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Police Technology
"In the modern world, technology has significantly affected the way societies police their citizenry. The history of policing is filled with examples of how technological advancements were used to re-define the role of the police and re-organize the business of policing. For example, motorized preventive patrol and rapid response to calls for services were a direct result of the invention and availability of the automobile and the two-way radio. Crime scene investigation protocols were dramatically changed with the discovery of DNA testing, and less-than-lethal technologies impact how officers around the country are trained to deal with hostile and dangerous citizens. Intelligence-led policing, COMPSTAT, crime mapping, and community-focused problem solving are practical on a large scale because of information technologies such as computers, databases, and advanced analytic techniques."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
McDevitt, Jack, 1953-; Posick, Chad; Rosenbaum, Dennis P.
2011-02
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Police and the Community
"One Platform survey was developed to gauge the origins and depth of support for community policing. In addition to their own views, this includes officer's perceptions of management support for this approach and the extent to which they think their peers in the department support community policing. Working as they do in seemingly hierarchical (but in fact highly decentralized organizations) the extent to which officers' 'hearts and minds' are committed to community policing can play a role in the quality -- and even the longevity -- of neighborhood-oriented programs."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Skogan, Wesley G.; Alderden, Megan A.
2011-02
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Measuring Police Organizations
"The National Police Research Platform has developed and field tested a new methodology for studying police organizations in the 21st century. This methodology uses online surveys of agency employees; surveys that can be repeated annually with a large and diverse sample of agencies. The primary goals of this initiative are to (1) create a vehicle (the Platform) that will continuously advance our knowledge of police organizations and practices, thus strengthening the science of policing; and (2) provide regular and timely feedback to police agencies and policy makers that will help move the policing profession in the direction of evidence-based 'learning organizations.' The principal strength of the Platform is its capacity to (a) generate detailed data on police organizations that are not routinely available from Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) and other mail surveys, (b) generate data on how police organizations change over time, and (c) create this information for a larger and more diverse sample of agencies than is routinely available for analysis. If the scope of the platform is developed to its full potential, police in organizations around the nation will be able to track and assess their own changes in a framework that allows meaningful comparison with other similar agencies. This can be the basis for police organizations making well-informed decisions about how to deal with a wide range of organizational issues."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Skogan, Wesley G.; Rosenbaum, Dennis P.; Fridell, Lorie A.
2011-01
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Police Integrity, Responsibility, and Discipline
"Concerns about integrity are some of the most important issues facing the profession of policing. Cases of police misconduct can seriously harm years of work to establish trust and confidence between the police and members of their community. The National Police Research Platform (NPRP) explores police integrity from a variety of perspectives. Because the NPRP collects information from police officers about their attitudes, experiences and feelings about policies and procedures in their agency, it offers a unique and innovative way to collect systematic information about integrity in the policing profession. This report looks at the issue of police integrity from three separate perspectives, the susceptibility of police officers to corruption, the level of personal accountability for their behaviors that police officers feel and finally the attitudes that police officers hold toward those policies in their organization that are intended to promote integrity."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
McDevitt, Jack, 1953-; Posick, Chad; Rosenbaum, Dennis P.
2011-02
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Drug Courts [October 2011]
"Drug courts are specialized court docket programs that target criminal defendants and offenders, juvenile offenders, and parents with pending child welfare cases who have alcohol and other drug dependency problems. Although drug courts vary in target population and resources, programs are generally managed by a multidisciplinary team including judges,
prosecutors, defense attorneys, community corrections, social workers and treatment service professionals. Support from stakeholders representing law enforcement, the family and the community is encouraged through participation in hearings, programming and events like graduation."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2011-10
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Diminishing Resources and Gang Prevention [video]
This video is from the June 2011 National Institute of Justice Conference. Mario Maciel of the San Jose, California Parks, Recreation and Neighborhood Services in San Jose, California speaks on "Diminishing Resources and Gang Prevention" in the city of San Jose, California.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Maciel, Mario
2011-06-22
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Perspectives on Civil Protective Orders in Domestic Violence Cases: The Rural and Urban Divide
"Subtle jurisdictional differences influence how women experience civil protective orders. A recent study looked at the impact of civil protective orders for domestic violence victims in five Kentucky jurisdictions. Civil protective orders, sometimes known as restraining orders, may cover various situations, such as ordering an assailant to avoid a victim's home and workplace or forbidding any contact with the victim, including by mail or telephone. Findings from the study suggest that orders make a difference in safety, fear levels and cost savings. Moreover, urban and rural populations reported significant differences in fear. Half of the women who received protective orders did not experience a violation within the following six months. For the half who did experience violations, the levels of violence and abuse declined significantly compared with the six months before the protective order was issued. Urban and rural women had similar views of the protective orders' effectiveness. However, rural women found more barriers to getting an order and having it enforced, thus experiencing less relief from fear and abuse. The study also explored the role of stalking in protective order violations and quantified the overall cost to society."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Hawkins, Nikki
2010-06
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Preventing Future Crime With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
"Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces recidivism in both juveniles and adults. The therapy assumes that most people can become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors and then make positive changes to them. A person's thoughts are often the result of experience, and behavior is often influenced and prompted by these thoughts. In addition, thoughts may sometimes become distorted and fail to reflect reality accurately. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been found to be effective with juvenile and adult offenders; substance abusing and violent offenders; and probationers, prisoners and parolees. It is effective in various criminal justice settings, both in institutions and in the community, and addresses a host of problems associated with criminal behavior. For instance, in most cognitive behavioral therapy programs, offenders improve their social skills, means-ends problem solving, critical reasoning, moral reasoning, cognitive style, self-control, impulse management and self-efficacy."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Clark, Patrick
2010-04
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Electronic Monitoring Reduces Recidivism
"A large NIJ [National Institute of Justice] funded study of Florida offenders placed on electronic monitoring found that monitoring significantly reduces the likelihood of failure under community supervision. The decline in the risk of failure is about 31 percent compared with offenders placed on other forms of community supervision. Researchers from Florida State University's Center for Criminology and Public Policy Research compared the experiences of more than 5,000 medium- and high-risk offenders who were monitored electronically to more than 266,000 offenders not placed on monitoring over a six-year period. The researchers worked with the Florida Department of Corrections to secure approval, obtain administrative data, and gain help in contacting local probation offices for interviews. The researchers interviewed offenders, probation officers, supervisors and administrators to uncover insights into the electronic monitoring process."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2011-09
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Community-Based Indicators of Police Performance: Introducing the Platform's Public Satisfaction Survey
"The National Police Research Platform is seeking to advance knowledge of policing by looking both inside and outside of police agencies. The external question addressed by the Platform is, 'How well are departments performing during their encounters with the public?' Hence, we are field testing alternative community survey methods as tools to evaluate the quality of policing on the streets. Public satisfaction surveys have been developed by the Platform team to achieve several goals. First, there is a need for validated measures of police-civilian encounters that can be used as standardized benchmarks or indicators of organizational excellence at the local, regional and national levels. Second, these methods are designed to generate timely feedback regarding police performance that can be used by local agencies to assist them in building smarter, evidence-based learning organizations. Third, these methods will address the growing public demand to have a voice in government services. Creating a visible mechanism for community input will go a long way toward building trust, transparency, and legitimacy."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Rosenbaum, Dennis P.; Schuck, Amie; Hartnett, Susan M.
2011-02
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Law Enforcement CBRN Protective Ensemble Certification Program Requirements [October 2011]
"This document specifies requirements for compliance determinations under the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) CBRN [Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear] Protective Ensemble Standard for Law Enforcement (NIJ Standard-0116.00). This document addresses accreditation requirements for certification bodies to (1) help ensure consistent application of NIJ Standard-0116.00 and this document, (2) set up uniformity in accreditation and (3) provide transparent criteria for certification programs and accreditation of product certification bodies. To get or maintain accreditation, certification bodies shall meet or continue to meet the requirements set up by this document, including any matter incorporated by reference. The requirements of International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Guide 65 are incorporated by reference, except as they may conflict with any provision of this document."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2011-10
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Research Into Action: The Approach of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice
"This paper traces the development of the Institute's efforts to translate research into action to deal with an exceedingly complex social problem -- criminal behavior. That the process is much harder to manage than we earlier thought is abundantly clear. To have any hope for progress,
the process requires much more time, skill, talents, and special organizational arrangements and attention than originally envisioned."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ewing, Blair G.
1978-11-08
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Policing and Prosecuting Sexual Assault in Los Angeles City and County: A Collaborative Study in Partnership with the Los Angeles Police Department, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office
"We use quantitative data on the outcomes of sexual assaults reported to the LAPD [Los Angeles Police Department] and the LASD Los Angeles Sheriff's Department], detailed quantitative and qualitative data from case files for a sample of cases reported to the two agencies, and interviews with detectives and with deputy district attorneys to pursue five objectives: 1) to document the extent of case attrition and to identify the stages of the criminal justice process where attrition is most likely to occur; 2) to identify the case complexities and evidentiary factors that affect the likelihood of attrition in sexual assault cases; 3) to identify the predictors of case outcomes in sexual assault cases; 4) to provide a comprehensive analysis of the factors that lead police to unfound the charges in sexual assault cases; and 5) to identify the situations in which sexual assault cases are being cleared by exceptional means. We also identify the themes that emerged from our interviews with officials in each agency and with sexual assault survivors."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Spohn, Cassia; Tellis, Katherine, 1979-
2012-02
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Establishment of Interdisciplinary Working Group for Review of Kinetic Energy Munitions Final Report 2010
"Of approximately 1,200 officers killed in the line of duty since 1980, it is estimated that more than 30% could have been saved by body armor. According to the James Guelff Body Armor Act, the risk of dying from gunfire is fourteen times higher for an officer not wearing a vest. In addition, the US Department of Justice estimates that 25% of state, local, and tribal law enforcement officers are not issued body armor. Since establishing the IACP/DuPont™ Kevlar® Survivors' Club® in 1987; over 3,000 law enforcement personnel have survived both ballistic and non-ballistic incidents because they were wearing body armor. Body armor is comprised of fibers that have been woven together into sheets. Numerous sheets are used to make up one ballistic panel. The sheets work individually and together to help prevent the penetration of the bullet. Some materials that are used include: Kevlar®, Spectra® Fiber, Aramid Fiber, and Dyneema. The material fibers work to absorb and spread the energy over the entire torso so all of the energy from the impact is not focused on one area of the body, resulting in serious injury. Standards are set by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) for the amount of deformation that is allowed into a person's torso, this is termed backface signature. With body armor becoming more pliable, more deformation is experienced and a certain type of injury has become more prevalent and is known as the backface signature injury. This is defined as an open wound that almost resembles a bullet wound, however, in these cases the bullet is captured in the armor and doesn't perforate the vest. With these injuries becoming more common, the current standard for body armor should be evaluated to ensure officers are not at an increased risk."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Wayne State University
2010
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National Institute of Justice Journal [March 2014]
"This March 2014 edition of the 'National Institute of Justice [NIJ] Journal' includes the following articles: 'NIJ's Sentinel Events Initiative: Looking Back to Look Forward' by James M. Doyle; 'Changing Course: Keeping Kids Out of Gangs' by Nancy Ritter, Thomas R. Simon, and Reshma R. Mahendra; ''Cultural Shift' is Among Findings of Second Chance Act Evaluation' by Nancy Ritter; 'Replicating HOPE [Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement]: Can Others Do It As Well as Hawaii?' by Beth Pearsall; 'Solving Cold Cases with DNA: The Boston Strangler Case' by Philip Bulman; 'Healthy Communities May Make Safe Communities: Public Health Approaches to Violence Prevention' by Sarah Schweig; and 'Through Their Eyes: How Prisoners Make Sense of Their Incarceration' by Nadine Frederique and Lori Sexton."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2014-03
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National Institute of Justice Journal [February 2013]
This February 2013 National Institute of Justice Journal features the following article: "Predicting Recidivism Risk: New Tool in Philadelphia Shows Great Promise." other articles include: "Ballistic Body Armor: A Closer Look at the Follow-Up Inspection and Testing Program"; "Sex Offenders Monitored by GPS [Global Positioning System] Found to Commit Fewer Crimes"; "Ending Modern-Day Slavery: Using Research to Inform U.S. Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts"; "The Pitfalls of Prediction"; and "The Grant Progress Assessment Program: Looking Back on Success and Moving Forward."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2013-02
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National Institute of Justice Journal [website]
"The 'NIJ [National Institute of Justice] Journal', published several times a year, features articles to help criminal justice policymakers and practitioners stay informed about new developments. The 'NIJ Journal' presents research-based information that can help inform policy decisions and improve understanding of the criminal justice system. Each issue of the 'NIJ Journal' will now focus on a single theme, allowing the articles to dive into one specific topic from different scientific points of view."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
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National Institute of Justice Journal [March 2009]
"The NIJ Journal is published by the National Institute of Justice to announce the Institute's policy-relevant research results and initiatives. The attorney general has determined that publication of this periodical is necessary in transacting the public business of the U.S. Department of Justice as required by law." Articles included in the issue: "Sex Trafficking: Identifying Cases and Victims," by Robert Moossy; "Drugs, Race and Common Ground: Reflections on the High Point Intervention," by David Kennedy; "Postconviction DNA Testing Is at Core of Major NIJ Initiatives," by Nancy Ritter; "Sleep Deprivation: What Does It Mean for Public Safety Officers?," by Bryan Vila; "Protecting America's Ports," by Bruce Taylor and Pat Kaufman; "Using Technology to Make Prisons and Jails Safer," by Philip Bulman; and "Preventing, Preparing for Critical Incidents in Schools," by Beth Schuster.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2009-03
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National Institute of Justice Journal [July 1998]
This edition of the National Institute of Justice Journal contains the following articles: "Pulling Levers: Getting Deterrence Right"; "Breaking the Cycle of Drug Abuse in Birmingham"; "The Impact of the Opportunity to Succeed Program on Employment Success"; and "Smart Cards: An Information Tool for the Future".
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1998-07
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Method to Assess the Vulnerability of US Chemical Facilities
This special report presents an overview of a prototype methodology to assess the security of chemical, facilities within the United States. This vulnerability assessment methodology identifies and assesses, potential security threats, risks, and vulnerabilities and guides the chemical facility industry in making, security improvements.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2002-11
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Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide For Law Enforcement
This guide is intended for use by law enforcement and other, responders who have responsibility for protecting crime scenes,, preserving physical evidence, and collecting and submitting the evidence, for scientific examination. It is broken into the following sections: initial response/prioritization of efforts, preliminary documentation and evaluation of the scene, processing the scene, completing and recording the crime scene investigation, and crime scene equipment.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2000-01
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Wireless Communications and Interoperability Among State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies: Summary
This article is a summary of a 1997 NIJ-sponsored report that focused on interoperability issues in the law enforcement community. It is based on a survey of the interoperability experiences and needs of law enforcement agencies across the Nation.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1998-01
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Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement
"The legal system always has relied on the testimony of eyewitnesses, nowhere more than in criminal cases. Although the evidence eyewitnesses provide can be tremendously helpful in developing leads, identifying criminals, and exonerating the innocent, this evidence is not infallible. Even honest and well-meaning witnesses can make errors, such as identifying the wrong person or failing to identify the perpetrator of a crime. To their credit, the legal system and law enforcement agencies have not overlooked this problem. Numerous courts and rulemaking bodies have, at various times, designed and instituted special procedures to guard against eyewitness mistakes. Most State and local law enforcement agencies have established their own policies, practices, and training protocols with regard to the collection and handling of eyewitness evidence, many of which are quite good. In the past, these procedures have not integrated the growing body of psychological knowledge regarding eyewitness evidence with the practi cal demands of day-to-day law enforcement. In an effort to bring together the perspectives of law enforcement, lawyers, and researchers, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) convened the Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence (TWGEYEE). The purpose of the group was to recommend uniform practices for the collection and preservation of eyewitness evidence."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-10
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National Institute of Justice Journal [March 2008]
This National Institute of Justice Journal article discusses the validity of voice stress analysis (VSA) methods currently in use and how accurate the results are. The article also discusses costs as a factor in choosing to utilize VSA as a tool in interrogations.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Damphousse, Kelly R.
2008-03
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Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders (Volume II)
"The National Institute of Justice is the focal point for providing support to state and local law enforcement agencies in the development of counterterrorism technology and standards, including technological needs for chemical and biological defense. In recognizing the needs of state and local emergency first responders, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, working with the National Institute of Justice, the Technical Support Working Group, the U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, and the Interagency Board, is developing chemical and biological defense equipment guides. The guides will focus on chemical and biological equipment in areas of detection, personal protection, decontamination, medical, and communication. This document focuses specifically on chemical detection equipment for chemical agents and toxic industrial materials and was developed to assist the emergency first responder community in the evaluation and purchase of chemical detection equipment."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2000-06
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Creating and Sustaining a Positive and Communal School Climate: Contemporary Research, Present Obstacles, and Future Directions
"Although school-related deaths, violent victimizations, and overall school crime have declined over the past two decades, crime and victimization in schools are still a cause for concern. As attention to school safety has increased over the past two decades, research has highlighted a variety of school-related factors shown to influence school disorder. Among these is school climate, the importance of which has been recognized for over a century. Interest in school climate continues to grow, particularly as recent federal initiatives reflect increased recognition of the importance of school climate for positive youth development. School climate has a clear impact on all members of the school community. Students in schools with a positive and communal climate demonstrate stronger academic achievement and engagement, better socio-emotional health, and lower levels of absenteeism, truancy, dropping out, and victimization."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Payne, Allison Ann, 1975-
2018-02
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School Safety: By the Numbers
"High-profle incidents of violence at American K-12 schools have raised concerns about the safety of students. Drawing on data from the Department of Education, Department of Justice, and other agencies, the Comprehensive School Safety Initiative (CSSI) examines some statistics about school safety and violence. Understanding alone won't dispel fears about school violence, but it is a step toward a more informed dialogue and developing an effective response."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
2017-11
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Future of Youth Justice: A Community-Based Alternative to the Youth Prison Mode
From the Introduction: "Is America getting what it wants and needs by incarcerating in youth prisons young people who get in trouble with the law? If not, is there a better way? For 170 years, since our first youth correctional institution opened, America's approach to youth incarceration has been built on the premise that a slightly modified version of the adult correctional model of incarceration, control, coercion, and punishment -- with a little bit of programming sprinkled in -- would rehabilitate young people. Sometimes the names attempt to camouflage the nature of the facility, but whether they are called 'training schools' or 'youth centers,' nearly all of these facilities are youth prisons. Whether the benefits and costs of youth prisons are weighed on a scale of public dollars, community safety, or young people's futures, they are damaging the very people they are supposed to help and have been for generations. It is difficult to find an area of U.S. policy where the benefits and costs are more out of balance, where the evidence of failure is clearer, or where we know with more clarity what we should be doing differently."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Schiraldi, Vincent; McCarthy, Patrick; Shark, Miriam
2016-10
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Preventing Gang- and Drug-Related Witness Intimidation
"This report focuses on efforts to prevent witness intimidation, in gang- and drug-related cases--efforts that prosecutors' offices and law enforcement agencies have developed separately from their standard victim assistance programs. [...] This study has found written materials, organizations, and funding sources that can provide guidance and support for the development of witness protection programs. In addition, several experienced practitioners are available to assist in setting up or improving a comprehensive witness security effort."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Finn, Peter; Healey, Kerry Murphy
1996-11
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Developing a Law Enforcement Stress Program for Officers and Their Families
From the Foreword: "Law enforcement has always been a stressful occupation. However, there appear to be new and more severe sources of stress for law enforcement officers than ever before. Some of these stresses are related to increased scrutiny and criticism from the media and the public and to anxiety and loss of morale as a result of layoffs and reduced salary raises. Even positive changes in law enforcement have increased stress for some officers: while community policing can increase officer job satisfaction and overall departmental efficiency and morale, the transition to this approach can cause apprehension. Furthermore, in recent years there has been increased recognition of longstanding sources of stress, including those that some police organizations themselves may inadvertently create for officers because of their rigid hierarchical structures, a culture of machoism, minimal opportunities for advancement, and paperwork requirements."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Finn, Peter; Tomz, Julie Esselman
1996-12
