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Department of Justice and Department of Defense Joint Technology Program: Second Anniversary Report
In 1994 the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) entered into a cooperative agreement to develop technologies of value to both. This agreement, codified in a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and signed by the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General, formalized and focused a longstanding ad hoc relationship. To manage this technology development program and to direct its day-to-day activities, the MOU established a Joint Program Steering Group (JPSG) that would represent both departments and be staffed with members from several agencies. This report consists of three parts: Part I explains how this joint technology program originated and the need for a JPSG, Part II focuses on seven technology development areas included in the JPSG program and the anticipated payoffs, and Part III draws conclusions regarding program benefits. Part I: The Partnership Between Law Enforcement and the Military, for example, states the
military's function is to provide for the national defense, while
Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies maintain
domestic tranquillity.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Pennella, John J.; Nacci, Peter L.
1997-02
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Automated DNA Typing: Method of the Future?
"Although highly reliable in clinical or research applications, the standard technology used for DNA typing - known as RFLP-VNTR analysis - has been less satisfactory in the forensic setting. RFLP-VNTR requires abundant and clean specimens; samples typically found at crime scenes, however, are both quantitatively and qualitatively inadequate - very small and often environmentally degraded from exposure to heat, light, and humidity. Further, police investigations call for a quicker turnaround time than is possible with the standard method, which can take months to complete. An NIJ-sponsored project at Baylor University's College of Medicine sought a DNA typing system that overcomes the limitations of samples found at crime scenes. The project replicated the DNA sample (i.e., synthesized new DNA from existing DNA) to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis and then identified genetic markers for DNA typing. That procedure, known as PCR-STR,3 can produce reliable results with degraded specimens, is quick, and can be automated to permit the creation of a vastly improved data base of DNA profiles of convicted offenders. PCR-STR promises to extend the application of DNA typing as a powerful criminal justice tool that helps to establish, with a high degree of certitude, the guilt or innocence of suspects."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1997-02
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Developing a Law Enforcement Stress Program for Officers and Their Families
From the Foreword: "Law enforcement has always been a stressful occupation. However, there appear to be new and more severe sources of stress for law enforcement officers than ever before. Some of these stresses are related to increased scrutiny and criticism from the media and the public and to anxiety and loss of morale as a result of layoffs and reduced salary raises. Even positive changes in law enforcement have increased stress for some officers: while community policing can increase officer job satisfaction and overall departmental efficiency and morale, the transition to this approach can cause apprehension. Furthermore, in recent years there has been increased recognition of longstanding sources of stress, including those that some police organizations themselves may inadvertently create for officers because of their rigid hierarchical structures, a culture of machoism, minimal opportunities for advancement, and paperwork requirements."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Finn, Peter; Tomz, Julie Esselman
1996-12
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Preventing Gang- and Drug-Related Witness Intimidation
"This report focuses on efforts to prevent witness intimidation, in gang- and drug-related cases--efforts that prosecutors' offices and law enforcement agencies have developed separately from their standard victim assistance programs. [...] This study has found written materials, organizations, and funding sources that can provide guidance and support for the development of witness protection programs. In addition, several experienced practitioners are available to assist in setting up or improving a comprehensive witness security effort."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Finn, Peter; Healey, Kerry Murphy
1996-11
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Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and Community Policing
"Crime prevention today benefits from two strategies for protecting neighborhoods from crime and the fear of crime--Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and community policing. CPTED programs, through design and management of the physical environment of buildings, residential neighborhoods, and business areas, increase public safety and reduce fear of crime. Community policing programs, by making police more visible and familiar to the people and with the physical environment of their beats, reinforce these efforts and promote police citizen partnerships to prevent crime and disorder. This Research in Action suggests several ways in which CPTED and community policing initiatives can be coordinated and integrated in a comprehensive approach to community security."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fleissner, Dan; Heinzelmann, Fred
1996-08
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Law Enforcement in a Time of Community Policing
"Many community policing reformers encourage officers to seek alternatives to arrest that may be more effective or efficient for solving the problem at hand. Studies over the past two decades have shown that police leniency with minor crimes and disorders is quite common, but community policing encourages even more officer discretion in order to achieve long-term problem reduction. As police discretion increases, so too does the risk that officers will be swayed by 'extralegal' considerations - factors outside the law, such as the suspects race, sex, age, and demeanor. A study of the Richmond, Virginia, Police Department provides some insight into patterns of discretion in the use of arrest. Richmond was implementing community policing throughout its patrol division. Researchers accompanied officers on their beats to observe their encounters with suspects, including which suspects were arrested and which were not; they also noted characteristics of the circumstances and citizens that might influence officers decisions."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1996-07
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Searching for Answers: Criminal Justice Research, Development and Evaluation
Searching for Answers is the National Institute of Justice's annual report on research, development, and evaluation for fiscal year 1995, pursuant to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (as amended) and the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act. During the year covered by this report, the National Institute of Justice, with the impetus of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, launched partnerships with the offices charged with implementing key innovations set forth in the legislation--community policing, violence against women, correctional boot camps, and drug courts.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1996-07
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Hands-off Frisking: High-Tech Concealed Weapons Detection
"The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) launched an initiative to fund and field test three concealed weapons detection technologies. Each technology employs different physical principles and each has situation specific strengths and weaknesses. NIJs National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center - Northeast, located near Rome, New York, provides technical and engineering support for the initiative. NIJ expects one or more of the new weapons detection technologies to be in commercial production within 3 years. The technologies, described in this document, include Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging, Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation, and Magnetic Gradient Measurements."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1996-06
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National Data Collection on Police Use of Force
"This report highlights findings from existing research on police use of force. It describes how the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Institute of Justice will collect data on police contacts with members of the public that result in the use of force by law enforcement officers. The report responds to Section 210402 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which requires the Attorney General to 'acquire data about the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers' and to 'publish an annual summary of the data acquired. . . .'"
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
McEwen, J. Thomas
1996-04
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Expanding Role of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Premises Liability
"Victims of crime are seeking compensation from owners and managers of the properties on which crime takes place with increasing frequency. These cases, commonly known as premises liability cases, are based on allegations made by the victim that the property owner failed to provide adequate security and thereby contributed to the occurrence of the crime. Claims of inadequate security include systemic, organizational, human, and environmental design flaws. It is further alleged in these cases that the crime that occurred was foreseeable and that the defendant had a legal duty to provide adequate security. This Research in Brief discusses the connection between premises liability and CPTED by first explaining the historical evolution of the legal basis for premises liability and then offering illustrations of how CPTED has become a factor in court cases."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Gordon, Corey L., 1956-; Brill, William
1996-04
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Scoping Out Night Vision
"In the United States today, there are more than 50 companies that either manufacture or distribute night vision equipment. Departments considering a purchase of this equipment will encounter a potentially confusing array of technical specifications and terminology, and mistakes can be costly. To help departments evaluating night vision systems to make informed decisions, this bulletin of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) presents basic information on night vision technology and terminology, factors to consider when evaluating night vision systems, and new developments in night vision."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1996-03
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Implementation Challenges in Community Policing: Innovative Neighborhood-Oriented Policing in Eight Cities
This brief discusses "an NIJ-sponsored evaluation of Innovative Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (INOP) programs, which were established with Bureau of Justice Assistance support in eight urban and suburban sites in 1990. Distinguished by their focus on neighborhood drug problems, the programs used community policing techniques, particularly police-community partnerships, to attempt to lower the demand for illegal drugs. Implementation issues received special emphasis in the study: the extent to which police officers understood and supported the projects and the degree to which other public agencies and the community were involved. The study also examined police and residents perceptions of INOP's impact. Because the evaluation was conducted relatively soon after the programs were adopted, it could not assess long-term effects."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1996-02
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Managing Innovation in Policing: The Untapped Potential of the Middle Manager
"Although conventional management thinking assumes that middle managers will subvert organizational strategic change, the power and responsibility to convert leaders words to organizational deeds place great innovation challenges in middle managers bailiwick. Whether middle managers are part of the problem or part of the solution is being tested by police agencies that have recently embraced community policing and problem solving as operating strategies. At issue is whether a critical mass of police middle managers can contribute productively so that strategic changes called for by chiefs to implement community policing permeate deeply and enduringly in the organization. A new book, prepared under a National Institute of Justice grant, concludes that middle managements power to affect change can be harnessed to advance community policing objectives by including those managers in planning, acknowledging their legitimate self-interests, and motivating their investment in long-range solutions that enhance community safety and security."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1995-12
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Community Policing Strategies
"With rising concerns about violence, drugs, and crime, citizen collaboration with the police is increasingly seen as the most effective way to safeguard lives, neighborhoods, and cities. Community policing represents a shift from reactive, incident-driven police service to a proactive, problem-solving approach. A National Institute of Justice (NIJ)-sponsored 1993 survey of more than 2,000 law enforcement agencies found strong support nationwide for the community policing approach coupled with a need for developing training for practitioners."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1995-11
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Community Policing in Chicago: Year Two
"In April 1993, following a year of planning, Chicago's Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) was field-tested in five selected districts before being implemented on a citywide basis. The program was designed to increase the responsiveness and effectiveness of police problem solving by linking these efforts directly to a broad range of city services and involving the public in identifying and seeking solutions to neighborhood problems. Ongoing evaluation of the planning, implementation, and impact of CAPS in these five prototype districts - supported by the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, the National Institute of Justice, the Chicago Community Foundation, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation - indicates that police and residents have successfully negotiated various effective partnerships and that CAPS has reduced levels of crime and serious neighborhood problems."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1995-10
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Victim and Witness Intimidation: New Developments and Emerging Responses
"Prosecutors in some jurisdictions report an increase in victim and witness intimidation: some prosecutors have estimated intimidation as a factor in 75 to 100 percent of the violent crimes committed in some gang-dominated neighborhoods. This Research in Action summarizes recent developments in gang- and drug-related intimidation of victims and witnesses, current responses to the problem by police and prosecutors, and emerging models and strategies for its prevention and suppression. Gang- and drug-related intimidation may be case-specific or communitywide. The wholesale intimidation of neighborhoods can be as harmful to witness cooperation as an explicit threat made against an individual. Each case-specific act of violence against victims or witnesses promotes the communitywide perception that any cooperation with the criminal justice system is dangerous. Factors that contribute to the reluctance of witnesses to step forward include fear, strong community ties, or a deepseated distrust of law enforcement. Community members may also consider gang and drug crimes as outside the scope of their concern or responsibility."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Healey, Kerry Murphy
1995-10
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New Technologies Demonstrated for Law Enforcement
"Police officers and other members of the criminal justice community recently gathered at the Montgomery County Police Department Training Center in Rockville, Maryland, to see demonstrations of and hear presentations on new less-than-lethal (LTL) technologies that may help them perform their jobs in a safer and more efficient manner. Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the LTL program presentation and demonstration was held to provide the law enforcement community with an opportunity to critique and evaluate results of the research and development (R&D) efforts funded by NIJ, as well as other technologies under development independently by industry and Federal laboratories. The role that technology can play in enhancing officer and public safety is continuously evolving. The technologies presented herein are in various stages of development - some are relatively mature and need only refinement and commercialization, while others are still at the proof-of-principle stage. The technologies listed below are discussed under two broad categories: vehicle pursuit/interdiction and law enforcement-related confrontational scenarios."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1995-09
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Threat Assessment: An Approach to Prevent Targeted Violence
"In the past 5 years, violent crimes involving stalking, workplace violence, and attacks or threatened attacks on public figures and officials have been prominent in the news. Law enforcement and security professionals are turning to prevention as an important component of control strategy. This Research in Action discusses operational and investigative tools and approaches that can be effectively used to recognize, evaluate, and manage the risks of targeted violence before crimes occur."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Holden, Gwen A.; Vossekuil, Bryan; Fein, Robert A.
1995-07
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Use of Computerized Mapping in Crime Control and Prevention Programs
"Computerized mapping has many crime prevention and control applications. Mapping software's unique ability to overlay disparate data sets makes it an excellent tool for identifying factors related to the multidimensional, multifaceted crime problem. On the basis of a literature review and telephone interviews, this Research in Action focuses on some organizations that use mapping technologies in crime control and prevention programs, assesses the overall utility of these technologies, and identifies some obstacles to increased use of mapping. Highlights of this discussion are as follows: For crime control and prevention, mapping software has two primary goals: to further an understanding of the nature and extent of criminal and social problems in a community, particularly the relationship between criminal activity and possible contributing factors, and to improve the allocation of resources to combat these problems. Mapping efforts for crime prevention and control rely on police department data, particularly call-for-service and incident data. Community groups and multiagency task forces also use geographic and demographic data from the Census Bureau, other State and local government agencies, or commercial vendors."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Rich, Thomas F.
1995-07
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Second Annual Conference on Law Enforcement Technology for the 21st Century: Conference Report
"Technologies can provide new options for law enforcement agencies seeking ways to reduce the use of violent or lethal force in confronting uncooperative suspects. Furthermore, new technologies are essential to assist law enforcement in maintaining at least some parity with the methods criminals employ in trying to escape detection and avoid apprehension. This second Law Enforcement Technology Conference was designed to generate and illuminate discussion on core issues; to continue a strong dialog and partnership among law enforcement, industry, and government; and to facilitate the goal of bringing the criminal justice community into the 21st century. The conference considered a host of law enforcement issues-liability, public safety, business opportunities, technology needs, technology as a force multiplier, technology affordability, government responsibility, and opportunities to leverage research and development. In addition, the program highlighted technology achievements since the first conference and examined the movement of technology to the marketplace, including production and marketing, creative financing, and the role of government agencies."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.). Office of Science and Technology
Gorelick, Jamie S.; Travis, Jeremy; Boyd, David G.
1995-05-15
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Kansas City Gun Experiment
"Discussed in this Brief: An evaluation of a police patrol project to reduce gun violence, driveby shootings, and homicides in a patrol beat where the homicide rate was 20 times higher than the national average. Key issues: Gun crime is rising rapidly nationwide, while other types of crime are falling. The need for strategies to control gun crime is critical. If police could get more guns off the street, would there be fewer gun crimes? This was the question posed by the Kansas City program. Key findings: The results of the evaluation indicate that directed police patrols in gun crime 'hot spots' can reduce gun crimes by increasing the seizures of illegally carried guns."
United States. Office of Justice Programs; National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
Sherman, Lawrence W.; Shaw, James W.; Rogan, Dennis P.
1995-01
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Americans With Disabilities Act: Emergency Response Systems and Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf
"This Research in Action, one of a series designed to explain how the ADA will affect the criminal justice system, focuses on first steps public safety agencies should take to accommodate the 911 telephone emergency response system to handle telecommunication devices for the deaf (TDDs). ADA requires that 'telephone emergency services, including 911 services, provide direct access to people who use TDDs.' Based on a case study of the Denver emergency response system, key requirements for accommodating TDD's include: Having a TDD at every telecommunicator position where possible; establishing standard operating procedures for responding and transferring TDD calls; and testing equipment and telecommunicators regularly."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Rubin, Paula N.; Dunne, Toni
1994-11
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Rural Crime and Rural Policing
"Police practices vary from one area to another, and studying the varieties of police behavior can yield important insights into the role of law enforcement officers in a community. Most studies of variations in police behavior have been conducted in urban settings. Neglecting rural policing and rural crime might be justifiable if there is nothing about policing, crime, or the community in rural environments that precludes directly applying knowledge from urban areas. It is evident, however, that rural environments are distinct from urban environments in ways that affect policing, crime, and public policy. The following discussion examines what is known about rural crime, rural policing, and how they are shaped by the rural environment. It is obvious that rural policing is shaped by the nature of rural crime and the features that distinguish rural culture and rural life. Consequently, the discussion begins with a description of what is known about rural crime."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Wells, L. Edward; Weisheit, Ralph A.; Falcone, David N.
1994-09
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Using the Private Sector to Deter Crime
"Since 1965, the share of gross domestic product (GDP) devoted to the U.S. criminal justice system has more than doubled. Yet the amount of crime reported to the police is near an all-time high and the amount of violent crime reported is at an all-time high. Perhaps it is time to consider turning more of the criminal justice burden over to the more efficient, innovative private sector, which already plays an important part in the system. [...] This study analyzes ways to expand the role of the private sector to reduce crime and lessen the burden of criminal justice for taxpayers. The debate over crime has been in a rut for decades, with conservatives emphasizing tough policies and liberals emphasizing soft remedies and improved economic opportunities. Privatizing the criminal justice system on an incremental basis is a win-win solution: the innovation and productivity of private enterprise can reduce crime, reduce taxes and improve the protection of civil liberties."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); National Center for Policy Analysis
Reynolds, Morgan O., 1942-
1994-03
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Controlling Street-level Drug Trafficking: Evidence from Oakland and Birmingham
"Two large U.S. cities-Oakland, California, and Birmingham, Alabama-served as testing grounds for the effectiveness of several different policing models for controlling the problem of street-level drug trafficking. The National Institute of Justice subsequently tested and assessed the models to determine their effectiveness. The study examined the models' impact on the reduction of reported crimes as well as citizens' perceptions of their own safety and the extent of crime in their neighborhoods. Police departments in the two cities used special task forces and also 'community policing' techniques to identify and arrest drug traffickers. Generally, both methods left citizens believing that police were more effective than prior to the experiments. Furthermore, crime rates in the experimental neighborhoods decreased, particularly for violent crimes. This 'Research in Brief' highlights the study's findings with an indepth look at how two large police departments are dealing with drug trafficking and drug-related crime."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Uchida, Craig D.; Forst, Brian; Annan, Sampson O.
1992-06
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Kenosha Gang Project: Preliminary Report
"In December 1986, the Task Force on Gangs commissioned the university of Wisconsin, Parkside to conduct a study on the local gang situation. The main focus of the study was to analyze existing data within tha Kenosha Police Department, the Kenosha County Department of Social services, and the Kenosha Unified School District. The research team also interviewed key people in the community and self-identified gang members. The goal of this study was to provide Kenosha with a better understanding of the local street gang situation. The unique aspect of the Kenosha Gang project was the participation of twelve University of Wisconsin, Parkside students who worked on this research project. To be more specific, the students developed the research design, collected the data, analyzed the data, and contributed to the final report. This project was offered as a sociology course during Spring 1987, and continued through the summer. such a project has provided students with an opportunity to gain 'hands on' experience doing sociological research. Moreover, the students were able to provide the community with a much underutilized resource, which has resulted in considerable savings to the city. The objectives of the Kenosha Gang project were: 1. To tabulate and analyze three existing data bases as they relate to gangs. 2. To interview key people in the community who work with local gang members. 3. To interview self-identified gang members in Kenosha. 4. To provide students with an opportunity to do research and to provide hands on experience in the various aspects of sociological research."
United States. Department of Justice; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Takata, Susan R.; Baskin, Sheila D.
1987
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Technology Assessment Program: Hand-Held Aerosol Tear Gas Weapons
"This document, NIJ [National Institute of Justice] Standard-0110.00, Hand-Held Aerosol Tear Gas Weapons, is an equipment standard developed by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards. It is produced as part of the Technology Assessment Program of the National Institute of Justice. A brief description of the program appears on the inside front cover. This standard is a technical document that specifies performance and other requirements equipment should qeet to satisfy the needs of criminal justice agencies for high quality service. Purchasers can use the test methods described in this standard themselves to determine whether i particular piece of equipment meets the essential requirements, or they may have the tests conducted on their behalf by a qualified testing laboratory. Procurement officials may also refer to this standard in their purchasing documents and require that equipment offered for purchase meet the requirements. Compliance with the requirements of the standard may be attested to by an independent laboratory or guaranteed by the vendor. Because this NIJ standard Is designed as a procurement aid, it is necessarily highly technical. For those who seek general guidance concerning the selection and application of law enforcement equipment, user guides have also been published. The guides explain in nontechnical language how to select equipment capable of the performance required by an agency."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice
1985-09
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Research Into Action: The Approach of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice
"This paper traces the development of the Institute's efforts to translate research into action to deal with an exceedingly complex social problem -- criminal behavior. That the process is much harder to manage than we earlier thought is abundantly clear. To have any hope for progress,
the process requires much more time, skill, talents, and special organizational arrangements and attention than originally envisioned."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ewing, Blair G.
1978-11-08
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Sharing Ideas and Resources To Keep Our Nation's Schools Safe (Volume V)
"In this fifth volume of 'Sharing Ideas and Resources To Keep Our Nation's Schools Safe', the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Justice Technology Information Center (JTIC), part of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) System, present a new compilation of articles posted on the SchoolSafetyInfo.org website in the past year. While at first glance these articles seem to profile a wide variety of projects and programs, all of them have at least one thing in common. That is, their planners, coordinators and organizers told us the same thing: We want to help other schools. We want them to know what we're doing, and we want them to feel free to call us with questions, to help them start similar projects of their own. In 2017, schools, law enforcement agencies and communities keep on coming together across the United States as they create innovative and groundbreaking solutions to the persistent problems of violence, bullying, security breaches, gang tensions and social media abuse. For the past five years, SchoolSafetyInfo. org has worked toward ensuring that schools and school administrators, local law enforcement agencies and school resource officers know that they're not alone in their quest to make their schools safer, that others are working toward the same goal. We reach out to small rural school districts and to federal government agencies, and we always get the same answer: 'We're taking a proactive approach here, and we want the rest of the country to know about it.'"
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center (U.S.)
Lewis, Becky
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National Institute of Justice: Less Lethal Technology Research [website]
NIJ's Less Lethal Technologies program identifies, develops, and evaluates new or improved devices that will minimize the risk of death and injury to law enforcement officers, suspects, prisoners, and the general public. More specifically, their site offers various publications, current projects, related links, and contact information all related to Less Lethal Technologies.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
