justice. In its first year of operating a 311 system, the Baltimore Police Department experienced a 25-percent reduction in 911 calls (about 5,000 fewer calls per week). Lowest priority calls to 911 dropped by 99.7 percent. Most of these calls migrated to 311. Baltimore citizens readily diverted their nonemergency calls to 311, and the goal of reducing the 911 burden was achieved. But the study also showed that nonemergency 311 systems offer a broader opportunity to police"to craft their response to fit the call. If police administrators and city planners comprehensively reexamine call handling protocols, change patrol dispatch policies, and closely manage patrol officer free time, a 311 system could present a way to significantly improve community policing."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2005-02
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Sex Trafficking in a Border Community: A Field Study of Sex Trafficking in Tijuana, Mexico (Final Report)
"Sex trafficking has caught worldwide attention in recent years, often being portrayed as modern-day slavery. The United States, along with many countries, has taken an aggressive position on pursuing sex traffickers, pimps, and sex tourists, making the nation among the most inhospitable to human trafficking and prostitution. Despite widespread attention on sex trafficking, there has been little empirical research on the nature and process of sex trafficking activities. Most existing studies have relied on so-called expert sources (i.e., advocacy groups, shelters, and law enforcement agencies). This study gathered information from the two sources closest to this illicit enterprise - (1) prostitutes; and (2) pimps (or sex trade facilitators). Data for this study were primarily gathered in Tijuana, Mexico. It was hypothesized that human traffickers and sex industry operators might find Tijuana's socio-political environment conducive to trafficking activities. Tijuana, the largest city on Mexico's northern border, has long been a major tourism and weekend destination for Southern Californians. Its red light district draws a large number of visitors from both sides of the border. With more than 60 million people crossing the busiest international border annually, there is no shortage of demand for fringe services. Despite its geopolitical significance and the potential of spillover effects, to date there has been no empirical study on sex trafficking activities in Tijuana. This study is the first known empirical effort to fill this knowledge gap."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Zhang, Sheldon
2011-05
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10-4 No More? Law Enforcement Agencies Are Phasing Out Old Radio Codes
This National Institute of Justice document provides information on the use of 10-codes in law enforcement communication. It discusses the migration to plain language, issues to consider, and benefits.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2010-10
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Test Results for Mobile Device Acquisition Tool: CelleBrite UFED 1.1.3.3-Report Manager 1.6.5
This document reports the results from testing CelleBrite UFED 1.1.3.3-Report Manager 1.6.5. "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Office of Law Enforcement Standards
2010-10
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Test Results for Mobile Device Acquisition Tool: Device XRY 5.0.2
This document reports the results from testing XRY, version 5.0.2, against the Smart Phone Tool Test Assertions and Test Plan, available at the CFTT [Computer Forensics Tool Testing] Web site (www.cftt.nist.gov/mobile_devices.htm). [...] This report is divided into five sections. The first section is a summary of the results from the test runs. This section is sufficient for most readers to assess the suitability of the tool for the intended use. The remaining sections of the report describe how the tests were conducted and provide documentation of test case run details that support the report summary. Sections 2 and 3 provide justification for the selection of test cases and assertions from the set of possible cases defined in the test plan for smart phone forensic tools. The test cases are selected, in general, based on features offered by the tool. Section 4 lists the hardware and software used to run the test cases. Section 5 contains a description of each test case, test assertions used in the test case, the expected result and the actual result.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Laub, John H., 1953-
2010-11
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2009 NIJ Annual Report
This 2009 National Institute of Justice [NIJ] report to Congress outlines programs supported and developed in 2009 to assist law enforcement agencies in fighting crime across the United States. The report includes links to various programs and web sites for additional information. From the report: "NIJ remains committed to helping federal, state and local agencies as they work to combat crime and make communities safer. The Institute funds research and development that yield results and identifies what works for practitioners. In 2009, NIJ funded various research and technology endeavors, including evaluations of violence reduction programs and license plate recognition technology. It also launched predictive policing demonstration projects to help agencies take the next step in preventing and controlling crime."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Laub, John H., 1953-
2010-11
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CBRN Protective Ensemble Standard for Law Enforcement [November 2010]
"This document is a voluntary performance standard for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective ensembles for use by law enforcement. It defines both performance requirements and the methods used to test performance. In order for an ensemble manufacturer or other entity to claim that a particular CBRN protective ensemble model satisfies this National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standard, the model must be in compliance with this standard as determined in accordance with this document and the associated document, Law Enforcement CBRN Protective Ensemble Certification Program Requirements, NIJ CR-0116.00. Both this standard and the associated certification program requirements document are produced as a part of the Standards and Testing Program of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NIJ, as is a third associated document, the Law Enforcement CBRN Protective Ensemble Selection and Application Guide, NIJ Guide-0116.00. All requirements stated in this standard, including those that explicitly employ mandatory language (e.g., ―shall�-) are those necessary to satisfy the standard. Nothing in this document is intended to require or imply that commercially available CBRN protective ensembles for use by law enforcement must satisfy this standard. […].The purpose of this voluntary standard is to specify minimum requirements for CBRN protective ensembles worn by law enforcement personnel conducting law enforcement response operations at an incident involving suspected or identified CBRN hazards. It is recognized that the mission and associated requirements of law enforcement are unique within the first responder community and that a performance standard reflecting these requirements is essential."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2010-11
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Operational Test Bed-Alexandria (OTB-A) Communications Interoperability Gateway Subsystem Operational Test Document
"This document details the results of tests conducted to verify proper operation of a communications interoperability Gateway Subsystem based on an ACU-1000 Intelligent Interconnect System. This Subsystem has been installed at the Alexandria, Virginia, Police Department (APD), and interfaced with the existing communications infrastructure of the APD and other law enforcement and public safety agencies in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., region. The resulting communications interoperability capability allows direct voice over-the-air radio communications among multiple law enforcement agencies that utilize radio systems operating in different frequency bands, or operating within the same frequency band but using incompatible modulation formats or trunking techniques that defeat interoperability."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2001-07-23
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Metropolitan Interoperability Radio System - Alexandria Site: Description Document
"The Metropolitan Interoperability Radio System (MIRS) is designed to meet the voice communications interoperability needs of the public safety agencies in the Metropolitan Washington DC Region. The MIRS is a fixed site system-to-system gateway that features the JPS Communications ACU-1000, an audio baseband switch. The basic system components are interface modules, each of which is designed to connect 800 megahertz (MHz), ultrahigh frequency (UHF), very high frequency (VHF), and low-band VHF radios, along with telephone interconnects. The computer-controlled system is configured to cross-connect up to seven different patches simultaneously. Several MIRS sites are being deployed in the Metropolitan Washington area. This Description Document describes the MIRS site at the Alexandria, Virginia Police Department (APD). The system is interfaced with the existing communications infrastructures of the APD and other law enforcement and public safety agencies located in the Metropolitan Washington, D.C., region. The resulting communications interoperability capability allows direct voice over-the-air radio communications among multiple law enforcement agencies. These agencies utilize radio systems that operate in different frequency bands, or operate within the same frequency band with incompatible modulation formats and/or trunking techniques, any of which defeat interoperability. This system was originally deployed as a Communications Interoperability Gateway Subsystem in Alexandria as part of an Operational Test Bed designed to investigate the technical and operational issues associated with using cross band repeat capabilities to achieve over-the-air voice interoperability among law enforcement agencies. The Gateway Subsystem was originally deployed in the year 2000, and has undergone operational tests, and has been used for specific events over the past 18 months."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2003-04-04
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Making Sense of DNA Backlogs - Myths vs. Reality
"Federal funding made available by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) through the DNA Initiative helped state and local governments significantly increase the capacity of their DNA laboratories between 2005 and 2008. At the same time, the demand for DNA testing continues to outstrip the capacity of crime laboratories to process these cases. The bottom line: crime laboratories are processing more cases than ever before, but their expanded capacity has not been able to meet the increased demand."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Nelson, Mark
2010-06
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Wisconsin State Patrol Tests New Path to Radio Interoperability
"The Wisconsin State Patrol, which oversees traffic incidents, statewide voice communications and mobile communications networks, has devoted several years to developing a strategy for adopting the Project 25 radio interoperability standards. Project 25 refers to a suite of standards for digital, two-way wireless communications products. A committee of manufacturers, public safety agencies, and state and federal communications professionals launched Project 25 in 1989 to provide detailed standards for interoperable radios."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2010-04
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Test Results for Mobile Device Acquisition Tool: CelleBrite UFED 1.1.3.3 - Report Manager 1.6.5
"This document reports the results from testing CelleBrite's UFED, version 1.1.3.3, against the Smart Phone Tool Test Assertions and Test Plan, available at the CFTT Web site (www.cftt.nist.gov/mobile_devices.htm). [...]. This report is divided into five sections. The first section is a summary of the results from the test runs. This section is sufficient for most readers to assess the suitability of the tool for the intended use. The remaining sections of the report describe how the tests were conducted and provide documentation of test case run details that support the report summary. Sections 2 and 3 provide a justification for the selection of test cases and assertions from the set of possible cases that are defined in the test plan for smart phone forensic tools. The test cases are selected, in general, based on features offered by the tool. Section 4 lists the hardware and software used to run the test cases. Section 5 contains a description of each test case, test assertions used in the test case, the expected result and the actual result."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Laub, John H., 1953-
2010-10
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Test Results for Forensic Media Preparation Tool: Disk Jockey PRO Forensic Edition (Version 1.20)
"This document reports the results from testing Disk Jockey PRO Forensic Edition (Version 1.20), against the Forensic Media Preparation Tool Test Assertions and Test Plan Version 1.0, available at the CFTT Web site (http://www.cftt.nist.gov/fmp--atp--pc--01.pdf). […]. This report is divided into four key sections. The first section is a summary of the results from the test runs. This section is sufficient for most readers to assess the suitability of the tool for the intended use. The remaining sections of the report describe how the tests were conducted and provide documentation of test case run details that support the report summary. Section 2 gives a justification for the selection of test cases from the set of possible cases that are defined in the test plan for forensic media preparation tools. The test cases are selected, in general, based on features offered by the tool. Section 3 lists hardware and software used to run the test cases with and provides links to additional information about the items used. Section 4 contains a description of each test case. The description of each test run lists all test assertions used in the test case, the expected result and the actual result."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Laub, John H., 1953-
2010-10
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New Perspectives in Policing: Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008
"In 1967, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice published The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. This publication is generally regarded as inaugurating the scientific study of the police in America in particular but also in other countries. Almost 20 years later, the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, convened an Executive Session on the police (1985-1991) to examine the state of policing and to make recommendations for its improvement. Its approximately 30 participants were police executives and academic experts. Now, 20 years further on, the Kennedy School has again organized an Executive Session. Its purpose, like the first, is to combine professional with scholarly appraisals of the police and their contribution to public safety."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Nixon, Christine; Bayley, David H.
2010-09
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Using 911 Calls to Detect Terrorism Threats
"In 2006, the National Institute of Justice funded RTI [Response to Intervention] International to develop and test a process for analyzing and prioritizing data from one type of SAR [Suspicious Activity Report]: 911 calls for service. As part of that project, RTI researchers (including the authors of this article), in collaboration with the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police Department, analyzed more than 1.3 million 911 MPD call records. The main goal of our study was not to identify confirmed terrorist activity. Rather, we designed and tested a process for reducing a large volume of data to a smaller subset of incidents that could then be reviewed for follow-up investigation. Our study showed that simple analytic processes could produce operationally relevant findings from 911 calls. We documented this process so it could be implemented and refined in other jurisdictions."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Hollywood, John; Strom, Kevin; Pope, Mark
2010
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CeaseFire: A Public Health Approach to Reduce Shootings and Killings
"The bloodshed in some of the Windy City's toughest neighborhoods declined substantially with the advent of the CeaseFire violence reduction program. A rigorous evaluation of the program, sponsored by the National Institute of Justice, confirmed anecdotal evidence that had already led officials in other cities to adopt Chicago's CeaseFire model. Researchers found that CeaseFire had a significant positive impact on many of the neighborhoods in which the program was implemented, including a decline of 16 to 28 percent in the number of shootings in four of the seven sites studied. 'Overall, the program areas grew notice-ably safer in six of the seven sites, and we concluded that there was evidence that decreases in the size and intensity of shooting hot spots were linked to the introduction of CeaseFire in four of those areas. In two other areas shooting hot spots waned, but evidence that this decline could be linked to CeaseFire was inconclusive,' the researchers reported. […] CeaseFire uses various tools to target this violence: 1.) Community mobilization. 2.) A major public education campaign. 3.) Services, such as GED programs, anger-management counseling, drug or alcohol treatment, and help finding child care or looking for a job, that can improve the lives of at-risk youth, including gang members.
In their evaluation, the researchers detail the program's approaches to building collaborations in the CeaseFire sites."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ritter, Nancy
2009-11
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Debating DNA Collection
In this National Institute of Justice article, the author discusses the practice of collecting DNA samples from convicted criminals and the more controversial collecting of DNA from arrested, but not convicted, individuals. "Policymakers are increasingly coming to grips with legal issues related to taking DNA samples from people who have not been convicted of crimes. The practice of taking DNA samples from convicted criminals is now largely uncontroversial. The courts have routinely upheld laws that authorize DNA collection from both current and former convicts, and the resulting databases of DNA have become powerful tools to analyze forensic evidence collected from crime scenes. [...] A trend that is causing significant debate is gathering DNA samples from people who are arrested but not convicted. About 20 states and the federal government have passed legislation that requires DNA collection upon arrest. This legislation has raised concerns that crime laboratories may be unable to manage an influx of samples from a new source and that preconviction DNA collection may violate Fourth Amendment privacy guarantees."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Berson, Sarah B.
2009-11
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Victim and Witness Intimidation: New Developments and Emerging Responses
"Prosecutors in some jurisdictions report an increase in victim and witness intimidation: some prosecutors have estimated intimidation as a factor in 75 to 100 percent of the violent crimes committed in some gang-dominated neighborhoods. This Research in Action summarizes recent developments in gang- and drug-related intimidation of victims and witnesses, current responses to the problem by police and prosecutors, and emerging models and strategies for its prevention and suppression. Gang- and drug-related intimidation may be case-specific or communitywide. The wholesale intimidation of neighborhoods can be as harmful to witness cooperation as an explicit threat made against an individual. Each case-specific act of violence against victims or witnesses promotes the communitywide perception that any cooperation with the criminal justice system is dangerous. Factors that contribute to the reluctance of witnesses to step forward include fear, strong community ties, or a deepseated distrust of law enforcement. Community members may also consider gang and drug crimes as outside the scope of their concern or responsibility."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Healey, Kerry Murphy
1995-10
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Sex Trafficking: Identifying Cases and Victims
"Sex trafficking is a particularly degrading form of human trafficking, defined generally as recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining either: (1) an adult for commercial sex by force, fraud or coercion, or (2) a juvenile for commercial sex, regardless of the means. Law enforcement and our nongovernment-organization partners most often see cases in which pimps coerce women and girls, both U.S. citizens and aliens, into prostitution. [...] As in all human trafficking cases, our goal is to identify the victims so that we can not only punish the traffickers, but also help restore the lives of those the traffickers have harmed. DOJ and the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit now have more than eight years' experience identifying and helping sex trafficking victims. We have learned from our successes and our failures and have identified some promising practices for: (1) Identifying potential victims of sex trafficking; (2) Assessing potential sex trafficking matters; (3) Prioritizing which investigative steps to take first."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Moossy, Robert
2009-03
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Solving Missing Persons Cases
"With an estimated 4,400 unidentified human remains cases every year and close to 100,000 active missing persons cases on any given day, the nation needed a central repository for case records. Therefore, the National Institute of Justice created NamUs, the first national repository for missing persons and unidentified decedent records accessible to law enforcement agencies, medical examiners, coroners and the public. More than 2,000 missing persons cases and more than 5,000 unidentified decedent cases have already been entered into NamUs, and the numbers continue to grow."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Pearsall, Beth; Weiss, Danielle M.
2009-11
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Policing on American Indian Reservations [July 2001]
"This study had two principal goals. The first was to take a broad look at policing in Indian Country in order to better understand the many arrangements for administering reservation police departments, develop an initial assessment of the challenges facing Indian policing, and identify policing strategies and approaches that might be successful in responding to the growing crime problem in Indian Country. The second was to evaluate the prospects for community policing in Indian Country. Could this strategy, which grew out of the experience of police departments in urban settings, be usefully applied to the strikingly different cultural, geographic, and demographic features typical of Indian reservations? This study is a first effort to characterize the variety of arrangements for reservation policing combined with a more comprehensive effort to better understand the operations of a limited set of representative departments and their tribal contexts."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Begay, Manley A.; Michaelson, Susan; Jorgensen, Miriam . . .
2001-07
