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NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
The NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards is intended as a source of general industrial hygiene information for workers, employers, and occupational health professionals. The Pocket Guide presents key information and data in abbreviated tabular form for 677 chemicals or substance groupings (e.g., manganese compounds, tellurium compounds, inorganic tin compounds, etc.) that are found in the work environment. The industrial hygiene information found in the Pocket
Guide should help users recognize and control occupational chemical hazards. The chemicals or substances contained in this revision include all substances for which the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended exposure limits (RELs) and those with permissible exposure limits (PELs) as found in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
General Industry Air Contaminants Standard (29 CFR 1910.1000).
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2000
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NIOSH Alert: Preventing Sensitization and Disease from Beryllium Exposure
"Workers exposed to particles, fumes, mists, or solutions from beryllium-containing materials may develop beryllium sensitization or chronic beryllium disease, a potentially disabling or even fatal respiratory disease." The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH] lists a number of measures for workers "exposed to particles, fumes, mists, or solutions from beryllium-containing materials" to take to minimize beryllium related illnesses. This alert is presented in both English and Spanish.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2011-02
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NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards [2007]
"The NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards presents information taken from the NIOSH/OSHA [Occupational Safety and Health Administration] Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) criteria documents and Current Intelligence Bulletins, and from recognized references in the fields of industrial hygiene, occupational medicine, toxicology, and analytical chemistry. The information is presented in tabular form to provide a quick, convenient source of information on general industrial hygiene practices. The information in the Pocket Guide includes chemical structures or formulas, identification codes, synonyms, exposure limits, chemical and physical properties, incompatibilities and reactivities, measurement methods, respirator selections, signs and symptoms of exposure, and procedures for emergency treatment."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2007-09
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Emergency Response Safety and Health Database
"The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database (ERSH-DB) is a rapidly accessible occupational safety and health database developed by NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] for the emergency response community. The ERSH-DB contains accurate and concise information on high-priority chemical, biological and radiological agents that could be encountered by personnel responding to a terrorist event."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report on the Exxon/Valdez Alaska Oil Spill
"In April, 1989, NIOSH was asked by the Laborer's International Union of North America, the Alaska State Health Department, and the U.S. Coast Guard to conduct a health hazard evaluation during the cleanup of the oil spill that occurred in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989. In response, NIOSH investigators made three field trips to Alaska. During the first trip, April 25-30, 1989, two NIOSH investigators, an occupational health physician and an epidemiologist, participated in a meeting convened by the Commissioner of Labor, Alaska Department of Labor (AKDOL) following his announcement that the cleanup was a 'hazardous waste operation'. The meeting focused on the appropriate content of worker training courses and the amount of training hours necessary to adequately prepare the workers involved in the cleanup. Worker training is one of the required provisions of the Alaska and Federal Hazardous Waste Regulations; these regulations specified 24 hours of training at that time. The NIOSH team also had the opportunity to visit some beach cleanup sites during this trip. […] This final report includes the pertinent information contained in earlier letters and presents the industrial hygiene data, including exposure monitoring data obtained during the course of this health hazard evaluation. There is also a brief discussion on illness and injury surveillance; however, attempts to collect this type of information were largely unsuccessful."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1991-05
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Reducing Occupational Exposures while Working with Dispersants during the Gulf Oil Spill Response
"Dispersants are being used in the Gulf of Mexico response to remove oil from the surface of water where it can be especially harmful to the environment. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has prepared this document to guide workers involved in these efforts on ways to protect themselves from potential exposures. This fact sheet will be updated as new information on the types of dispersants being used in the response is received."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2010-05-13
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NIOSH Report of Deepwater Horizon Response/BP Illness and Injury Data (April 23 - July 8, 2010)
"This report is designed to provide a basic overview of illness and injuries recorded by BP [British Petroleum] safety officials that occurred to workers involved in the Deepwater Horizon response. Injuries and illnesses were coded and categorized utilizing the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS). It will be updated on a regular basis as new data becomes available. The data used to produce this report were provided to NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] by BP safety officials, who are sharing their health and safety incidents database with CDC/NIOSH [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]. The database is comprised of the information recorded by BP safety officials on an incident form that is filled out for any event leading to injury or illness which was believed to be work-related. It includes incidents which occurred to BP employees, BP contracted workers, federal/state/local responders, and volunteers. There may be some local (parish) workers involved in response efforts who do not fall under the supervision of the Unified Area Command, and thus would not be included in this database. The incident forms are filled out by BP safety officials, as opposed to healthcare personnel, and do not contain strict medical diagnoses of injury or illness. This method of employer-generated data collection is standard occupational safety and health practice. It should be noted that because the data used for this report are being collected by BP, NIOSH cannot independently verify the accuracy and completeness of the database."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2010-07-27
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Preventing Deaths and Injuries of Fire Fighters During Training Exercises
"The role of the fire department has evolved over the years to encompass more than traditional fire suppression. Fire fighters respond to hazardous material incidents, combustible-metal fires, large-scale disasters, and terrorist events. They perform trench, high incline, and confined space rescues and provide emergency medical service calls. Even fire suppression has become multifaceted with changes in technology and the fireground environment. In addition, residential home fires have decreased approximately 50% over the past 40 years. The expanded role and decrease in structure fire fighting experience of the fire fighter has made training a necessity for carrying out the mission of the fire service as safely as possible. [...] Inadequate training and training without safeguards can be life threatening
to fire fighters. National consensus standards for training programs have been established for decades; however, some fire departments are not conducting training in accordance with these established standards. The reasons can include budgetary constraints, time constraints, and/or a lack of understanding the standards and the benefits of complying with them. Legal precedent has established that a lack of understanding of the standards will not absolve the department of responsibility and accountability for a fire fighter injury or death during training."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2016-12
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Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program: Leading Recommendations for Preventing Fire Fighter Fatalities, 1998-2005
"This document summarizes the most frequent recommendations from the first 8 years of the NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Pro¬gram (FFFIPP). The overall goal of the program is to reduce the number of fire fighter fatalities. Through 2005, the FFFIPP investigated 335 fatal incidents involving 372 fire fighter fatalities. The investigations encompassed a variety of circumstances such as cardiovascular-related deaths, motor vehicle accidents, structure fires, diving incidents, and electrocutions. Fatalities have been investigated in career, volunteer, and combination departments in both urban and rural settings throughout the United States. This document shares the most common recommendations from the 335 investigations and more than 1,286 recommendations that were developed by NIOSH investigators. These recommendations were developed using existing fire service standards, guidelines, standard operating procedures, and other relevant resources over the first eight years of the program. Fire departments can use this document when developing, updating, and implementing policies, programs, and training for fire fighter injury prevention efforts."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Ridenour, Marilyn; Noe, Rebecca S.; Proudfoot, Steven L.
2008-11
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NIOSH Alert: Preventing Deaths and Injuries of Fire Fighters using Risk Management Principles at Structure Fires
"Fire fighters are often killed or injured when fighting fires in abandoned, vacant, and unoccupied structures. These structures pose additional and sometimes unique risks due to the potential for fire fighters to encounter unexpected and unsafe building conditions such as dilapidation, decay, damage from previous fires and vandals, and other factors such as uncertain occupancy status. Risk management principles must be applied at all structure fires to ensure the appropriate strategy and tactics are used based on the fireground conditions encountered."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2010-07
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Assessing the Human Health Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill: An Institute of Medicine Workshop
This presentation, created by Dr. Howard with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, discusses the response of the Federal government to the Gulf of Mexico Oil spill. It provides an overview of Federal health agency activities, potential worker exposures on water, potential worker exposures on land and potential exposures of community residents.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Howard, John
2010-06-22
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Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program: Findings from a National Evaluation
"Firefighters are called on to rescue people and protect property under serious and hazardous conditions. Some 100 firefighters die each year on duty, and another 80,000 are injured. Recommendations developed through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH's) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program (FFFIPP) point to a number of safety practices that could improve the health and safety of the nation's firefighters. The purpose of this document is to summarize the findings of an evaluation of the FFFIPP. The goals of the evaluation were to assess the effects of FFFIPP recommendations on fire department policies and procedures and to identify possible strategies for improving the impact of the FFFIPP. The evaluation is based on a national survey of fire departments together with a series of focus groups with frontline firefighters. Key findings from the evaluation are that (1) small, volunteer departments have the greatest challenges to following safety guidelines; (2) existing resources limit safety practices; (3) gaps in knowledge and attitudes limit safety; (4) FFFIPP reports provide useful information but fire departments need additional information and in additional formats; (5) FFFIPP materials need to be better marketed and distributed; and (6) increasing awareness of FFFIPP investigations likely will improve safety practices."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Peterson, Krisitina; Witt, Michael; Morton, Katherine
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Preventing Deaths and Injuries of Fire Fighters Working above Fire-Damaged Floors
This National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Workplace Solutions document discusses the prevention of deaths and injuries of fire fighters who are working above floors that are damaged by fire. "Fire fighters are at risk of falling through fire-damaged floors. Fire burning underneath floors can significantly degrade the floor system with little indication to fire fighters working above. Floors can fail within minutes of fire exposure, and new construction technology such as engineered wood floor joists may fail sooner than traditional construction methods. NIOSH recommends that fire fighters use extreme caution when entering any structure that may have fire burning beneath the floor."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2009-02
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Preventing Deaths and Injuries to Fire Fighters during Live-Fire Training in Acquired Structures
This National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Workplace Solutions document discusses the prevention of deaths and injuries to fire fighters who are participating in live-fire training. "Fire fighters are subjected to many hazards when participating in live-fire training. Training facilities with approved burn buildings should be used for live-fire training whenever possible. However, when acquired structures are used for live-fire training, NIOSH strongly recommends that fire departments follow the national consensus guidelines in NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] 1403, standard on live-fire training evolutions [NFPA 2002a] to reduce the risk of injury and death. These guidelines are summarized in the recommendations in this document."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2004-11
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NIOSH Alert: Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters due to Truss System Failures
"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requests assistance in preventing injuries and deaths of fire fighters due to roof and floor truss collapse during fire-fighting operations. Roof and floor truss system collapses in buildings that are on fire cannot be predicted and may occur without warning. NIOSH recommends that fire departments review their occupational safety programs and standard operating procedures to ensure they include safe work practices in and around structures that contain trusses. Building owners should follow proper building codes and consider posting building construction information outside a building to advise fire fighters of the conditions they may encounter. NOISH requests that the information in this Alert be brought to the attention of all U.S. fire departments and fire fighters. To bring the recommendations in this Alert to the attention of the fire service community, NIOSH requests help from the following individuals and organizations: fire commissioners, fire chiefs, State and local fire district administrators, State fire marshals, safety and health officials, trainers, fire investigators, unions, labor organizations, insurance companies, and editors of trade journals and other publications."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2005-04
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Health Hazard Evaluation of Deepwater Horizon Response Workers
"On May 28, 2010, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request from BP [British Petroleum] for a health hazard evaluation (HHE). The request asked NIOSH to evaluate potential exposures and health effects among workers involved in Deepwater Horizon Response activities. NIOSH sent an initial team of HHE investigators on June 2, 2010, followed by additional teams. [...] This report (Interim Report #1) includes several discrete components of our investigation. For each, we provide background, describe our methods, report the findings, and provide conclusions and, where appropriate, interim recommendations. The components included in this report are as follows: (1) 1A - Evaluation of May 26, 2010, Hospitalization of Seven Fishermen; (2) 1B - Evaluation of June 4‐5, 2010 M/V International Peace/MV Warrior Dispersant Mission."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2010-06-23
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NIOSH Interim Guidance for Occupational Health and Safety Professionals: Chemical Exposure Assessment Considerations for Use in Evaluating Deepwater Horizon Response Workers and Volunteers
"Oil spill response workers and volunteers may be exposed to many different chemical and environmental hazards. This document only discusses the chemical exposure portion of a comprehensive health and safety plan and is intended to provide guidance for occupational safety and health professionals involved with developing industrial hygiene sampling plans. The specific chemicals and concentrations will vary depending on the location of the oil, length of time since the oil was released into the environment, type and stage of response, materials used during spill remediation, climate conditions, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and the workers' specific tasks. Obtaining accurate and useful worker exposure information is a crucial element in ensuring exposures are correctly characterized, risk is communicated appropriately, and sufficient information is available for making evidence-based decisions (e.g., PPE) to protect the health and safety of oil spill response workers. This document provides information and guidance for establishing successful oil spill worker exposure (industrial hygiene) assessment plans for chemical contaminants."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2010
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Medical Pre-Placement Evaluation for Workers Engaged in the Deepwater Horizon Response: Recommendations from CDC/NIOSH
"The objective of these recommendations is to provide guidance for health professionals who provide primary care to workers or volunteers who may be involved with the Deepwater Horizon response. The recommendations describe a plan for pre-placement evaluation to gather medical information on workers prior to beginning oil spill response work. The pre-placement evaluation is not a formal fitness for duty examination, but is designed to 1) provide health professionals with guidance on the important elements of such a pre-placement evaluation; 2) help health professionals identify individuals with health concerns that need to be addressed, identify individuals with specific susceptibilities whose activities may need to be restricted or modified, and identify medication, immunization or training needs; and 3) provide valuable information to the worker on his/her health status and potential demands of the work they will encounter. Additionally, this evaluation will provide some documentation of the worker's health status, and may provide an opportunity for the worker to be directed to further medical evaluation."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2010
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NIOSH Report of BP Injury and Illness Data (April 23 - June 20, 2010)
"This report is designed to provide a basic overview of illness and injuries reported by responders involved in the Deepwater Horizon response. It will be updated on a regular basis as new data becomes available. The data utilized to produce this report was provided to NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] by BP [British Petroleum] safety officials, who are sharing their Health and Safety incidents database with CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]/NIOSH. This database is a collection of the information recorded by BP safety officials in the field for every known incident which affects the health and safety of spill responders. This includes BP employees, BP contracted workers, federal/state/local responders, and volunteers who seek care at a BP field medical facility. There may be some local workers involved in response efforts who do not fall under the supervision of the Unified Command, and thus are not included here. The incident forms are filled out by BP safety officials, as opposed to healthcare personnel, and do not contain strict medical diagnoses of injury or illness. The data include all injuries and illnesses recorded by BP safety officials, including minor injuries which are not OSHA reportable. This method of employer-generated data collection is standard occupational safety and health practice. BP is sharing the information for each incident, but the data it provides to NIOSH does not include the names of the BP employees, contract workers and volunteers. In addition, since the data is being collected by BP, NIOSH cannot independently verify the accuracy and completeness of the data."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2010-07-13
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NIOSH Science Blog [blog]
This is a blog of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). "The mission of the NIOSH is to generate new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and health and to transfer that knowledge into practice for the betterment of workers." The blog "facilitates directed discussion on specific topics."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Needs Pertaining to Firefighter Radio Communication Systems
"One of the most significant problems facing firefighters within a structure on the fireground is the ability to communicate reliably between the firefighters themselves and between the firefighters and the command post or communications center. In an ideal world, firefighters would be able to communicate with one another and the command post at all times, regardless of where they are or what they are doing. However, this is not the case. Firefighter radio communications to, from and within structures can be unreliable, thereby compromising the safety of firefighters on the fireground. Over the past decade, incidents involving firefighter injuries and fatalities have demonstrated that, despite technological advances in two-way radio communications, important information is not always adequately communicated on the fireground or emergency incident scene. Also, the events of September 11, 2001, and other emergency situations in recent years have highlighted the need not only to improve firefighter radio communications, but also the communication systems available to law enforcement personnel, emergency management officials, and other public-safety responders. The continued incidence of firefighter fatalities where communications are cited as a contributing factor as well as the industry-wide lack of consensus on the appropriate frequencies to use in fireground communications have prompted NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] to more thoroughly investigate fire communications and the problems associated with communications within, as well as into and from, structures."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
TriData Corporation
2003-09
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NIOSH Hazard Based Interim Guidelines: Protective Equipment for Workers in Hurricane Flood Response
"The purpose of this interim National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) fact sheet is to provide general guidance for personal protective equipment (PPE) for workers responding in hurricane flood zones. This guidance is based on best available information as of September 9, 2005 and will be updated as additional information is available. PPE selection and use is site and task specific. General guidelines must be adapted to specific conditions. This guidance represents professional judgment based on experience from responses to past storms and floods. Additional interim recommendations will be added for clean-up and restoration operations. These interim recommendations focus on the following hazards associated with response activities: Hazard 1 Sharp jagged debris Hazard 2 Floodwater exposure Hazard 3 Electrical hazards Hazard 4 Contact with blood/body fluids and handling animal and human remains Note: This guidance is not a comprehensive list of hazards and does not include important hazards such as stress or fatigue that are not addressed via PPE."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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Emergency Preparedness for Business [website]
This page contains a collection of emergency response resources geared towards businesses. Included on this page are the following types of resources: Management Planning Guides to assist in the development of comprehensive plans for dealing with terrorism-related events, including specific instructions to building occupants, actions to be taken by facility management, and first responder notification procedures; Facility Projection guidance on steps businesses can take to improve the protective features of their facilities to protect against and minimize the effects of a terrorist attack; Other Resources for Business Emergency Preparation covering chemical, public health and other areas of concern; as well as information on appropriate contacts in emergency situations.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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Summary Report to the New York City Department of Health: NIOSH Air Sample Results for the World Trade Center Disaster Response
"From September 18 through October 4, 2001, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) personnel (and contractors) collected air samples in areas immediately adjacent to the debris pile and on personnel actively involved in rescue efforts on or in the vicinity of the debris pile to characterize occupational exposures during the disaster response at the World Trade Center site in New York City, NY. This report is a compilation of sampling efforts that were undertaken over the course of providing technical assistance to the New York City Department of Health (NYCDOH), and were used to identify potential hazards and to recommend appropriate protective measures where needed for the workers whose exposures were sampled. As a result of this activity, workers using oxyacetylene torches and gasoline- powered saws to cut metal beams were found to have hazardous exposures to carbon monoxide and cadmium; this information lead to interventions that addressed these problems. Because these findings are based on limited sampling, they may not be representative of more general exposures. However, they are consistent with those reported by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The area air samples were collected in the immediate vicinity of workers at a height approximating their breathing zone. The personal air samples were collected on workers with the sampling device placed in the worker's breathing zone. Additional bulk sampling was conducted and results were included in the daily summaries to the NYCDOH. Blank sampling was also performed for quality assurance; these results are not included in this report."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2002-02
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Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments for Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks
"This document discusses air-filtration and air-cleaning issues associated with protecting building environments from an airborne chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR) attack. It provides information about issues that should be considered when assessing, installing, and upgrading filtration systems--along with the types of threats that can be addressed by air-filtration and air-cleaning systems. It is intended to provide guidance regarding measures that may be taken to prepare for a potential CBR attack, rather than in response to an actual CBR event. The complex issues regarding response and cleanup in the aftermath of an actual CBR event are situation dependent and are beyond the scope of this guidance document. This is a companion document to the previously released NIOSH document titled 'Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks.' That document provided a broad array of recommendations for protecting buildings, including physical security, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system operation, maintenance and training, and filtration. This document gives specific and detailed guidance for one area of concern--filtration and air cleaning."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2003-04
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CDC: Suggested Guidance for Supervisors at Disaster Rescue Sites [website]
"Disaster sites pose a multitude of health and safety concerns. The hazards and exposures are a function of the unstable nature of the site, the potential of hazardous substances being present and the type of work being performed. An accurate assessment of all hazards may not be possible because they may not be immediately obvious or identifiable. Rescue personnel may be selecting protective measures based on limited information. In addition to the hazards of direct exposure, workers are also subject to dangers posed by the unstable physical environment, the stress of working in protective clothing, and the emotional trauma of the situation."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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Reverse Implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology for Personnel Tracking in Underground Mines
"The Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act (MINER Act) of 2006 calls for improvements in underground coal mine accident preparedness and response. One of the requirements is that each mine provide a method for aboveground personnel to determine the location of all underground personnel after an accident or mine emergency. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research initiated a study of personnel tracking systems that could be applied to underground mining. A new methodology was proposed that reverses the way conventional RFID [radio frequency identification] tracking systems are normally implemented."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2011-09
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Coal Dust Explosibility Meter Evaluation and Recommendations for Application
"This report details the results of a NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] investigation on the ability of the Coal Dust Explosibility Meter (CDEM) to accurately predict the explosibility of samples of coal and rock dust mixtures collected from underground coal mines in the U.S. The CDEM, which gives instantaneous results in real time, represents a new way for miners and operators to assess the relative hazard of dust accumulations in their mines and the effectiveness of their rock dusting practices. The CDEM was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and successfully underwent national and international peer review. The intention of the device is to assist mine operators in complying with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) final rule 30 CFR 75.403, requiring that the incombustible content of combined coal dust, rock dust, and other dust be at least 80% in underground areas of bituminous coal mines."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Harris, Marcia L.; Sapko, M. J.; Varley, Floyd D.
2012-08
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Cost-Effective, Off-the-Shelf Wireless Links for Surface Integrated Mine Emergency Communications
"During a mine emergency, a successful integrated communications system could use cost-effective, off-the-shelf wireless surface network equipment that can be quickly assembled onsite to provide the critical communications links for the mine rescue operation. The resulting network can be made secure so that only those directly involved in the rescue operation have access to information obtained from the system."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2011-12
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Fire Fighters Exposed to Electrical Hazards During Wildland Fire Operations
"Among the various hazards fire fighters face are electrical hazards during wildland fire suppression activities. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) reports that 10 fire fighters died from contact with electricity during wildland fires between 1980 and 1999 (this figure does not include lightning strikes) [NFPA 2001]. As part of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program, NIOSH investigated two separate incidents in 1999 in which fire fighters died or were seriously injured from exposures to electricity while fighting wildland fires [NIOSH 1999a,b]."
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2002-01
