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Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications
This guide provides law enforcement agencies with information to be used in the selection and utilization of explosives detection equipment and techniques. This NIJ guide considers a wide array of important factors that should be considered by purchasers, including cost, sensitivity, portability, and ease of use. Advice about what technologies are likely to work best in various applications and a market survey of trace and x-ray-based commercial detection systems known to the authors as of October 1998 are also included.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Parmeter, John E.; Rhykerd, Charles L. (Charles Loren), 1963-; Hannum, David W. . . .
1999-12
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Random Gunfire Problems and Gunshot Detection Systems
This Research in Brief summarizes the findings of field studies of two gunshot
detection systems: Trilon Technology's ShotSpotter(TM) system, which has operated
in Redwood City, California, since early 1996, and Alliant Techsystems
Inc.'s SECURES(TM) system, installed for 2 months in 1996 in a neighborhood
with high levels of random gunfire in Dallas, Texas. This Research in Brief
also outlines how the police used the gunshot detection system in Dallas and
what officers working in the test sites think of the technology.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Travis, Jeremy
1999-12
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National Institute of Justice 1998 Annual Report to Congress
The National Institute of Justice 1998 Annual Report to Congress summarizes NIJ's role, operation, and overall achievements during fiscal year 1998. NIJ in Brief, describes NIJ's organization, financial data, growth in funding, and collaborative activities. Overview of the Year synthesizes NIJ accomplishments in 1998 in the areas of basic research, applied research, and new technology. This section also contains a section on NIJ's continuously increasing Web presence as part of its outreach and dissemination efforts. Selected Highlights presents a review of NIJ's research and development activities for 1998, including making communities safer (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring), taking steps to prevent crime (safety for women and families), finding multilevel partnerships to effectively solve problems (collaboration at the local level), and exploring issues of special concern (youth and crime). Finally, two appendices list awards and publications made during 1998 on behalf of NIJ.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-12
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Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator
"The first thing one must realize is that the word 'system' is a misnomer, when used in the context of death investigation in the United States. There is no 'system' of death investigation that covers the more than 3,000 jurisdictions in this country. No nationally accepted guidelines or standards of practice exist for individuals responsible for performing death-scene investigations. No professional degree, license, certification, or minimum educational requirements exist, nor is there a commonly accepted training curriculum. Not even a common job title exists for the thousands of people who routinely perform death investigations in this country. This report describes a study that focused on the establishment of guidelines for conducting death investigations."
United States. Department of Justice; National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-11
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Use of Force by Police: Overview of National and Local Data
"Law enforcement officers are authorized to use force in specified circumstances, are trained in the use of force, and typically face numerous circumstances during their careers when use of force is appropriate--for example, in making some arrests, restraining unruly combatants, or controlling a disruptive demonstration. When the level of force exceeds the level considered justifiable under the circumstances, however, the activities of the police come under public scrutiny. [...] This report is one in a series of publications by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) that seek to inform public discussion by examining police use of force from many perspectives. The report provides an overview of the state of research knowledge about police use of force, updates progress on the national BJS Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS) and the database project of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, provides the latest findings from NIJ-supported use-of-force research projects in several local jurisdictions, and offers a researcher's suggestions for a future research agenda on police use of force, with special attention given to issues of excessive force."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Adams, Kenneth, 1953-; Alpert, Geoffrey P.; Dunham, Roger G. . . .
1999-10
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Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement
"The legal system always has relied on the testimony of eyewitnesses, nowhere more than in criminal cases. Although the evidence eyewitnesses provide can be tremendously helpful in developing leads, identifying criminals, and exonerating the innocent, this evidence is not infallible. Even honest and well-meaning witnesses can make errors, such as identifying the wrong person or failing to identify the perpetrator of a crime. To their credit, the legal system and law enforcement agencies have not overlooked this problem. Numerous courts and rulemaking bodies have, at various times, designed and instituted special procedures to guard against eyewitness mistakes. Most State and local law enforcement agencies have established their own policies, practices, and training protocols with regard to the collection and handling of eyewitness evidence, many of which are quite good. In the past, these procedures have not integrated the growing body of psychological knowledge regarding eyewitness evidence with the practi cal demands of day-to-day law enforcement. In an effort to bring together the perspectives of law enforcement, lawyers, and researchers, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) convened the Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence (TWGEYEE). The purpose of the group was to recommend uniform practices for the collection and preservation of eyewitness evidence."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-10
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Eyewitness Evidence: A Trainer's Manual for Law Enforcement
Eyewitnesses provide critical evidence. NIJ's Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement (published in 1999) outlined basic procedures to obtain the most reliable and accurate information from eyewitnesses. Now NIJ has published a multimedia training package to accompany the Guide. The training package contains a slide presentation, audio and video clips of interviews and lineups, and exercises designed to enhance learning and make training sessions more interactive and visually interesting for law enforcement students.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-10
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Video Surveillance Equipment Selection and Application Guide
The guide begins with a discussion of typical video surveillance assignments, that is, a definition of user requirements for the law enforcement and corrections communities. This requirements definition serves as a jumping-off point and reference base for all subsequent deliberations in later sections of the guide. An overview of the available video technology is presented next, along with a summary of tape formats. A delineation of the technical parameters that most influence operational performance for the various types of gear follows. Guidance is provided regarding the application of specific types of video equipment to meet functional requirements. Another important element of the guide is information on the latest advancements in video technology and the effects those advancements will have on surveillance work. With cost information, the functional requirements data will help sort out the lowest cost equipment that can effectively satisfy at least the minimally acceptable surveillance requirements established by the law enforcement and corrections community.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-10
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Evaluation of a Test Protocol for Explosives Trace Detectors Using a Representative Commercial Analyzer
This report describes a study of a test protocol for evaluating trace explosives detectors. The purpose of the study was to determine whether law enforcement personnel who lack special training in explosives detection could use the test protocol and obtain meaningful results. The report includes a discussion of experimental methods used by the researchers, test results, and conclusions.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Eiceman, Gary Alan; Boyett, Cecily M.; Parmeter, John E.
1999-09
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Effective Use of Security Technologies in US Schools
"Creating safe schools is the responsibility of the entire community in which a school or school system resides, but responsibility for maintaining them on a day-to-day basis lies principally with school administrators and, to a lesser extent, the local law enforcement agency. To assist schools in this task, the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Department of Justice have sponsored, often jointly, both research and demonstration programs to collect data and test useful new ideas that will expand understanding of school violence and disorder and lead to new programs to reduce these problems."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-09
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Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies
This document provides basic guidelines to law enforcement agencies and school administrators and encourages their collaboration as they decide what, if any, security technologies should be considered as they develop safe school strategies. In the wake of recent high-profile school tragedies with multiple homicides, many of this Nation's communities have urged their school districts to incorporate security technology into their safety programs. This guide should help schools, in concert with their law enforcement partners, analyze their vulnerability to violence, theft, and vandalism, and suggest possible technologies to address these problems in an effective manner. This guide describes existing commercially available technologies and urges thoughtful consideration of not only the potential safety benefits that may accrue from their use but also the costs that schools may incur for capital investments, site modifications, additional staffing, training, and equipment maintenance and repair. Topic areas included in this guide are: security concepts and operational issues, video surveillance, weapons detection devices (walk-through and handheld metal detectors and x-ray baggage scanners), entry controls, and duress alarms.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-09
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Inventory of State and Local Law Enforcement Technology Needs to Combat Terrorism
Recent acts of terrorism within the United States, such as the bombings of the World Trade Center in New York City and Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, have focused attention on the ability of law enforcement to manage these incidents and investigate individuals and groups suspected of planning or executing terrorist acts. Of particular concern is the gap between technologies available to and used by law enforcement, especially State and local agencies, and the advanced technologies used by persons and groups planning terrorist acts. To improve the ability of law enforcement agencies to fight terrorism, Congress enacted the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. The Act charged the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) with the task of determining what technologies are needed by State and local law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism. To fulfill this task, NIJ sponsored a survey of State and local law enforcement officials and representatives of other groups that could be involved in preventing and managing terrorist attacks. The project was to be carried out in two phases: Phase one involved an inventory of the technology needs of State and local law enforcement, with respondents from all 50 States and the District of Columbia, while Phase two will involve analyses of those needs to determine whether existing or developing technology can fulfill them or whether new technologies are required. This Research in Brief presents findings from Phase I of the project, identifying the most frequently mentioned needs as well as issues related to fulfilling them.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1999-01
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Systematic Observation of Public Police: Applying Field Research Methods to Policy Issues
From the Executive Summary: "This report describes systematic social observation (SSO), a field research method used to study police. This method has shown promise in answering many of the questions regarding how police work is conducted today. […] SSO systematizes field methods for teams of researchers who observe the object of study (in this case, the police) in its natural setting. Researchers record events as they see and hear them and do not rely upon others to describe or interpret events. The researchers follow well-specified procedures that can be duplicated. For example, researchers who wish to record whether officers are respectful to complainants must define 'respectful' and 'complainant' in such a manner that other researchers record these terms in the same way when observing the same and similar situations. […] According to Reiss, the important considerations in conducting SSO include: (1) selection of problems for investigation, (2) preliminary investigation by direct observation, (3) definition of the universe to be observed, (4) sampling for observation, (5) development of instruments to collect and record observations systematically, (6) provision for measuring error, (7) pretesting instruments, (8) organization for direct field observations, (9) processing observations, and (10) quantitative analysis. […] SSO is not without its limitations. It is costly, time-consuming, and dependent upon the cooperation of the police. Special effort must be made to address the reactivity of research subjects to observers and the reliability of observers in recording events. Training, supervision, and quality control in the field are the best ways to manage these problems, but they take planning, time, and money. Given these constraints, SSO seems less feasible as a mechanism for routinely monitoring police practice and better suited to special studies."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Mastrofski, Stephen D.; Parks, Roger B.; Reiss, Albert J. . . .
1998-12
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'Designing Out' Gang Homicides and Street Assaults
"The hottest spot for gang-on-gang homicide and assault in the city of Los Angeles had seen gang violence becoming a cycle of attacks followed by reprisals, followed by the inevitable counterattacks. Using a deceptively simple tactic, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) intervened in an attempt to restore order to the area. Under the direction of then Assistant Chief of Operations Robert Vernon, an experiment involving the use of traffic barriers to block access by automobiles was launched in 1990 as a means to 'design out' crime by reducing the opportunities to commit it."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Lasley, James
1998-11
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High School Youths, Weapons, and Violence: A National Survey
"Recent shootings by students of peers and teachers in school settings, where such events were markedly unexpected, have provoked fear and outrage in America. For many, the 'youth-gun problem' seems to be spreading beyond inner cities to suburbs and small towns and from 'bad boy' cultures (i.e., those characterized by relatively high poverty, crime, unemployment, and school dropout rates) to 'good boy' cultures (characterized by fewer such social ills). Yet, generalizable and systematic knowledge about gun-related violence among youths is relatively scarce. Most national studies to date have asked only the broadest questions about weapon-related behavior. Studies using more select samples have provided more information but, in turn, have been hampered by questions of generalizability. The most detailed studies available,1 for example, are based on samples of the most serious confined offenders and recently arrested youths (hardly populations from which to generalize) and students from inner-city schools previously identified as having gun-related problems (rendering questionable the extent to which the results pertain to other students, whether from the suburbs or inner cities). This Research in Brief examines the extent to which a national sample of male high school sophomores and juniors was involved in, or otherwise affected by, firearm-related activity. Data were gathered by means of a survey mailed to high school students. It sought information on their firearm- and crime-related activities for the 12 months prior to the survey as well as social, demographic, and personal information for each respondent. (The survey contents and goals are described more fully in 'The Tulane University National Youth Study, see page 4.') Despite what is likely a partial 'good boy' bias in the sample (see Methodology), the present study is the first to pose reasonably indepth questions to youths from a broad range of social and geographic environments about exposure to weapons."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Sheley, Joseph F.; Wright, James D.
1998-10
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Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and At-Risk Youths
"For years, observers have noted that youth-gang-related crime has been growing, but a picture of the extent and precise nature of crimes committed by gang members is only now beginning to emerge. Are gangs really responsible for increases in crime or are youths who grow up in very difficult circumstances but do not join gangs committing just as many crimes? This study explored the differences between the criminal behavior of youth gang members and nongang, but similarly at-risk, youths. The research revealed that criminal behavior committed by gang members is extensive and significantly exceeds that committed by comparably at-risk but nongang youth. Furthermore, the research suggests important implications for preventing involvement in and intervening in youth gang activity."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Huff, C. Ronald
1998-10
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National Institute of Justice 1997 Annual Report to Congress
The National Institute of Justice 1997 Annual Report to Congress summarizes NIJ's role, operation, and overall achievements during fiscal year 1997 in three parts. Part 1, NIJ in Brief, describes the Institute's organization, funding, and growth with the budget figures and an organizational chart. Part 2, Overview of the Year, uses broad brush strokes and brief examples to explain how NIJ accomplished its goals during the year. It contains a list of the Institute's strategic challenges, descriptions of partnership activities with Federal agencies and private foundations, and a reporting of outreach and dissemination efforts. Part 3, Selected Highlights, is a cross section of NIJ's research and development activities and presents 18 notable programs and projects in more depth.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1998-08
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National Institute of Justice Journal [July 1998]
This edition of the National Institute of Justice Journal contains the following articles: "Pulling Levers: Getting Deterrence Right"; "Breaking the Cycle of Drug Abuse in Birmingham"; "The Impact of the Opportunity to Succeed Program on Employment Success"; and "Smart Cards: An Information Tool for the Future".
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1998-07
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Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations: A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials
Drawing from project findings, this guide describes an approach to threat assessment and the protective intelligence investigative process that can be of assistance to Federal, State, and local law enforcement and security professionals with protective intelligence responsibilities. This guide presents information and ideas about developing and implementing protective intelligence programs and activities.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fein, Robert A.; Vossekuil, Bryan
1998-07-01?
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Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising
"Many crime prevention programs work. Others don't. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclusions. Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn't, and what's promising. Those lists will grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for their results. These are the major conclusions of a 1997 report to Congress, which was based on a systematic review of more than 500 scientific evaluations of crime prevention practices. This Research in Brief summarizes the research methods and conclusions found in that report. In 1996, a Federal law required the U.S. Attorney General to provide Congress with an independent review of the effectiveness of State and local crime prevention assistance programs funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, 'with special emphasis on factors that relate to juvenile crime and the effect of these programs on youth violence.' The law required that the review 'employ rigorous and scientifically recognized standards and methodologies.'"
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Sherman, Lawrence W.; Gottfredson, Denise C.; MacKenzie, Doris L. . . .
1998-07
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Crime in Public Housing: Clarifying Research Issues
In recent years, crime and public housing have been closely linked in our political and popular cultures. Tragic episodes of violence have reinforced the notion that public housing is a milieu with rates of victimization and offending far greater than other locales. A few studies suggest that crime rates are higher in public housing complexes than in their immediate surroundings; other studies suggest quite the opposite.Still others suggest a process of diffusion and exchange of violent crimes between public housing and the surrounding neighborhood contexts. Predictably, most studies vary in several important ways, complicating comparisons of studies. A brief history of public housing Public housing's varied history is often intertwined with the social and political history of its home city. Historically, public housing has perpetuated segregation through "community preference" policies that gave priority to applicants already living in the neighborhood. Since many public housing sites were originally built in otherwise undeveloped areas, understanding the subsequent development of surrounding neighborhoods and patterns of neighborhood change should provide a more complete analysis of changes within public housing. Variation in the administration of public housing in addition to contextual and structural factors, several aspects of management and administration may affect crime rates in public housing. Developments are increasingly being turned over to private management agencies; some PHAs are experimenting with resident management; other PHAs sponsor homeownership programs that encourage qualified residents to purchase apartments in rehabilitated buildings at bargain rates. This issue also contains, "Restorative Justice: An Interview with Visiting Fellow Thomas Quinn (see page 10)," and "Protecting Public Transportation From Terrorists (see page 17)."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fagan, Jeffrey; Dumanovsky, Tamara; Thompson, J. Phillip . . .
1998-03
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Protecting Public Transportation from Terrorists
This article examines how the Federal government is ensuring the protection of the public in transportation systems. "Metropolitan public transportation networks are enticing targets for terrorists because they typically carry large numbers of people in a concentrated, predictable geographic area under routine timeframes. Enhancing the capability Of State and local law enforcement and public safety officers to counter terrorism requires the combined efforts of many agencies working collaboratively. These efforts involve identifying areas for research and development, sharing the lessons learned from past domestic and international encounters with terrorists, and developing and applying appropriate training and operational techniques."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Barnes, Eric
1998-03
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Wireless Communications and Interoperability Among State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies: Summary
This article is a summary of a 1997 NIJ-sponsored report that focused on interoperability issues in the law enforcement community. It is based on a survey of the interoperability experiences and needs of law enforcement agencies across the Nation.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1998-01
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NIJ Report: Wireless Communications and Interoperability Among State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (1998)
"This summary of a 1997 NIJ-sponsored study, conducted by the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, focuses on interoperability issues in the law enforcement community. It is based on a survey of the interoperability experiences and needs of law enforcement agencies across the Nation."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Tolman, Thomas K.; Epper, Robert C.; Taylor, Mary J.
1998-01
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Civilian Police and Multinational Peacekeeping - A Workshop Series, A Role for Democratic Policing
"A series of workshops begun in 1997 under Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) sponsorship is addressing the roles of civilian police in 'complex emergencies,' the juridical mandate of civil policing in multinational operations, and how the relationship of the civilian police to other participants (such as the military) in these operations should be defined. Professor David H. Bayley, Dean and Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at SUNY-Albany and a specialist in international criminal justice with a particular interest in policing, presented the keynote address at the second workshop in the series. His paper on the distinguishing features of democratic policing - as well as other major addresses from the workshop - are reproduced here. The National Institute of Justice sponsors studies of all aspects of policing-enforcement, prevention, management, and organizational issues-under its broad mandate to conduct criminal justice research. NIJ supported the workshop and is disseminating the results because advancing the understanding of policing issues has always been a major priority and, more recently, the Institute has recognized international justice reform as a topic meriting increased attention by researchers and practitioners alike."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1997-10-06
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Policing in Emerging Democracies: Workshop Papers and Highlights
The United States currently offers technical assistance to the police in emerging democracies and other countries. The two agencies most active in providing this assistance, the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Department of Justice, are collaborating on ways to expand and disseminate information that can promote modern, democratic policing practices based on the rule of law, support international justice assistance, and help shape future policy. One outcome of that collaboration has been an exchange of ideas and experiences among professionals in criminal justice research and law from the United States and abroad, police officials, and Federal policymakers. That exchange took place at a workshop on policing in emerging democracies sponsored by the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Department of State, and the National Institute of Justice, Department of Justice. A key component of the workshop was a series of papers presented by experts in law and criminology. These papers form the basis of this report.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1997-10
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National Institute of Justice Annual Report to Congress 1996
This Annual Report from the National Institute of Justice covers a year in which crime rates continued to drop and many of the Nation's largest cities, which have struggled with high levels of crime for so long, lead the decline. The 1994 Crime Act and the partnerships NIJ has forged with the offices within the Department of Justice that administer the programs under the Act continued to provide opportunities for maximizing the learning process about the innovations now under way. These innovations reflect an exciting trend--the growing commitment to a community-based, problem-solving approach to a safer society. This report describes how in1996 the Institute carried out its mission to provide knowledge to control crime and achieve justice and discusses new and continuing initiatives in NIJ's portfolio of research and evaluation investments.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1997-08
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Court Security and the Transportation of Prisoners
"The sharp rise of violence in court settings--from minor disturbances to murder--has prompted a reexamination of safeguards for the judicial process and personnel and of the transportation of prisoners to and from court. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) sponsored an assessment by the National Sheriffs' Association (NSA) of the current state of the art in court security and the transportation of prisoners. The study's three surveys found that the safety of personnel transporting and monitoring prisoners in the courtroom is the most pressing concern. Possible responses include improving training through more intense classroom instruction and field training for high-risk situations, providing personnel with appropriate equipment, enhancing facilities' structural features, and establishing policies and procedures for courtroom security and for safe prisoner transport-- on the ground and in the air. The assessment offers specific suggestions for agencies to consider when evaluating their individual programs."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1997-06
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Preventing Assassination: Secret Service Exceptional Case Study Project
This Secret Service Exceptional Case Study Project "Preventing Assassination" has five parts-- a monograph, literature review, selective bibliography, summary of findings, and final activities report. From the Document: "The primary goal of the Exceptional Case Study Project was to gather information and develop knowledge that might aid law enforcement organizations to fulfill protective responsibilities for public officials and public figures. [...] The Secret Service Exceptional Case Study Project was developed to generate knowledge useful to both physical protection and protective intelligence functions. [...] It was hoped that thorough examination of the ideas, behaviors, and activities of persons who have attempted assassination (or come close to attacking) would provide and additional - and heretofore unavailable - perspective on physical protection: namely, how the assailant viewed the attack. [...] Knowledge from a study of attackers and near-assailants may also be useful in the identification, assessment, and management of persons who pose a risk of violence to public officials and public figures."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Fein, Robert A.; Vossekuil, Bryan
1997-05
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Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms
"The United States is unique among wealthy nations in its vast private inventory of firearms. The nearly 200 million guns in private hands are used in part for recreation, mostly hunting and target shooting. But what engenders the most public controversy over firearms is their use against people during either the commission of or defense against crime. Gun advocates regard firearms as an important crime deterrent and source of protection, while control advocates denounce guns for the damage they do in the hands of criminals. What both groups can agree on is that widespread ownership of firearms has an important impact on the quality of life in America. To learn more about the role of firearms, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) sponsored-through a grant to the Police Foundation-a nationally representative telephone survey in 1994 on private ownership and use of firearms by American adults (see 'Firearms Survey Methodology')."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Ludwig, Jens; Cook, Philip J., 1946-
1997-05
