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• Enhancing U.S. Support for UN Peacekeeping

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  "As the United States establishes its strategic priorities to enhance national security, support for peacekeeping is increasingly important. Particularly following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the Pentagon has viewed failed states (also referred to as 'undergoverned' or 'ungoverned spaces') as a threat to U.S. national security. President Barack Obama's restoration of the Cabinet status of his Ambassador to the United Nations (UN), Susan Rice, reflects the administration's recognition of the overall importance of the UN, including its key role in peacekeeping. Over the last 4 years, the Center for Technology and National Security Policy and, since 2008, the Center for Complex Operations at the National Defense University have hosted a unique series of offsite informal discussions designed to facilitate open and frank discussions of what more the United States might do to support burgeoning UN peacekeeping activities. In five sessions, these offthe- record, informal discussions occurred between the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO) and Department of Defense (DOD).1 The Department of Field Support (DFS) was added following its creation in 2007, and the State Department began participating at a senior level in 2009. This series was conceived by Hans Binnendijk, director of the Institute for National Security Studies at the National Defense University, and led by Dr. Binnendijk and me. Ambassador James Dobbins, director of the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center, has served as session moderator."

  National Defense University Press

  Soderberg, Nancy

  2011-03
• Rethinking the Fundamentals of State-building

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  "Plans for state-building or stabilization missions should take account of the political nature of the state that is being built. A state is a political system that puts some people into positions of power and induces the rest of the nation to accept their authority. The feasibility and cost of a state-building mission can depend critically on the way that the state distributes power. In particular, when foreign forces help to defend the authority of a state, its national leaders have more incentive to centralize political power narrowly around themselves. But such centralization can alienate key local leaders and so can substantially increase the need for costly foreign efforts to maintain the state. Planners for state-building missions need an analytical framework for recognizing the vital importance of such questions about the constitutional distribution of power. For a framework to be broadly applicable in different countries, it should be derived from a general analysis of incentives in political organizations, not from a projection of some idealized view of our own political system. This article develops such a framework."

  National Defense University Press

  Myerson, Roger B.

  2011-03
• Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Stability Operations

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  "In 2001, the U.S. military, aided by indigenous forces, swiftly toppled a Taliban government responsible for providing sanctuary to al Qaeda. In 2003, the Iraqi military disintegrated in the face of a devastating demonstration of American power that ended the regime of Saddam Hussein. America showcased its unique ability to project power over vast distances to achieve substantial results. Unfortunately, those initial victories were short-lived. As the security situations deteriorated in both Iraq and Afghanistan, the United States became engaged in longer term irregular conflicts. American and allied militaries struggled to adapt their doctrine, training, and technology to counter an elusive foe. While ground forces relearned and incorporated counterinsurgency (COIN) lessons, Airmen explored how airpower's flexibility, responsiveness, and bird's-eye view of the battlefield could respond to those lessons. This reexamination of airpower revealed several enduring principles. Most important is that Airmen must gain airspace control, so the full advantages of rapid mobility, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), and precision strike are available to the commander. At higher altitudes, the adversary generally ceded control, but at lower altitudes, control could be contested. By controlling the air and space over Iraq and Afghanistan, the air component was able to transport thousands of personnel, drop supplies to isolated units, evacuate wounded, gather real-time intelligence, and conduct precision strikes to disrupt and destroy insurgent forces. In addition, air and space control allows Airmen to conduct train, advise, assist, and equip missions for indigenous air forces and to strengthen civil aviation infrastructures necessary for national sovereignty and economic growth. These lessons have been a staple of airpower employment since its inception, and they remain relevant today and in the future."

  National Defense University Press

  Schwartz, Norton A.

  2011-03
• Nonstate Security Threats in Africa: Challenges for U.S. Engagement

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  "This article provides an overview of Africa's irregular, nonstate threats, followed by an analysis of their strategic implications for regional peace and stability, as well as the national security interests of the United States. After reviewing the elements of the emerging international consensus on how best to address these threats, the conclusion highlights a number of new and innovative tools that can be used to build political will on the continent to confront these security challenges. This article is intended as a background analysis for those who are new to the African continent, as well as a source of detailed information on emerging threats that receive too little public or policy-level attention."

  National Defense University Press

  Le Sage, Andre

  2010-12
• Post- 9/11 Stability Operations: How U.S. Army Doctrine Is Shaping National Security Strategy

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  "It was only a matter of time before the elevated language of post-9/11 security discourse, and the phrase the global war on terrorism itself, was bound to reap both practical applications and studied reversals. Without the lessons of Iraq and Afghanistan and each country's challenging reconstruction projects, one might expect idealist solutions to this historical juncture. Only 8 short years ago, the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States (NSS 2002) offered just that, the virtues of pressing for freedom and democracy against a new breed of post--Cold War threats. In now memorable language, the policy document linked 'the great struggles' of the 20th century 'between liberty and totalitarianism' to a 'single sustainable model for national success: freedom, democracy, and free enterprise, displaying the 'black and white' worldview of unchallenged power, NSS 2002 grouped 21st-century nations together that 'share a commitment to protecting basic human rights and guaranteeing political and economic freedom,' arguing that these values would 'assure their future prosperity.' Such values, it noted, are 'right and true for every person' in 'every society,' and, in turn, 'the duty of protecting' them 'against their enemies' is the 'common calling of freedom-loving people across the globe and across the ages'--a role spearheaded by the United States insofar as it enjoyed 'unparalleled military strength and great economic and political influence.'"

  National Defense University Press

  Armstrong, Nicholas J.; Zoli, Corri

  2010-12
• Supporting Peace: The End

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  "Today, most wars are fought on relatively smaller scales, within nominal state borders, by combinations of quasi-state forces, nonstate forces, and externally orchestrated, state-based interventions. Yet the implications of these smaller wars are global, as the pools of entropy they create are havens or way stations for disorder in the form of two-bit pirates and four-bit drug lords as well as this century's dominant extremist ideologies, which claim not the mantle of history or superior genes but rather divine warrant to mete out infinite justice as they see fit. With such forces operating in the background and with the broad array of personal, cultural, and institutional interests at play in any place trying to rise out of conflict, it is obvious that efforts to build peace will be difficult, lengthy, and contested. It should be equally obvious that failure to try to build peace, and the civil order that it implies, only guarantees that entropic pools will grow and connect--if not geographically, then commercially (where 'commerce' includes all forms of interchange at a distance). The questions for international engagement, then, involve capacity (the ability to undertake a task), resources (the money, people, and time available to underwrite capacity), understanding (of what a specific environment needs to transition to peace and how applied capacity and resources are likely to affect that transition), goals (what applied capacity and resources are supposed to achieve, based on understanding), and exit strategies (plans for executing reduction or disengagement that may be triggered by reaching transition thresholds for key mission goals or by failing to reach those thresholds within a specified time, specified expenditure ceiling, or the parameters of political tolerance of the host state or the engaging country, countries, or organizations)."

  National Defense University Press

  Durch, William J.

  2010-12
• From Idea to Implementation: Standing Up the Civilian Response Corps

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  "On October 14, 1960, President John F. Kennedy laid out his vision for the Peace Corps in a speech at the University of Michigan. Less than 5 months later, on March 1, 1961, the President signed an Executive order creating the Peace Corps. Using funds from mutual security appropriations, Peace Corps programs moved quickly through the design phase and into implementation. It was an example of how nimble government can be when political will is married with idealism and a willingness to improvise and take action. On September 22, 1961, 11 months and 1 week after Kennedy's speech, the 87th Congress passed Public Law 87--293, formally authorizing the Peace Corps. […]During my 17 years in Congress, I have worked tirelessly to enhance our government's capability to deal with failed and failing states. The work culminated in July 2008 when Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice officially unveiled the Civilian Response Corps, designed to help stabilize and rebuild parts of the world facing conflict and distress. Congress followed with official authorization in October 2008. The creation of the CRC was modeled on my own legislation, the Reconstruction and Stabilization Civilian Management Act of 2008, which passed out of the House in March 2008. In that legislation (H.R. 1084), I laid out the creation of a Response Readiness Corps, including active and reserve components, which would later become the Civilian Response Corps."

  National Defense University Press

  Farr, S. Samuel

  2010-12
• Third-Generation Civil-Military Relations: Moving Beyond the Security-Development Nexus

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  "The U.S. elevation of security assistance to a core military capability has divided the waters between those who believe the military should stick to preparing strike capability and fighting wars and those who believe the world needs much broader forms of military engagement. Recent developments in strategy indicate that the latter opinion will prevail. The commencement of U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM) in 2007 with its civilian command, interagency modalities, and soft power mandate reflects that an amalgamation of military and civilian capabilities is viewed at the highest levels as the way forward for realizing U.S. foreign policy and national security objectives. Many of the issues that define USAFRICOM's strategic environment are usually seen as nonmilitary in nature: illegal migration; human, drug, and small arms trafficking; corruption; endemic and pandemic health problems; poverty; oil bunkering; poaching of fisheries; lack of infrastructure; economic underdevelopment; and lack of state capacity. It is therefore believed that a new strategic landscape will mold the future of military work. Reconstruction and stabilization missions will involve an array of noncombat elements, from building and bolstering security institutions for watching over development projects, to humanitarian aid delivery, to disease management."

  National Defense University Press

  Rosen, Frederik

  2010-12
• Battle-Wise: Gaining Advantage in Networked Warfare

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  "From fighting terrorists to stabilizing a war-torn country to waging all-out combat, military campaigns are increasingly shaped by networks that enable dispersed and disparate forces to collaborate by sharing data. Along with the high-precision sensors and weapons they connect, networks are turning information power into military power. Defense investment priorities are shifting from mechanized platforms and weapons to the information collectors, processors, links and services that compose these networks. With its unmatched defense resources and technological talents, the United States has pioneered networked warfare. But the United States will have company--not all of it friendly. For example, China and Al Qaeda, using very different doctrines, are showing interest in tapping the power of information. Indeed, Al Qaeda and its franchised affiliates are displaying cunning and resourcefulness in putting this power to work with virtually no investment."

  National Defense University

  Lachow, Irving; Gompert, David C.; Perkins, Justin

  2005-01
• Untying Our Hands: Reconsidering Cyber as a Separate Instrument of National Power

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  From the thesis abstract: "Current cyber thought reflects a heavy military influence in the prevailing discussion of cyber war and cyber warfare. While acknowledging the military roots of the development of cyber and recognizing that developing cyber capabilities via military mechanisms offered initial advantages, the continued global expansion of and reliance upon digitized societies calls for an objective, unconstrained analysis and consideration of cyber independent of the military lens to promote comprehensive understanding of cyber power and afford the widest possible range of options to strategic decision makers. This thesis seeks to reframe the strategic discussion of U.S. cyber power. Specifically, this thesis proposes a new strategic approach to cyber by considering it as an instrument of national power separate and independent from the military instrument. This new strategic approach to cyber has conceptual, legal, and organizational implications. Conceptually, the argument for cyber builds on similar previous arguments for expanding the instruments of national power to include such national capabilities as law enforcement, financial, and intelligence. Legally, this approach requires the U.S. to change its position equating cyber aggression with armed attacks. Organizationally, this approach calls for the creation of a single, civilian-led cyber agency that combines and consolidates the cyber functions of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and some of the cyber capabilities resident within the Department of Defense. This thesis concludes that a new strategic approach to cyber would provide a wider range of strategic cyber options, including expanded cyber defense of civilian government infrastructure and more freedom of action for offensive cyber activity by avoiding limitations commensurate with the application of military force."

  National Defense University

  Priechenfried, Carl

  2017-03-31
• Department of Defense and Federal Emergency Management Agency Interface During Mobilization

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  "This paper investigates the existing and proposed interfaces between the Department of Defense and the Federal Emergency Management Agency during peacetime and periods of mobilization. Areas addressed include working relationships, transition plans, emergency authorities, prototype crisis and resource mobilization management structures and existing mobilization/preparedness documentation."

  National Defense University

  Eveland, G. Bruce; Howe, Michael B.; Sandwina, Ronald H.

  1983-04
• MRAPs, Irregular Warfare, and Pentagon Reform

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  "Mine resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicles offer an excellent case study for investigating the current debate over the Pentagon's approach to developing and fielding irregular warfare capabilities. MRAPs first gained prominence for their ability to protect U.S. forces from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and because the Pentagon did not deploy them en masse to Iraq until almost 5 years of fighting had passed. More recently, following extraordinary efforts to field more than 10,000 MRAPs quickly, the program has been criticized as wasteful and unnecessary. [...]. The controversial MRAPs raise two questions. First, does the MRAP experience support Secretary Gates' contention that the Pentagon is not sufficiently able to field irregular warfare capabilities? To resolve this issue, we have to determine whether MRAPs actually are a valid irregular warfare requirement, and if so, whether the Pentagon should have been better prepared to provide the kind of force protection armored vehicles like the MRAP provides. Second, what factors best explain the MRAP failure, whether that failure is determined to be the delayed fielding of MRAPs or the fact that they were fielded at all? More specifically, is the acquisition system to blame, as is commonly supposed? We conclude that MRAPs are a valid irregular warfare requirement and that the Pentagon should have been better prepared to field them, albeit not on the scale demanded by events in Iraq."

  National Defense University Press

  Schmidt, Matthew J.; Fitzsimmons, Berit G.

  2009-06
• Controlling Chaos: New Axial Strategic Principles

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  "This chapter's thesis is simply stated: Globalization is not only creating opportunities but also dangers if worrisome trends are not handled wisely. Whereas the great drama of the 20th century was democracy's struggle against totalitarianism, the defining issue of the early 21st century will be whether the democratic community can control chaotic strategic affairs in the vast, troubled regions outside its borders, which are not being made permanently peaceful by globalization. Although the democratic community is making progress within its borders, it will face the challenge of fostering greater strategic stability at key places outside them, not only to protect its own interests and values but also to help progress take hold there. This challenge of suppressing new-era dangers while promoting healthy trends will especially fall on the United States. As superpower leader of the democratic community, it will need to blend its security and economic policies together and to use its military power wisely, as well as to mobilize help from its allies and partners. These tasks do not promise to be easy. Performing them effectively could play a major role in determining whether the future produces growing tranquility, or instead goes up in smoke. The bottom line is that while globalization and other unfolding dynamics have the potential to elevate much of the world onto a higher plane of peace and prosperity, they also have the capacity to tear it apart in ways that produce a dark future. The challenge is to ensure that the former unfolds, not the latter."

  National Defense University

  2002
• National Security Policy Process: The National Security Council and Interagency System [Annual Update: November 24, 2008]

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  "This paper provides an annually updated report describing the national security decision-making process of the U.S. government. Although decisions affecting our security have been made since the nation's birth, the foundations of the current system were laid immediately following World War II. This paper briefly summarizes how the process has evolved since its creation under President Truman. It describes the current NSC organizational structure and processes, and defines the roles of the key departments and agencies, including that of the National Security Council staff. Readers should keep in mind that the processes described in this paper reflect, in general, the operation of the national security interagency system. However, at times, individuals and circumstances will produce idiosyncratic ways of doing business. Finally, the paper comments upon how the interagency process is incorporating new organizational structures associated with homeland defense and homeland security."

  National Defense University

  Whittaker, Alan G.; Smith, Frederick C.; McKune, Elizabeth

  2008-11-24
• Interagency Management of Complex Crisis Operations Handbook

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  "This handbook is intended to institutionalize the mechanisms for managing complex crises. While the following chapters focus mainly on interagency cooperation for complex foreign crises, these mechanisms may also be applied toward enhancing interagency efforts during domestic emergencies. These procedures were derived from After Action Review from past United States (U.S.) participation in complex foreign crises and subsequent improvements made in the interagency planning process. The handbook provides a guide for those in the interagency community who are or will be involved in planning such operations. There are five chapters in this handbook, followed by a series of appendices. Chapter 1 briefly discusses the historical background of the interagency coordination initiative and provides and introduction into the current system. Chapter 2 outlines the integrated interagency planning process that should take place in preparation for U.S. involvement in a complex crisis. Chapter 3 discusses the tools available to assist interagency planning for U.S. intervention, and Chapter 4 reviews strategic-level lessons derived from past operations. Chapter 5 concludes by highlighting the critical process of institutionalizing the process."

  National Defense University

  2003-01
• Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction: Looking Back, Looking Ahead

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  "Nearly 20 years have passed since the United States began worrying in earnest about the risks of regional weapons of mass destruction (WMD) proliferation. Never have weapons so seldom used commanded such attention for so long. It is one of the more notable continuities across the post-Cold War administrations. Countering WMD: Looking Back, Looking Ahead, the seventh Occasional Paper of the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, examines the evolution of U.S. perceptions of the WMD threat and major responses to that threat from the Clinton administration to the first few months of the Obama administration. It also considers why our worst fears for WMD use and proliferation have not been realized and anticipates some of the major WMD challenges that lie ahead."

  National Defense University Press

  Carus, W. Seth; Caves, John P.; Bernstein, Paul I.

  2009-10
• Issues at a Glance

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  This webpage receives frequent updates. "Issues at a Glance is an alert service produced by the National Defense University Library. Our goal is to provide MERLN users with a snapshot view of critical defense and foreign policy topics from around the globe. Each Issue at a Glance provides a brief description of the issue as they unfold, with links to background information and U.S. policy responses."

  National Defense University
• MERLN: Military Education Research Library Network [website]

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  "MERLN (the Military Education Research Library Network) is a comprehensive website devoted to international military education outreach. It represents a consortium of military education research libraries that work together to provide access to a variety of unique electronic resources for the use of researchers and scholars. MERLN's extensive electronic resources include the following: (1) Military Policy Awareness Links (MiPALs), which provide access to current U.S. Government policy statements on selected key topics, accompanied by additional resources that analyze the topic; (2) Digital collections of full-text papers, lectures, and legislation; (3) Links to worldwide military library catalogs; (4) Links to military journals and publications; and (5) Access (password controlled) to full text ejournals and reference tools."

  National Defense University
• H1N1 and Pandemic Influenza

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  The National Defense University (NDU) has compiled a near-comprehensive list of helpful flu-related resources. "While the true severity and impact of the H1N1 outbreak remains to be seen, it gives rise to questions about just how prepared the nations of the world are to respond to a serious pandemic, and the economic impact such a pandemic could have on the global economy." The web page lists resources that "track the status and severity of the H1N1 pandemic; outline the response of the U.S. Government not only to this pandemic but to pandemic infectious disease and other major health-related threats; assess its macroeconomic impact; evaluate preparation and response plans in the U.S. and abroad; and examine the national security and strategic implications of global health and pandemic disease."

  National Defense University
• Weapons Systems Introduced Since Desert Storm (1991) and their Current Availability

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  Since Operation Desert Storm, operational concepts, tactics, and technology have drastically changed. Precision weapons and just-in-time military management are not the rule rather than the exception. The recent Iraqi conflict in 2003 has seen many of the innovated and adapted systems from 1991 reintroduced and deployed, and their improvements thoroughly measured and estimated. This report outlines many of the specific weapons under this category, and issues prospects for their future use.

  National Defense University

  2003
• Effects of Directed Energy Weapons

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  Effects of Directed Energy Weapons is an encyclopedic treatment of how Directed Energy Weapons work, how the energy of these weapons is propagated to the target, and how the weapon/beam-target interaction creates effects (damage) in the target. This is a technical exposition, written at the undergraduate physics and engineering level that could serve either as a text book or as a reference text for technical practitioners. The text addresses Kinetic Energy Weapons in addition to Lasers, Microwaves and Particle Beams.

  National Defense University

  Nielsen, Philip E.

  1994
• Non-Lethal Weapons - January 2002

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  The National Defense University offers bibliographies published by the Joint Forces Staff College Library. It covers non-lethal weapons and includes books, documents, and periodicals.

  National Defense University

  2002-01
• Death on the Border: A Case Study in Process and Policy

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  "A study of the players involved in the killing of Ezequiel Hernandez Jr. near Redford, Texas and the roles they played in the process is valuable for anyone who would participate in the development of national security policy. The potential for an improved policy for military support to domestic counter drug activities is greater now that the issue is off the skyline. For that improvement to be realized, the problems exposed by the Redford shooting need to be addressed. It seems reasonable that military personnel involved in these activities should continue to be subject to the UCMJ, but should not be Subject to criminal or civil prosecution by the States. The services must understand that no other agency or organization are as Interested or have as much at stake in this aspect of the policy. Military personnel must be protected from criminal prosecution by the states while they are in the performance of their duties. If this Issue cannot be resolved, the days of military support to domestic law enforcement agencies are numbered."

  National Defense University

  Lukeman, James W.

  1998-12-14
• Illicit Drugs a Cause for Concern

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  "This research paper examines illegal drug trafficking and drug abuse activities that are prevalent in this country with special emphasis on the problems that their use creates for America. It covers the early years when narcotics began appearing with increased frequency in this country. It identifies the basic efforts utilized in combating drug activity, and it addresses why individuals subject themselves to possible jail sentences by becoming involved in illegal narcotic trafficking. The paper also reviews short and long term problems from the enormous profits of illegal drug sales. Finally, the paper considers if change in the drug enforcement system is necessary."

  National Defense University

  Webster, Ernest R.

  1985-03
• National Crisis Management and Technology

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  "Research relevant to the forecasting of intranational and international security crises has proceeded in four significant areas. First, basic research regarding the sources and decision-making process of crises has proliferated since the early sixties. Second, interdisciplinary research regarding the development and use of quantitative variables and indicators has also progressed rapidly in the last decade. Third, during this same period, the art of forecasting has convincingly evolved into a credible science; and finally, the development of computerized techniques for the storage, retrieval, processing, and display of data has dramatically improved. However, there have been very few attempts to integrate these areas into a coherent concept which would allow the development, test, and implementation of a national crisis warning and management system."

  National Defense University

  Austin, Charles L.

  1989
• Legal Use of Military Force to Counter Terrorism: A Primer for Decision-makers and Legal Advisors on International Criminal Law Enforcement

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  "This paper examines the reluctance of nation-states and particularly the United States to use military force to counter terrorism. It examines the philosophic underpinnings of the nation-state system and the rules of international law concerned with world order and finds them adequate though lacking in utility for justifying use of the military option in counterterrorism. It then suggests that nation-states have developed a state practice of international criminal law enforcement with rules that permit use of military forces to apprehend, bring to trial, and punish terrorists regardless of territorial boundaries. The paper concludes with recommendations to decision-makers on steps to take now so that future use of military force is appropriate and lawful, meeting all preconditions for use of force required by either world order or international criminal law enforcement rules."

  National Defense University

  Corrigan, Dennis M.

  1986-02
• National Drug Policy: Fact or Fiction

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  "This report discusses the threat that illegal narcotics poses to domestic and international policy of the United States. Illegal narcotics has grown to be a one hundred billion dollar problem now affecting United States national security interests and the conduct of foreign policy. This paper also reviews the Federal effort to address the problem and draws the conclusion that the present effort is fragmented indicating a lack of established national policy goals and objectives. Without national objectives it is extremely difficult to develop effective programs and measure their success. Recommendations are made for national drug policy, goals and objectives."

  National Defense University

  Zadareky, Joseph T.

  1986-02
• Information Strategy for Terrorist Incidents

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  "Remarks discussing current trends in overseas terrorist activities involving U.S. interests introduce a description and analysis of the existing U.S. organizational structure intended to deal with terrorist incidents. Current U.S. strategies for responding to terrorist incidents are also described and analyzed. Weaknesses in the response organization are identified. Changes to both the organizational structure and U.S. strategies for dealing with overseas terrorist incidents involving U.S. interests are suggested."

  National Defense University

  Taylor, Larry R.; Schidtman, John G.

  1984-03
• Intelligence Community Reorganization of 1992

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  "The end of the cold war and the federal deficit (national interest) led Congress to propose legislation in 1992 to reorganize the Intelligence Community. Senate and House bills laid out almost identical legislation designed to reduce duplication of effort and improve the quality of intelligence. (value maximizing). If approved, bureaucratic control of the Intelligence Community, including all budgetary control, would have been centralized under a newly created Director of National Intelligence. It was taken as a given, that the defense budget and with it the intelligence budget had to be reduced if the United States was to attain the goal of a balanced budget. All of this is consistent with what Graham Allison calls the 'Model I Rational Policy' concept of 'The Government' as a rational unitary decision maker, with one set of specified goals and one set of perceived options. I However, a closer examination of the details of the legislative process reveals what Allison calls the 'Model II Organizational Process'. The original legislation died, but 'The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993', which became law, is the result of classic Model II activity. The details of this decision making process in which the Director of Central Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense are able to retain all of the power intended for the new Director of National Intelligence form the core of this paper. Figure 1 provides a brief legislative history of the reorganization."

  National Defense University

  Lemon, Jean

  1994
• Ineffective and Unchanging Drug Strategy

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  "President Bush announced his National Drug Control Strategy on September 5, 1989. It emphasized a multinational and multi-agency approach to attack both the supply and demand aspects of illegal drug use in the United States. On September 18, 1989, Secretary of Defense (SecDef) Cheney issued implementing counterdrug strategy for the Department of Defense (DoD). He determined that a principal foreign policy objective is the reduction, and if possible, elimination of the flow of illegal narcotic substances into the US. Based upon this finding, in combination with DoD's statutory responsibilities to support law enforcement agencies, he identified the countering of the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs as a high priority national security mission."

  National Defense University

  1993