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Mental and Substance Use Disorders Among Adult Men on Probation or Parole: Some Success Against a Persistent Challenge
"This report presents data on mental and substance use disorders among adult males on correctional supervised release--parole or probation--from local, state and federal prisons and jails. It examines issues that have grown increasingly salient with the rising costs associated with managing the growing community- and facility-based criminal justice population."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Feucht, Thomas E.; Gfroerer, Joseph
2011
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Latent Print Examination and Human Factors: Improving the Practice through a Systems Approach
"Fingerprints have provided a valuable method of personal identification in forensic science and criminal investigations for more than 100 years. Fingerprints left at crime scenes generally are latent prints--unintentional reproductions of the arrangement of ridges on the skin made by the transfer of materials (such as amino acids, proteins, polypeptides, and salts) to a surface. Palms and the soles of feet also have friction ridge skin that can leave latent prints. The examination of a latent print consists of a series of steps involving a comparison of the latent print to a known (or exemplar) print. Courts have accepted latent print evidence for the past century. However, several high-profile cases in the United States and abroad have highlighted the fact that human errors can occur, and litigation and expressions of concern over the evidentiary reliability of latent print examinations and other forensic identification procedures has increased in the last decade. 'Human factors' issues can arise in any experience- and judgment-based analytical process such as latent print examination. Inadequate training, extraneous knowledge about the suspects in the case or other matters, poor judgment, health problems, limitations of vision, complex technology, and stress are but a few factors that can contribute to errors. A lack of standards or quality control, poor management, insufficient resources, and substandard working conditions constitute other potentially contributing factors."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Office of Law Enforcement Standards
2012-02
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2021 Review and Revalidation of the First Step Act Risk Assessment Tool
From the Executive Summary: "The First Step Act (FSA) of 2018 mandates the development and implementation of a risk and needs assessment system for use with each person in the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). [...] Part 1 summarizes the development and initial review of PATTERN [Prisoner Assessment Tool Targeting Estimated Risk and Needs]. [...] This report also includes the review and revalidation analyses related to the predictive validity (Part 3), dynamic validity (Part 4), and racial and ethnic neutrality (Part 5) of PATTERN 1.3 as required by the FSA. [...] The NIJ [National Institute of Justice] consultants will also continue to investigate potential solutions for the differential prediction issues identified during this review, including testing emerging debiasing techniques and engaging with stakeholders to explore the most promising and supportable approaches. As required by the FSA mandate, a subsequent review and revalidation report including an additional cohort of individuals released from BOP custody in FY 2018 will be released in late 2022."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Office of Justice Programs; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2021-12
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CrimeSolutions - The Evidence-Based Guide for Justice Agencies in Search of Practices and Programs That Really Work
From the Document: "Science supports corrections agencies and the larger criminal justice system by delivering precise, reliable processes capable of generating consistent, repeatable outcomes. The National Institute of Justice is tasked by Congress with producing real-world benefits, through scientific innovation, for justice agencies, their stakeholders and the public. One important way NIJ [National Institute of Justice] accomplishes this goal is through program evaluation. Program evaluation methods, themselves the product of rigorous science, have established not all science-based program and practice innovations are equally reliable. With the pace of scientific discovery around the world accelerating as never before, justice agencies seek assurance the particular science underlying an existing or contemplated program or practice is sound, and the program or practice, if properly implemented, can work as intended. NIJ has an established, evidence-based online resource to help justice agencies find and refine reliable solutions."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Office of Justice Programs; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2021-11-29
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Hate Crimes: National Database Identifies Traits and Motivations Marking Distinct Pathways of People Who Commit Bias-Based Offenses
From the Document: "Individuals who commit hate crimes do so out of a variety of bias-based motivations, and the demographic and other characteristics of those individuals can vary widely depending on the type of hate crime committed. A recent study of unprecedented scope on what drives people who perpetrate hate crimes found that, in light of those diverse motivations and traits, the tools needed to monitor and rehabilitate those individuals must be flexible and capable of addressing risks in heterogeneous populations. [...] The purpose of this study by START [National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism] was to enhance understanding of characteristics of hate crime, also known as bias crime, in the United States."
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Office of Justice Programs; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2021-11-30
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Five Things About School-Based Violence Prevention and Intervention Programs
From the Document: "School-based prevention and intervention programs are designed to address a variety of issues faced by youth today, both within and outside of schools. The five statements below are based on practices rated by CrimeSolutions. '1. School-based bullying prevention programs prevent victimization and reduce perpetration[,]' '2. Cyberbullying prevention and intervention programs can reduce online bullying perpetration and victimization[,]' '3. Universal school-based prevention and intervention programs for aggressive and disruptive behavior can reduce aggressive or disruptive behavior[,]' '4. Interventions to reduce dating and sexual violence for school-aged youth and young adults do not reduce dating violence victimization[,]' [and] '5. Selective school-based violence prevention programs can reduce aggression in K-12 students who are considered at risk or who have demonstrated such antisocial behaviors.'"
United States. Department of Justice; United States. Office of Justice Programs; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2021-11
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NIJ Recidivism Forecasting Challenge: Contextualizing the Results
From the Abstract: "The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) recently hosted the Fiscal Year 2021 Recidivism Forecasting Challenge. The primary aim of this research competition was to increase public safety and the fair administration of justice by improving the ability to forecast and understand the variables that impact the likelihood that an individual under parole supervision will recidivate. Entrants were provided with two datasets. The first was a training dataset of over 18,000 individuals released from prison to parole supervision in the state of Georgia during the period of January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2015. These data contained information about individuals' demographic characteristics, supervision case information, prison case information, prior criminal and community supervision history in the state of Georgia, activities for current supervision, and whether they recidivated in any of the three years after they began supervision."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Office of Justice Programs; United States. Department of Justice
White, Veronica; Applegarth, Michael; Hunt, Joel . . .
2022-02
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Safeguarding Houses of Worship: NIJ's Safety and Security Planning App for Houses of Worship: House of Worship Safety and Security Assessment
From the General Statement: "The purpose of this document is to assist HOW [House of Worship] in producing a draft Safety and Security Plan for a specific campus. The document will guide you through a series of questions designed to assist in the evaluation of the current safety and security posture of your campus, as well as evaluating and prioritizing unique threats and making recommendations for improvement."
Justice Technology Information Center (U.S.); National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
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Historical Overview of U.S. Policy and Legislative Responses to Honor-Based Violence, Forced Marriage, and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
From the Preface: "The goal of this report is to support law enforcement's ability to understand and accurately identify acts of gender-based violence in the United States that are rooted in cultural practices. This report represents a high-level analysis, comprising a concise global historical perspective of the practices that promulgate honor-based violence, forced marriage, and female genital mutilation/cutting; a current snapshot of gender-based violence in the United States; and an overview of existing responses to these forms of violence across the federal government. The analysis in this report is based on a literature review of peer-reviewed research published in current periodicals and scholarly journals, as well as online. Additional resources include reports, trainings, and websites published by advocacy groups, national governments, and international organizations. The main body of the report, which lays out the research findings by the type of violence and lists current government efforts, is followed by a series of appendices that support its contents."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Office of Justice Programs; Library of Congress
Brock, Marieke; Buckthal, Emma
2018-09
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Primer on Body-worn Cameras for Law Enforcement
"The field deployment of body-worn camera systems (BWCs) by law enforcement practitioners (e.g., patrol, corrections, SWAT and other tactical responders) offers significant advantages in keeping officers safe, enabling situational awareness and providing evidence for trial. A major issue with the use of BWCs is a lack of technical standards and operational standards for protocols and procedures. Without such standards in place, law enforcement practitioners lack adequate information to select the proper system that meets their requirements. The interoperability between systems and associated software also requires a set of standards. Further, such standards are instrumental in ensuring that evidence gathered from BWCs meets courtroom standards. To mitigate the lack of procedural or technical standards, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Sensor, Surveillance, and Biometric Technologies (SSBT) Center of Excellence (CoE) has prepared a primer to aid in the use of BWCs in law enforcement. This report provides an introduction to BWCs and highlights issues and factors that law enforcement organizations should consider prior to and during implementation. Specific questions addressed include: [1] Why use BWCs? [2] What are the types of BWCs? [3] What are the implementation issues that can be expected with BWCs?"
National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center (U.S.); National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2012-09
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Summary of Research Questions Identified Through the Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examination Research Forum
"This forum, sponsored by the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), explored gaps in the existing research related to the technical aspects of sexual assault medical forensic examination (SAMFE). The goal was to identify what research is needed to bring a stronger evidence base to the SAMFE. The forum focused on the following topics: [1] Types of evidence gathered; [2] Examination technology; [3] Standardizing the evidence kit; [4] Evolving DNA technology; and [5] Potential use and logistics of telemedicine during the examination."
United States. Office of Justice Programs. Office for Victims of Crime; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2012-03-28
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Geography & Public Safety [August 2012]
This edition of "Geography and Public Safety" contains the following articles: "Criminal Justice and Public Health Approaches to Violent Crime: Complementary Perspectives"; "Integrating Emergency Department and Police Data to Locate and Prevent Violence: The Cardiff Model"; "Using Public Health Strategies to Reduce Violence in 'Hot Spots' in East Palo Alto, California"; "Comprehensive Community Based Information System to Reduce Youth and Gang Violence in Los Angeles County and Beyond"; and "What Can We Learn from Public Health? - An Example of Sharing Law Enforcement Spatial Data with Community Partners".
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
2012-08
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'Bait Vehicle' Technologies and Motor Vehicle Theft Along the Southwest Border
"In 2005, over 33% of all the vehicles reported stolen in the United States occurred in the four southwestern border states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, which all have very high vehicle theft rates in comparison to the national average. This report describes the utilization of 'bait vehicles' and associated technologies in the context of motor vehicle theft along the southwest border of the U.S. More than 100 bait vehicles are estimated to be in use by individual agencies and auto theft task forces in the southwestern border states. The communications, tracking, mapping, and remote control technologies associated with bait vehicles provide law enforcement with an effective tool to obtain arrests in vehicle theft 'hot spots.' Recorded audio and video from inside the vehicle expedite judicial proceedings as offenders rarely contest the evidence presented. At the same time, law enforcement is very interested in upgrading bait vehicle technology through the use of live streaming video for enhanced officer safety and improved situational awareness. Bait vehicle effectiveness could be enhanced by dynamic analysis of motor theft trends through exploitation of geospatial, timeline, and other analytical tools to better inform very near-term operational decisions, including the selection of particular vehicle types. This 'information-led' capability would especially benefit from more precise and timely information on the location of vehicles stolen in the United States and found in Mexico. Introducing Automated License Plate Reading (ALPR) technology to collect information associated with stolen motor vehicles driven into Mexico could enhance bait vehicle effectiveness."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center (U.S.); Sandia National Laboratories
Aldridge, Chris D.
2007-09
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Special Panel Review of Excited Delirium
"This report constitutes the proceedings of a meeting of a special panel convened by the Weapons and Protective Systems Technologies Center (WPSTC) to examine the subject of Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS) and the interventions being cooperatively developed by the law enforcement and medical communities. The purpose of the meeting was to examine the phenomenon of 'excited delirium' and its association with the use-of-force in general and the use of CEDs [conductive energy devices] in particular. Additionally, the panel was to review, discuss, and examine related medical and other first responder protocols. The immediate objectives of the meeting were to (1) assess the current body of knowledge regard in excited delirium, (2) determine whether or not existing protocols appear to mitigate the phenomenon, and (3) identify the research questions that might remain. The long-range goal for the panel is to arrive at some consensus on a set of interventions that ideally (1) would reduce the likelihood of sudden and unexpected incustody deaths and (2) would not be harmful in any case, as well as to (3) identify and qualify [characterize] the associated risks."
Pennsylvania State University. Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Hughes, Edward L.
2011-12
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PoliceArmor.org [website]
From the information section of the website: "As leaders of law enforcement, we have an obligation to oversee the safety of all who work under our command. We encourage you to put officer safety at the forefront of your leadership and use the information on this web site as a primer for your agency's selection, care and use of this life-saving piece of equipment."
United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance; National Institute of Justice (U.S.); National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center (U.S.)
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Report on the National Small and Rural Agency Summit
"American policing has a tendency to study urban policing and then apply those findings and standards to the small and rural setting. Rural policing is distinct in nature and needs to be adapted to the rural setting. More than 90% of the law enforcement agencies in the United States have less than 50 officers. Recognizing the needs of small and rural law enforcement may not be being met, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) along with the Rural Law Enforcement Technology Center (RULETC) sponsored a national summit for small and rural law enforcement. The summit was held in August 2009 in Tulsa Oklahoma and was attended by over 50 participants representing 38 states. Of the law enforcement agencies present, they had an average of 23 full‐time sworn officers. The participants were divided into four working groups and discussion was facilitated by members of the RULETC advisory board. These discussions resulted in three primary Issues. 1. Lack of representation of the small and rural agencies in national policy and funding. 2. Recruitment and retention of officers 3. Training"
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Office of Justice Programs; National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center (U.S.)
2010-08
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Biological Evidence Preservation Handbook: Best Practices for Evidence Handlers
"The Biological Evidence Preservation Handbook offers guidance for individuals involved in the collection, examination, tracking, packaging, storing, and disposition of biological evidence. This may include crime scene technicians, law enforcement officers, healthcare professionals, forensic scientists, forensic laboratory managers, evidence supervisors, property managers, storage facility personnel, lawyers, testifying experts, court staff members, and anyone else who may come in contact with biological evidence. While many of the recommendations relate to the physical storage, preservation, and tracking of evidence at the storage facility, this handbook also covers the transfer of the material between the storage facility and other locations and discusses how the evidence should be handled at these other locations. This report is divided into five main sections that detail issues and make recommendations related to biological evidence storage, tracking, preservation, and disposition. A glossary, which provides standard definitions of the technical terms used in this report, follows these sections. "
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.); National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Office of Law Enforcement Standards
2013-04
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Facial Recognition Vendor Test 2000: Evaluation Report [Appendix]
This documents contains the Appendices A-O for the Facial Recognition Vendor Test 2000: Evaluation Report.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (U.S.); United States. Department of Defense. Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office
2001-02-02
