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Managing Risk in Jails
"Risk affects a jail in the same way that it affects other organizations: by diminishing or enhancing the jail's ability to achieve its mission. The mission of our jail system is to protect the public and maintain a safe environment within the institution consistent with legal requirements and to provide work and other self-improvement activities to reduce the likelihood of recidivism. If jails fail to manage risk, the entire community will potentially be subject to negative consequences, including inmate escape, injury to inmates and jail staff, damage to jail facilities, litigation and liability costs, and an increased likelihood of repeat offenses. [...] It is our hope that this manual will be useful to a broad array of entities that have a stake in effective jail management, including jail administrators and managers, jail supervisors, line staff, risk managers, jail inspectors, funding authorities, and executive authorities. Effective risk management in jails is in our nation's best interest. Nothing less than the safety and well-being of our citizens--inmates and the public at large--is at stake."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Martin, Mark D.; Reiss, Claire Lee
2008-04
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Partial Results from Prototype Testing Efforts for Disk Imaging Tools: SafeBack 2.0
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) project is the joint effort of the National Institute of Justice, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the U.S. Department of Defense, the Technical Support Working Group, and other related agencies. The objective of the CFTT project is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports partial results obtained during prototype testing efforts. Those efforts were part of the development of the test methodology and the support software for testing disk imaging software. The product used for test development was SafeBack version 2.0. The disk imaging specification and the test cases were early versions of the specifications now in use and available on the Web site. In addition, the support software and the testing procedures were prototype versions. The test results are presented here, however, to disseminate information about a few test cases that may still be of interest for those using older versions of the SafeBack software."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ashcroft, John D., 1942-; Daniels, Deborah J.; Hart, Sarah V.
2003-04
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tools: dd GNU fileutils 4.0.36, Provided with Red Hat Linux 7.1
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) project is the joint effort of the National Institute of Justice, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), as well as, the Department of Defense, the Technical Support Working Group, and other related agencies. The objective of the CFTT project is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires first, the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools, and then subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing one commonly used disk imaging tool, the dd GNU fileutils 4.0.36 provided with Red Hat Linux 7.1, against the Disk Imaging Tool Specification, developed by the CFTT staff. [...] This specification identifies the top-level disk imaging tool requirements as: [1] The tool shall make a bit-stream duplicate or an image of an original disk or partition; [2] The tool shall not alter the original disk; [3] The tool shall log I/O errors; [and 4] The tool's documentation shall be correct[.]"
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ashcroft, John D., 1942-; Daniels, Deborah J.; Hart, Sarah V.
2002-08
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National Institute of Justice Journal [Winter 2010]
This Winter 2010 issue of the National Institute of Justice Journal contains the following articles: "Police Use of Force: The Impact of Less-Lethal Weapons and Tactics" by Philip Bulman; "Toward a Better Way to Interview Child Victims of Sexual Abuse" by Sara Harris; "In Brief: Block by Block: Zeroing in on Crime Trends" by Philip Bulman; "Solving the Problem of Untested Evidence in Sexual Assaults" by Nancy Ritter; "Extending the Time to Collect DNA in Sexual Assault Cases" by Terry Taylor; "Minimizing the Risks of Hazardous Materials: The CBRN [chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear] Standard" by Philip Bulman; "Improving Forensic Death Investigation" by Beth Pearsall; and "In Brief: Expanding Research by Sharing Data".
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2010
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Digital Evidence: Policies and Procedures Manual
From the Introduction: "The purpose of this manual is to give law enforcement agencies a resource that will serve as a starting point for the development of policies and procedures for the collection, handling, and processing of digital evidence. This manual may also assist agencies performing the accreditation process of the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) regarding the collection, handling, and processing of digital evidence. This manual is customizable to suit the needs of individual agencies."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2020-05
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tools: dd Provided with FreeBSD 4.4
From the Introduction: "The objective of the CFTT [Computer Forensics Tool Testing] project is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensic investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensic tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. The test results provide the information necessary for developers to improve tools, users to make informed choices, and the legal community and others to understand the tools' capabilities. The use of well-recognized methodologies for conformance and quality testing serves as the foundation of our approach for testing computer forensic tools. [...] This document reports the results from testing one commonly used disk imaging tool, dd as provided with FreeBSD 4.4, against 'Disk Imaging Tool Specification, Version 3.1.6', developed by the CFTT staff[.] [...] This specification identifies the top-level disk imaging tool requirements as-- [1] The tool shall make a bit-stream duplicate or an image of an original disk or partition. [2] The tool shall not alter the original disk. [3] The tool shall log I/O [input/output] errors. [4] The tool's documentation shall be correct. Note: The test methodology is for software tools that copy or image hard disk drives. It does not cover analog media or digital media such as cell phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs)."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2004-01
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tools: EnCase 3.20
From the Introduction: "The objective of the CFTT [Computer Forensics Tool Testing] project is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensic investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensic tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. The test results provide the information necessary for developers to improve tools, users to make informed choices, and the legal community and others to understand the tools' capabilities. The use of well-recognized methodologies for conformance and quality testing serves as the foundation of our approach for testing computer forensic tools. [...] This document reports the results from testing EnCase 3.20, a commonly used disk imaging tool, against 'Disk Imaging Tool Specification, Version 3.1.6'[.] [...] This specification identifies the top-level disk imaging tool requirements as-- [1] The tool shall make a bit-stream duplicate or an image of an original disk or partition. [2] The tool shall not alter the original disk. [3] The tool shall log I/O [input/output] errors. [4] The tool's documentation shall be correct. Note: The test methodology is for software tools that copy or image hard disk drives. It does not cover analog media or digital media such as cell phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs)."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Hart, Sarah V.
2003-06
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tools: SafeBack 2.18
From the Introduction: "The objective of the CFTT [Computer Forensics Tool Testing] project is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensic investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensic tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. The test results provide the information necessary for developers to improve tools, users to make informed choices, and the legal community and others to understand the tools' capabilities. The use of well-recognized methodologies for conformance and quality testing serves as the foundation of our approach for testing computer forensic tools. [...] This document reports the results from testing SafeBack 2.18, one commonly used disk imaging tool, against 'Disk Imaging Tool Specification, Version 3.1.6', developed by CFTT staff[.] [...] This specification identifies the top-level disk imaging tool requirements as-- [1] The tool shall make a bit-stream duplicate or an image of an original disk or partition. [2] The tool shall not alter the original disk. [3] The tool shall log I/O [input/output] errors. [4] The tool's documentation shall be correct. Note: The test methodology is for software tools that copy or image hard disk drives. It does not cover analog media or digital media such as cell phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs)."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2003-06
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Compendium of Research on Violence Against Women: 1993-2018
This document, "Compendium of Research on Violence Against Women: 1993-2018," is divided into the following categories A-K: Category A: Justice and Related Systems; Category B: Definition & Measurement; Category C: Epidemiology; Category D: Social and Cultural Content; Category E: Trafficking in Persons; Category F: VAWA [Violence Against Women Act] Evaluations; Category G: Synthesis of Existing Information; Category H: NIJ [National Institute of Justice] Jointly Funded Projects; Category I: Teen Dating Violence; Category J: Violence Against Indian Women; and Category K: Special Projects.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2020-11
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Taking on the Dark Web: Law Enforcement Experts ID Investigative Needs
From the Webpage: "An expert workshop on a hidden hub of crime on the internet identified priority investigative needs, including demystifying the 'dark web', training investigators to identify dark web evidence and activity, and building cross-jurisdictional partnerships."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2020-06-15
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National Institute of Justice Journal (Issue 282)
This December 2020 issue of the National Institute of Justice Journal focuses on violent crime and includes the following articles: "Understanding Domestic Radicalization and Terrorism: A National Issue Within a Global Context"; "Advancing Mass Shooting Research To Inform Practice"; "Serial Killer Connections Through Cold Cases"; "Using Forensic Intelligence To Combat Serial and Organized Violent Crimes"; "Functional Family Therapy-Gangs: Adapting an Evidence-Based Program To Reduce Gang Involvement"; "What Do the Data Reveal About Violence in Schools?"; and "New Approaches to Policing High-Risk Intimate Partner Victims and Offenders."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2020-12
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Advancing Knowledge to Reduce Gangs and Gang Violence: Perspectives from Researchers and Practitioners
From the Overview: "NIJ [National Institute of Justice] held a virtual meeting with researchers and practitioners to ensure that NIJ's investments in research on gangs and gang violence continue to close gaps in our knowledge on this topic. The goal of this meeting was twofold: first, to inform the development of evidence-based programs, policies, and practices to address problems associated with gangs and gang violence; and second, to advise NIJ on the use of robust research and evaluation methods to address problems associated with gangs and gang violence. The researchers and practitioners invited to the meeting had expertise in several areas, including gangs, program development and implementation, program evaluation and research design, firearms, violent crime, justice policy, juvenile justice, law enforcement, and corrections. [...] This report shares participants' perspectives on the topics discussed. The report may inform the priorities of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers as they make investments in studying or developing programs to address gangs and gang violence."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Carlton, Mary Poulin
2021-06
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Multi-Method Evaluation of Police Use of Force Outcomes, Executive Summary
"This study is concerned with injuries that may occur to police officers and citizens during use of force events. Previous research has shown that a very small (1-2) percentage of police-citizen contacts involve the threat or application of physical force by the police, while 15-20 percent of arrests may result in the use of force by police to control a suspect. While most uses of force are low level, and involve officers' hands, arms, and bodies to gain control of a suspect, some applications of force are more serious, including less lethal devices such as pepper spray, batons, or Tasers, as well as the use of firearms. Various legal and policy restrictions govern the use of force by police, beginning with the 4th Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures and devolving downward to state statutes and departmental policies that govern how and under what conditions officers may use force. In most law enforcement agencies today, the use of force is tightly controlled by policy, and more serious applications of force are reviewed and/or investigated by supervisory personnel or internal affairs units."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Alpert, Geoffrey P.; Kaminski, Robert J., 1953-; Smith, Michael R., Ph.D
2010-07
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In North American Somali Communities, A Complex Mix of Factors Influence Gang Involvement, Violent Extremism
From the Webpage: "Against a backdrop of sustained disadvantage, recent research shows Somali refugee communities in the United States, as well as Canada, live with an elevated exposure to discrimination, social isolation, and other conditions that can put young people at greater risk of gang affiliation or even violent extremism. Abiding concern within those communities over gang influences on their youth may draw parental concern away from the separate risk of radicalization and inadvertently heighten the appeal of extremism. Also raising the risk of radicalization, as a gang alternative, is the perception among some Somalis in both countries who are involved with gangs that switching to extremism can offer an escape from gang life, as well as a way to prove themselves. Thus, the presence of gangs in those communities may itself contribute to the risk of radicalization. Those insights on factors informing extremism are key conclusions of a scientific study, sponsored by the National Institute of Justice, on gang affiliation and radicalization to violent extremism in select Somali communities in the United States and Canada."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2021-09-08
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Economical Crime Control: Perspectives from Both Sides of the Ledger [video]
This presentation is given by Phillip J. Cook, ITT/Sanford Professor of Public Policy, Professor of Economics and Sociology, Duke University. "The surge in incarceration since 1980 has been fueled in part by the mistaken belief that the population can be divided neatly into 'good guys' and 'bad guys.' In fact, crime rates are not determined by the number of at-large criminals, any more than farm production is determined by the number of farmers. Crime is a choice, a choice that is influenced by available opportunities as much as by character. This perspective, drawn from economic theory, supports a multi-faceted approach to crime control. Dr. Cook's presentation includes examples of effective programs and policies from both sides of the ledger -- both people-changing, and opportunity-changing. We were also able to capture an interview Dr. Cook in which he discusses in three short segments: 1) The Normative Economistic Framework of Crime Control 2) Crime Control Today: The Good Guy/Bad Guy Framework 3) The Role of Private Action in Crime Reduction". Links to both videos and transcripts of both the presentation and the interview are available.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Cook, Philip J., 1946-
2011-12-06
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Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms
"The United States is unique among wealthy nations in its vast private inventory of firearms. The nearly 200 million guns in private hands are used in part for recreation, mostly hunting and target shooting. But what engenders the most public controversy over firearms is their use against people during either the commission of or defense against crime. Gun advocates regard firearms as an important crime deterrent and source of protection, while control advocates denounce guns for the damage they do in the hands of criminals. What both groups can agree on is that widespread ownership of firearms has an important impact on the quality of life in America. To learn more about the role of firearms, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) sponsored-through a grant to the Police Foundation-a nationally representative telephone survey in 1994 on private ownership and use of firearms by American adults (see 'Firearms Survey Methodology')."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ludwig, Jens; Cook, Philip J., 1946-
1997-05
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Economist's Guide to Crime Busting
"The economic theory of crime starts with the premise that crime is a choice. It is not the result of character or culture, or not only of those things, but is at bottom a product of decisions individuals make in response to their available options. Most of us choose to abstain from crime in part because we have a lot to lose if we get caught. Even so, we may slip up occasionally -- say, at tax time or when driving -- but generally the temptations of crime are not strong enough to override our restraint. The calculus for an unemployed dropout with readily available criminal options and few licit prospects is likely to appear quite different. This economic perspective generates a nicely symmetrical approach to crime control. Crime policy should focus both on making criminal opportunities less tempting and on making the law-abiding life more rewarding. We can debate how best to accomplish each of those aims (and long prison terms are by no means the only answer for reducing temptation), but it's important to realize that they are closely linked: The threat of arrest and imprisonment is sharper for those who have something to lose, so giving at-risk people a bigger stake in the law-abiding life is a deterrent to crime."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ludwig, Jens; Cook, Philip J., 1946-
2012-06
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Research on Domestic Radicalization to Violent Extremism: Insights from Family and Friends of Current and Former Extremists
From the Summary: "The January 6, 2021, attack at the U.S. Capitol, fueled by perceptions of a stolen 2020 presidential election, underscored a growing threat to America's national security: homegrown terrorism and ideologically inspired violence. For some, as reports and images flooded social and traditional media, the assault might have come as a shock. But for many others, the incident was not surprising. Domestic attacks have maintained a steady and growing pace in recent years, and such events as the 2018 mass shooting at Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, were grim foreshadowing of the latest incident. Given this evolving, ongoing threat, the U.S. government, research institutions, and private-sector partners have made significant investments in attempting to under-stand and prevent violent extremism. What factors lead individuals to join violent extremist organizations? How and why do extremists become 'deradicalized', leaving their organizations, changing their minds, and in some cases joining the fight against radicalism? What can we do better to assist those who have been radicalized and pre-vent extremist organizations from recruiting new members? Efforts to answer such questions are closely tied to developing effective prevention and intervention measures."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Brown, Ryan Andrew
2022-03
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Causes and Consequences of School Violence: A Review
From the Introduction: "Although school violence is on the decline, it remains a significant concern for researchers, policymakers, and the general public. The latest Indicators of School Crime and Safety report indicates that, in a given school year, most schools will record one or more violent incidents, and one-fifth of schools will record one or more serious violent incidents. A significant minority of students will be in a physical fight at school. Smaller numbers of students will bring weapons to school or will be the victims of assault, sexual assault, or robbery at school. And, though the number will be small, there also will be youth homicides at school. Indeed, recent estimates reveal that over half of youth violent victimization occurs at school, and over half of teachers have experienced student-perpetrated violence. [...] This report takes a comprehensive look at the state of the research on school violence. It includes an empirical review of systematic reviews and a narrative review of recent empirical research on the predictors and consequences of violence in schools. Additionally, a summary of the ways that researchers have conceptualized and measured school violence is provided, and discussions about serious school violence and studies that were funded by NIJ's [National Institute of Justice] CSSI [Comprehensive School Safety Initiative] are included. Several recommendations for future research are put forth."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Turanovic, Jillian J., 1985-; Siennick, Sonja E.
2022-02
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Shopping Malls: Are They Prepared to Prevent and Respond to Attack?
"The shootings in an Omaha shopping mall in December 2007 brought home, once again, what security experts have known for decades: retail malls are 'soft targets.' Based on surveys of private mall security directors and State homeland security officials, researchers reported in 2006 that U.S. retail malls had received 'too little attention' from security officials as potential sites for terrorist and other attacks. An Assessment of the Preparedness of Large Retail Malls to Prevent and Respond to Terrorist Attack, a study funded by the National Institute of Justice, was based on data from the 3-1/2 years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It was performed by the Police Foundation, the Vera Institute of Justice, ASIS International, the Midwest Research Institute, Eastern Kentucky University, and Carleton University. The researchers noted that it is the very nature of retail malls that makes them vulnerable: Large numbers of people, many carrying sizeable parcels, come and go through multiple entrances and exits, making it easy for a shooter to blend in with the crowds. Overseas, open-air street markets--the world's original malls--have similar risk factors. And natural disasters, such as fires, tornados [sic], and earthquakes, pose many of the same security issues for malls. But regardless of the event--natural disaster or attack via automatic weapon, bomb, or chemical or biological agent--casualties in malls can be high. The December 5 shooting at Omaha's Westroads Mall left nine dead and five injured."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Davis, Robert C.
2008-03
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Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising
"Many crime prevention programs work. Others don't. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclusions. Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn't, and what's promising. Those lists will grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for their results. These are the major conclusions of a 1997 report to Congress, which was based on a systematic review of more than 500 scientific evaluations of crime prevention practices. This Research in Brief summarizes the research methods and conclusions found in that report. In 1996, a Federal law required the U.S. Attorney General to provide Congress with an independent review of the effectiveness of State and local crime prevention assistance programs funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, 'with special emphasis on factors that relate to juvenile crime and the effect of these programs on youth violence.' The law required that the review 'employ rigorous and scientifically recognized standards and methodologies.'"
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Sherman, Lawrence W.; Gottfredson, Denise C.; MacKenzie, Doris L. . . .
1998-07
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Opening the Black Box of NIBIN: A Descriptive Process and Outcome Evaluation of the Use of NIBIN and Its Effects on Criminal Investigations, Final Report
"This report outlines the methods and findings from a study of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) that was funded by the National Institute of Justice (Grant # 2010-DN-BX-0001). This report begins with a brief description of ballistics imaging and the history and operation of NIBIN. Next, the research methodology and data sources are described. Finally, the findings and recommendations resulting from this study are presented. The study is based on data from four sources. NIBIN usage data (inputs and hits) for all NIBIN sites, detailed hit files from 19 NIBIN sites, survey data from crime labs and firearms sections within crime labs, and information derived from visits to 10 NIBIN sites including details on 65 criminal investigations that involved a NIBIN hit. The data reveal considerable variation in the local implementation of NIBIN and significant time delays in identifying hits. Generally, NIBIN hit reports do not aid investigators, in part because of delays in identifying hits. Although NIBIN has tremendous potential as a tactical and strategic tool, it is rarely used for strategic purposes. Despite these issues, the research team still identified a number of NBIN sites that use NIBIN effectively."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Wells, William; Katz, Charles M.; Maguire, Edward R. . . .
2013-10-23
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School Safety Policies and Programs Administered by the U.S. Federal Government: 1990-2016
"The rise of school safety programs and policies administered by federal agencies can be traced to the early 1970s, a period in which youth crime and drug use became focal points in the public and congressional debates about criminal justice policy. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA), for example, the national youth violence prevention law administered by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), authorized programs to address these issues in schools. Two congressionally mandated reports (released in 1975 and 1978, respectively) found that school violence and disciplinary problems--including the use of drugs and alcohol and weapons carrying--were on the rise across the nation's school systems. The studies recommended further legislative action to stem the rising trends in school violence, vandalism, and disruptive behavior. [...] The following chapters discuss in greater detail the federal school safety programs, policies, research, and technical assistance resources for K-12 public schools--including public charter schools--administered by ED [U.S. Department of Education], the DOJ, and HHS [Department of Health and Human Services] since the early 1990s. Major interagency collaborations on school safety are described separately. For each program, the legislative background and the intent of the program's congressional and executive branch architects are discussed. A brief implementation history of the program, including official statistics on the appropriations and grant awards since its inception, is also provided."
Library of Congress; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Brock, Marieke; Kriger, Norma; Miro, Ramon
2018-02
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Public Safety Bomb Suit Standard: NIJ Standard-0117.01
From the Forward: "This document is a voluntary performance standard for bomb suits for use by certified public safety bomb technicians while performing render safe procedures and disposal activities. It defines both performance requirements and the methods used to test performance. In order for a manufacturer, supplier, or other entity to claim that a particular bomb suit model satisfies this National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standard, the model must be in compliance with this standard, as determined in accordance with this document and the associated document, Public Safety 'Bomb Suit Certification Program Requirements,' NIJ CR-0117.00. Both this standard and the associated certification program requirements document are produced as part of the Standards and Testing Program of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NIJ, as is a third associated document, the 'Public Safety Bomb Suit Selection and Application Guide,' NIJ Guide-0117.00. All requirements stated in this standard, including those that explicitly employ mandatory language (e.g., 'shall'), are those necessary to satisfy this standard. Nothing in this document is intended to require or imply that commercially available bomb suits must satisfy this standard. This document is a performance and testing standard and, therefore, provides precise and detailed test methods."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
2016-04
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National Institute of Justice Annual Report, 2015
This is the "National Institute of Justice's (NIJ) annual report on research, development and evaluation for fiscal year 2015." Topics covered include strengthening the science role of NIJ, law enforcement, crime prevention, standards and technology, corrections, forensics, and highlights of disseminated materials.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
2015
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Women in Policing: Breaking Barriers and Blazing a Path
From the Executive Summary: "Despite efforts to increase representation, the percentage of women in law enforcement has remained relatively stagnant for the past few decades. Women constitute less than 13% of total officers and a much smaller proportion of leadership positions. There is limited empirical research on how to increase the number of women in policing, improve the recruitment of outstanding women, and increase the retention and promotion of exceptional women officers. There is also insufficient research for understanding the unique challenges that women officers face and how best to mitigate or overcome these challenges. On Dec. 3-4, 2018, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) hosted the Research Summit on Women in Policing at our Washington, D.C., headquarters. Nearly 100 attendees participated, including sworn and civilian law enforcement officers from the United States and abroad, leading policing researchers, representatives from professional organizations and foundations, and federal partners. The goal of the summit was to understand the current state of research relevant to women in American policing, and to generate a research agenda of questions that women leaders in the field have identified as priorities in moving the profession forward toward parity."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
Starheim, Rianna P.
2019-07
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Sex Offender Residency Restrictions: How Mapping Crime Can Inform Policy
"Laws that restrict where registered sex offenders may live have become increasingly popular during the past decade. As of 2007, some 27 states and hundreds of municipalities had enacted laws that bar sex offenders from residing near schools, parks, playgrounds and day care centers. The specified distance from a school or other venue is typically 1,000 feet but varies from 500 to 2,500 feet, depending on the jurisdiction. Residency restriction laws have led to some unanticipated and unintended consequences. In many locations - most noticeably in urban areas - the restrictions have created overlapping exclusion zones that severely limit where offenders can live. In some cities the only acceptable sites are in high-crime neighborhoods or commercial zones. Even when residential areas are available, sex offenders just released from prison may not be able to find affordable housing in those areas. If unable to find legal housing, offenders may report false addresses, become homeless or go underground. Others may be forced to live in rural areas with less access to employment or mental health services. Even in rural areas where schools and day care centers are more geographically dispersed, most unrestricted land is forest or farmland."
United States. Office of Justice Programs; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2008-07
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Use of Force by Police: Overview of National and Local Data
"Law enforcement officers are authorized to use force in specified circumstances, are trained in the use of force, and typically face numerous circumstances during their careers when use of force is appropriate--for example, in making some arrests, restraining unruly combatants, or controlling a disruptive demonstration. When the level of force exceeds the level considered justifiable under the circumstances, however, the activities of the police come under public scrutiny. [...] This report is one in a series of publications by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) that seek to inform public discussion by examining police use of force from many perspectives. The report provides an overview of the state of research knowledge about police use of force, updates progress on the national BJS Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS) and the database project of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, provides the latest findings from NIJ-supported use-of-force research projects in several local jurisdictions, and offers a researcher's suggestions for a future research agenda on police use of force, with special attention given to issues of excessive force."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Adams, Kenneth, 1953-; Alpert, Geoffrey P.; Dunham, Roger G. . . .
1999-10
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Learning from 9/11: Organizational Change in the New York City and Arlington County, Va., Police Departments
"On Sept. 11, 2001, local first responders in two jurisdictions - New York City and Arlington County, Va. - were forced to deal with attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon that were unprecedented in scope and loss of life. Following 9/11, the National Institute of Justice awarded a grant to the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) to conduct case studies of the two law enforcement agencies most directly involved to learn what they could teach about best practices for responding to future incidents." The researchers found: "Proactive intelligence gathering within the community about terrorist threats and sharing that information within and among agencies are key to preventing and responding to terrorist attacks; Counterterrorism policing is the same as crime policing; The first priority in responding to a terrorist attack is to save lives, including those of first responders. Setting up a secure perimeter and avoiding over-responding to an initial attack can prevent loss of life in a second, more devastating attack; Both the New York City Police Department and the Arlington County Police Department have greatly expanded counterterrorism training at all levels and have integrated that training into traditional police training exercises; Setting up a media relations plan is essential to get accurate information out to both family members of victims and the general public, to control rumors and prevent the spread of misinformation, and to ensure that the presence of media does not interfere with evacuation and rescue efforts and traffic control."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Office of Justice Programs
Holden, Gwen A.; Murphy, Gerard R.; Brito, Corina Sole
2009-10
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Walk-Through Metal Detectors for Use in Concealed Weapon and Contraband Detection [2000]
"The purpose of this document is to establish performance requirements and methods of test for active walk-through metal detectors used to find metal weapons and/or metal contraband carried on a person and/or concealed by a nonmetal object."
United States. Department of Justice; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Paulter, Nicholas G.
2000-09
