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Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources [April 8, 2011]
"When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority, they experience a 'funding gap.' Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. § 1341 et seq.), they must cease operations, except in certain circumstances. When there is a funding gap that affects many federal entities, the situation is often referred to as a government shutdown. In the past, there have occasionally been government shutdowns, the longest of which lasted 21 days, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. This report provides an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to several past government shutdowns. The report also includes links to full-text documents when available. There is limited information and guidance related to shutdowns, and it is difficult to predict what might happen in the event of one, but information about past events may help inform future deliberations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Nagel, Jared C.
2011-04-08
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Votes on Measures to Adjust the Statutory Debt Limit, 1978 to Present [May 10, 2011]
"Almost all borrowing by the federal government is conducted by the Treasury Department, within the restrictions established by a single, statutory limit (ceiling) on the total amount of debt that may be outstanding at any time. By law, the Treasury cannot exceed federal debt limits, so the Treasury periodically has had to ask Congress to enact new debt limits so it can fulfill its financial commitments. Since 1978, the statutory federal debt limit has been changed 51 times by Congress through the enactment of legislation adjusting the federal debt limit, either as stand-alone legislation or as part of legislation dealing with other matters. This report provides roll call vote data identified by the Congressional Research Service for measures to adjust the statutory debt limit."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2011-05-10
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Disaster Relief Funding and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations [April 12, 2011]
From the Document: "When a state is overwhelmed by an emergency or disaster, the governor may request assistance from the federal government. Federal assistance is contingent on whether the President issues an emergency or major disaster declaration. Once the declaration has been issued the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provides disaster relief through the use of the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF), which is the source of funding for the Robert T. Stafford Emergency Relief and Disaster Assistance Act response and recovery programs. Congress appropriates money to the DRF to ensure that funding for disaster relief is available to help individuals and communities stricken by emergencies and major disasters (in addition, Congress appropriates disaster funds to other accounts administered by other federal agencies pursuant to federal statutes that authorize specific types of disaster relief). The DRF is generally funded at a level that is sufficient for what are known as 'normal' disasters. [...] This report describes the various components of the DRF, including (1) what authorities have shaped it over the years; (2) how FEMA determines the amount of the appropriation requested to Congress (pertaining to the DRF); and (3) how emergency supplemental appropriations are requested. In addition to the DRF, information is provided on funds appropriated in supplemental appropriations legislation to agencies other than the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Aspects of debate concerning how disaster relief is budgeted are also highlighted and examined, and alternative budgetary options are summarized."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Lindsay, Bruce R.
2011-04-12
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Foreign Holdings of Federal Debt [March 25, 2011]
"This report presents current data on estimated ownership of U.S. Treasury securities and major holders of federal debt by country. Federal debt represents the accumulated balance of borrowing by the federal government. To finance federal borrowing, U.S. Treasury securities are sold to investors. Treasury securities may be purchased directly from the Treasury or on the secondary market by individual private investors, financial institutions in the United States or overseas, and foreign, state, or local governments. Foreign investment in federal debt has grown in recent years, prompting questions on the location of the foreign holders and how much debt they hold."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc; Murray, Justin
2011-03-25
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Disaster Relief Funding and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations [January 26, 2010]
From the Document: "When a state is overwhelmed by an emergency or disaster, the governor may request assistance from the federal government. Federal assistance is contingent on whether the President issues an emergency or major disaster declaration. Once the declaration has been issued the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provides disaster relief through the use of the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF), which is the source of funding for the Robert T. Stafford Emergency Relief and Disaster Assistance Act response and recovery programs. Congress appropriates money to the DRF to ensure that funding for disaster relief is available to help individuals and communities stricken by emergencies and major disasters (in addition, Congress appropriates disaster funds to other accounts administered by other federal agencies pursuant to federal statutes that authorize specific types of disaster relief). The DRF is generally funded at a level that is sufficient for what are known as 'normal' disasters. These are incidents for which DRF outlays are less than $500 million dollars. When a large disaster occurs, funding for the DRF may be augmented through emergency supplemental appropriations. A supplemental appropriation generally provides additional budget authority during the current fiscal year to: (1) finance activities not provided for in the regular appropriation; or (2) provide funds when the regular appropriation is deemed insufficient."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Lindsay, Bruce R.
2010-01-26
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Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data [Updated October 31, 2008]
"This report provides summary information on emergency supplemental appropriations enacted after major disasters since 1989. During the 20-year span from FY1989 through the present, Congress appropriated almost $271 billion in constant 2008 dollars. Most of the appropriations were preceded by a presidential request for supplemental funding. In 2008 a number of major natural disasters took place including Hurricanes Ike and Gustav, the California wildfires, and the Midwest floods. To date however, the most costly disasters occurred in the summer of 2005 when Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma made landfall in Gulf Coast states. […] Prior to FY2005 and the hurricanes, only the terrorist attacks of 2001 led to supplemental appropriations legislation that exceeded $20 billion. Congress appropriated a total of more than $26 billion for disaster assistance in response to the attacks. […] At times, the supplementals enacted by Congress have included only disaster funding. The supplementals enacted after Hurricane Hugo and the Loma Prieta earthquake, in addition to the first two enacted after Hurricane Katrina, serve as examples. On other occasions, however, disaster funding has been part of larger pieces of legislation that appropriated funds for purposes other than disaster assistance. The most recent supplemental disaster assistance appropriation occurred on September 30, 2008 when the President signed into law H.R. 2638, the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009. The statute, P.L.110-329, provides $21.3 billion in emergency supplemental appropriations for relief and recovery from hurricanes, floods, and other natural disasters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Lindsay, Bruce R.
2008-10-31
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Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data [Updated August 14, 2008]
"This report provides summary information on emergency supplemental appropriations enacted after major disasters since 19891. During the 20-year span from FY1989 through the present, Congress appropriated almost $250 billion in constant 2008 dollars. Most of the appropriations were preceded by a presidential request for supplemental funding. The most recent and costly disasters occurred in the summer of 2005 when Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma made landfall in Gulf Coast states. Since Hurricane Katrina struck in August of 2005, more than $130 billion has been appropriated for supplemental disaster funding, most of it needed for the recovery from the 2005 hurricanes. Portions of the appropriations were offset by rescinding more than $34 billion in previously appropriated funds, explained in the section titled 'Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma.' Prior to FY2005 and the hurricanes, only the terrorist attacks of 2001 led to supplemental appropriations legislation that exceeded $20 billion. Congress appropriated a total of more than $26 billion for disaster assistance in response to the attacks. […] On other occasions, however, disaster funding has been part of larger pieces of legislation that appropriated funds for purposes other than disaster assistance. The most recent supplemental disaster assistance appropriation occurred on June 30, 2008 when the President signed into law H.R. 2642, the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008. The statute, P.L.110-252, provides $7 billion in disaster related funding, most of which has been appropriated for disaster relief associated with the 2005 hurricane season."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Lindsay, Bruce R.
2008-08-14
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FY2004 Budget: A Chronology and Resource Guide with Internet Access [July 3, 2003]
"This report provides a select chronology and resource guide concerning congressional and presidential actions and documents pertaining to budget for FY2004, which runs from October 1, 2003 through September 30, 2004. The budget actions and documents referenced in this report relate to the President's FY2004 budget submission, the FY2004 Congressional Budget Resolution (H. Con. Res 95), reconciliation legislation, debt-limit legislation, and FY2004 appropriation measures. Examples of Internet connections to full-text material include CRS products on the budget process, reconciliation, and each of the 13 appropriations bills, as well as Congressional Budget Office (CBO) publications including the Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004-2013, and General Accounting Office (GAO) reports such as Federal Debt: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. This report is available on the 'Appropriations/Budget for FY2003 and FY2004' page at [http://www.crs.gov/products/appropriations/apppage.shtml] on the CRS Web site. Other Internet links provide data tables and charts on the budget and debt, selected congressional testimony, bills, reports, and public laws for FY1999 through FY2004 appropriations measures. If Internet access is not available, addresses and phone numbers are listed for congressional committees and executive branch agencies mentioned in this report, and the sources of other publications are given. This chronology will be updated as relevant events occur."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2003-07-03
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Congressional Responses to Selected Work Stoppages in Professional Sports [August 11, 2011]
"Prior to the 2011 National Football League (NFL) lockout, developments in professional football's labor-management relations had prompted questions regarding how, when, and in what manner a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) might be drafted. Interest in this matter included, on the part of some observers, questions about how Congress responded to previous work stoppages in professional sports. In attempting to address this particular question, this report examines congressional responses to the 1982 and 1987 work stoppages in the NFL. With the conclusion of the 2011 NFL lockout in July, this work stoppage is also included. Additionally, this report examines the 1994 Major League Baseball strike, which is useful considering the extent of congressional activity surrounding this strike. Compared to the 1994 baseball strike, the 1982 and 1987 football strikes and the 2011 lockout did not garner much attention from Congress in terms of legislative measures and hearings. Three legislative measures were introduced in response to the 1982 strike; one each was introduced in response to the 1987 strike and the 2011 lockout. Members introduced or offered 22 legislative measures and held five hearings that were related to the baseball strike. […] Disagreeing that congressional intervention was warranted, other Members offered several reasons why Congress ought not to intervene. For example, one Member suggested that repealing baseball's antitrust exemption would alter the balance of power in professional baseball. Other Members believed that more pressing matters deserved Congress's attention. At least one Member suggested that a particular bill, if enacted, would have the effect of favoring the players over the owners."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Halchin, L. Elaine; Murray, Justin; Shimabukuro, Jon O.
2011-08-11
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Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data [Updated January 8, 2008]
"This report provides summary information on emergency supplemental appropriations enacted after major disasters since 1989. During the 20-year span from FY1989 through the present, Congress appropriated more than $213 billion for disaster assistance. Most of the appropriations were preceded by a presidential request for supplemental funding. Some appropriations have been offset by rescissions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2008-01-08
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Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data [May 21, 2008]
"This report provides summary information on emergency supplemental appropriations enacted after major disasters since 1989. During the 20-year span from FY1989 through the present, Congress appropriated more than $213 billion for disaster assistance (almost $243 billion in constant 2008 dollars). Most of the appropriations were preceded by a presidential request for supplemental funding. Some appropriations have been offset by rescissions. The most recent and costly disasters occurred in the summer of 2005 when Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma made landfall in Gulf Coast states. Since Hurricane Katrina struck in August of 2005, as of the end of calendar year 2007, more than $123 billion has been appropriated for supplemental disaster funding, most of it needed for the recovery from the 2005 hurricanes. Portions of the appropriations were offset by rescinding more than $34 billion in previously appropriated funds, explained in the section titled 'Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma.' […] On other occasions, however, disaster funding has been part of larger pieces of legislation that appropriated funds for purposes other than disaster assistance. In the latter category of statutes, disaster funding ranges from less than 1% (wildfires and Hurricane Isabel, FY2004) to almost 90% of the total appropriations (Oklahoma City bombing of 2005). The most recent congressional action providing supplemental disaster assistance occurred on November 13, 2007, when the President signed into law P.L. 110-116, the FY2008 Department of Defense Appropriations Act. Division B of the conference report (H.Rept. 110-434) contains supplemental appropriations providing a total of $6.355 billion in disaster related funding. This report will be updated as events warrant to reflect any additional supplemental disaster assistance appropriations enacted into public law in the 110th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Bea, Keith
2008-05-21
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Foreign Holdings of Federal Debt [March 12, 2008]
"This report presents current data on estimated ownership of United States Treasury securities and major holders of federal debt by country. Federal debt represents the accumulated balance of borrowing by the federal government. To finance federal borrowing, United States Treasury securities are sold to investors. Treasury securities may be purchased directly from the Treasury or on the secondary market by individual private investors, financial institutions in the United States or overseas, and foreign, state, or local governments. Foreign investment in federal debt has grown in recent years, prompting questions on the location of the foreign holders and how much debt they hold."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Labonte, Marc
2008-03-12
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Congressional Responses to Selected Work Stoppages in Professional Sports [September 17, 2012]
"Prior to the 2011 National Football League (NFL) lockout, developments in professional football's labor-management relations had prompted questions regarding how, when, and in what manner a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) might be drafted. Interest in this matter included, on the part of some observers, questions about how Congress responded to previous work stoppages in professional sports. In attempting to address this particular question, this report examines congressional responses to the 1982 and 1987 work stoppages in the NFL. With the conclusion of the 2011 NFL lockout in July, this work stoppage is also included. Additionally, this report examines the 1994 Major League Baseball strike, which is useful considering the extent of congressional activity surrounding this strike."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Halchin, L. Elaine; Murray, Justin; Shimabukuro, Jon O.
2012-09-17
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Congressional Budget Resolutions: Historical Information [April 4, 2011]
"The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344, as amended; 2 U.S.C. 601- 688) provides for the annual adoption of a concurrent resolution on the budget. The congressional budget resolution is an agreement between the House and Senate on a budget plan for the upcoming fiscal year and at least the following four fiscal years. As a concurrent resolution, it is not presented to the President for his signature and thus does not become law. The budget resolution, however, provides Congress a framework for subsequent legislative action on budget matters during each congressional session. [...] During the past 36 years, the House has considered and adopted fewer amendments to the budget resolution than the Senate. The House has considered, on average, seven amendments per budget resolution. For more than two decades, the House has considered the budget resolutions under special rules that generally have made in order only amendments in the nature of a substitute. In all but one year, the House has rejected all such amendments. In contrast, the Senate has considered, on average, over 46 amendments per budget resolution, adopting, on average, over 26 of these. The congressional budget timetable sets April 15 as a target date for completing action on the annual budget resolution (prior to 1986, the date was May 15). During the past 36 years, when Congress has completed action on a budget resolution, Congress adopted the budget resolution by the target date only six times, most recently in 2003 with the FY2004 budget resolution. Budget resolutions have been adopted, on average, almost 37 days after the target date."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Heniff, Bill
2011-04-04
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FY2012 Budget Documents: Internet and GPO Availability [March 22, 2011]
"Every year, the President submits a series of volumes to Congress containing the President's proposed budget for the coming fiscal year. The proposal is due by the first Monday in February, but the FY2012 Budget materials were submitted on Monday, February 14, 2012. Since the federal government was operating under a FY2011 continuing resolution at the time the budget materials were submitted, full-year FY2011 enacted appropriations data are not available in the budget documents. Neither the Congressional Research Service (CRS) nor the Library of Congress (LOC) can provide copies of budget documents. This report provides brief descriptions of the budget volumes and related documents, together with Internet addresses, Government Printing Office (GPO) stock numbers, and prices for obtaining these publications. It also explains how to find the locations of government depository libraries, which can provide both printed copies for reference use and Internet access to the online versions. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2011-03-22
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Congressional Budget Resolutions: Historical Information [January 29, 2010]
"The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344, as amended; 2 U.S.C. 601- 688) provides for the annual adoption of a concurrent resolution on the budget. The congressional budget resolution is an agreement between the House and Senate on a budget plan for the upcoming fiscal year and at least the following four fiscal years. As a concurrent resolution, it is not presented to the President for his signature and thus does not become law. The budget resolution, however, provides Congress a framework for subsequent legislative action on budget matters during each congressional session. [...] During the past 35 years, the House has considered and adopted fewer amendments to the budget resolution than the Senate. The House has considered, on average, seven amendments per budget resolution. For more than two decades, the House has considered the budget resolutions under special rules that generally have made in order only amendments in the nature of a substitute. In all but one year, the House has rejected all such amendments. In contrast, the Senate has considered, on average, over 46 amendments per budget resolution, adopting, on average, over 26 of these. The congressional budget timetable sets April 15 as a target date for completing action on the annual budget resolution (prior to 1986, the date was May 15). During the past 35 years, Congress has completed action on the budget resolution by the date set forth in the timetable only six times, most recently in 2003 with the FY2004 budget resolution. Budget resolutions have been adopted, on average, almost 37 days after the target date."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heniff, Bill; Murray, Justin
2010-01-29
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Votes on Measures to Adjust the Statutory Debt Limit, 1978 to Present [February 15, 2013]
"Almost all borrowing by the federal government is conducted by the Treasury Department, within the restrictions established by a single, statutory limit (ceiling) on the total amount of debt that may be outstanding at any time. By law, the Treasury cannot exceed federal debt limits, so the Treasury periodically has had to ask Congress to enact new debt limits so it can fulfill its financial commitments. Since 1978, the statutory federal debt limit has been changed 53 times by Congress through the enactment of legislation adjusting the federal debt limit, either as stand-alone legislation or as part of legislation dealing with other matters. This report provides roll call vote data identified by the Congressional Research Service for measures to adjust the statutory debt limit. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2013-02-15
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Votes on Measures to Adjust the Statutory Debt Limit, 1978 to Present [August 9, 2011]
"Almost all borrowing by the federal government is conducted by the Treasury Department, within the restrictions established by a single, statutory limit (ceiling) on the total amount of debt that may be outstanding at any time. By law, the Treasury cannot exceed federal debt limits, so the Treasury periodically has had to ask Congress to enact new debt limits so it can fulfill its financial commitments. Since 1978, the statutory federal debt limit has been changed 52 times by Congress through the enactment of legislation adjusting the federal debt limit, either as stand-alone legislation or as part of legislation dealing with other matters. This report provides roll call vote data identified by the Congressional Research Service for measures to adjust the statutory debt limit. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2011-08-09
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Votes on Measures to Adjust the Statutory Debt Limit, 1978 to Present [February 1, 2012]
"Almost all borrowing by the federal government is conducted by the Treasury Department, within the restrictions established by a single, statutory limit (ceiling) on the total amount of debt that may be outstanding at any time. By law, the Treasury cannot exceed federal debt limits, so the Treasury periodically has had to ask Congress to enact new debt limits so it can fulfill its financial commitments. Since 1978, the statutory federal debt limit has been changed 52 times by Congress through the enactment of legislation adjusting the federal debt limit, either as stand-alone legislation or as part of legislation dealing with other matters. This report provides roll call vote data identified by the Congressional Research Service for measures to adjust the statutory debt limit. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2012-02-01
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Congressional Budget Resolutions: Historical Information [March 13, 2012]
"This report provides current and historical information on the budget resolution. It provides a list of the budget resolutions adopted and rejected by Congress since implementation of the Budget Act, including the U.S. Statutes-at-Large citations and committee report numbers, and describes their formulation and content. The report provides a table of selected optional components, a list of the budget reconciliation measures developed pursuant to directives contained in budget resolutions, and information on the number of years covered by budget resolutions. It also provides information on the consideration and adoption of budget resolutions, including an
identification of the House special rules that provided for consideration of budget resolutions; the amendments in the nature of a substitute to the budget resolution considered in the House; the number and disposition of House and Senate amendments to budget resolutions; and dates of House and Senate action on budget resolutions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heniff, Bill; Murray, Justin
2012-03-13
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Selected Agency Budget Justifications for FY2013 [March 30, 2012]
"This report provides a convenient listing of online FY2013 agency budget justification
submissions for all 15 executive branch departments and 9 selected independent agencies. In most cases, budget justifications contain more detailed descriptions of proposals and programs than are provided in the President's budget submissions. This report will be updated to reflect the current budget justification submissions for the forthcoming fiscal year."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2012-03-30
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Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data, FY1989 to FY2007 [Updated July 31, 2007]
"The most recent and costly disaster occurred in the summer of 2005 when Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma made landfall in Gulf Coast states. To date, Congress has appropriated more than $117 billion in five supplementals, largely in response to those hurricanes. Portions f the appropriations were offset by rescinding over $34 billion in previously appropriated funds, explained in the section titled Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma." President Bush submitted a request to Congress for FY2007 supplemental funding along with the FY2008 budget request. The majority of the supplemental funds enacted on May 25, 2007, in P.L. 110-28 are for the military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The enacted legislation include $6.9 billion for Gulf Coast recovery costs associated with Hurricane Katrina."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bea, Keith; Murray, Justin
2007-07-31
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Foreign Holdings of Federal Debt [July 3, 2012]
"This report presents current data on estimated ownership of U.S. Treasury securities and major holders of federal debt by country. Federal debt represents the accumulated balance of borrowing by the federal government. To finance federal borrowing, U.S. Treasury securities are sold to investors. Treasury securities may be purchased directly from the Treasury or on the secondary market by individual private investors, financial institutions in the United States or overseas, and foreign, state, or local governments. Foreign investment in federal debt has grown in recent years, prompting questions on the location of the foreign holders and how much debt they hold. This report will be updated annually or as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin; Labonte, Marc
2012-07-03
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CRS Resources on the FY2014 Funding Gap, Shutdown, and Status of Appropriations [May 12, 2014]
From the Document: "When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority, they experience a 'funding gap' (sometimes referred to as funding lapses). Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. §1341 et seq.), they must cease operations, except in certain circumstances. When there is a funding gap that affects many federal entities, the situation is often referred to as a government shutdown. This report provides an annotated list of Congressional Research Service (CRS) resources and analyses relevant to [1] the funding gap that commenced on October 1, 2013, and terminated on October 17, 2013, with the enactment of P.L. 113-46, a continuing appropriations measure providing appropriations through January 15, 2014; [2] historical funding gaps; and [3] continuing appropriations measures. On the subject of government shutdowns, congressional staff who wish to contact CRS experts should refer to CRS Report R41723, 'Funding Gaps and Government Shutdowns: CRS Experts.' Status information on pending regular appropriations and continuing appropriations measures and links to related CRS analytical products is available via the FY2014 CRS Status Table of Appropriations at http://www.crs.gov/Pages/AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx. Information on FY2014 Continuing Resolution measures is available by clicking on the 'Continuing Resolutions' tab in the table."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2014-05-12
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Selected Agency Budget Justifications for FY2015 [April 18, 2014]
"This report provides a convenient listing of online FY2015 agency budget justification submissions for all 15 executive branch departments and 9 selected independent agencies. In most cases, budget justifications contain more detailed descriptions of the proposals and programs that are provided in the President's budget submissions. This report will be updated to reflect the current budget justifications submissions for the forthcoming fiscal year."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2014-04-18
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Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Assistance: Summary Data and Analysis [October 1, 2014]
"The federal government has provided a significant amount of money through supplemental appropriations to state, local, and tribal governments to help them repair, rebuild, and recover from catastrophic incidents. For example, Congress provided roughly $120 billion for the 2005 and 2008 Gulf Coast hurricane seasons and $50 billion for Hurricane Sandy recovery. Congressional interest in disaster assistance has always been high given the associated costs. Additional issues associated with disaster assistance have been contentious. These issues include: (1) increasing disagreements over the appropriate role of the federal government in providing assistance including whether some of the federal burden for disaster assistance should be shifted to states and localities; (2) the appropriate use of supplemental appropriations to pay for disaster relief; (3) reducing federal costs by eliminating unrelated spending in disaster funding bills; (4) creating alternative funding methods such as a rainy-day fund or a contingency fund; (5) the use of offsets for disaster assistance; (6) altering policies that would limit the number of declarations issued each year; and (7) converting some or all disaster assistance to disaster loans. This report provides summary information on supplemental appropriations legislation enacted since FY2000 after significant large-scale disasters. It includes funds appropriated to various departments and agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lindsay, Bruce R.; Murray, Justin
2014-10-01
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Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources [November 17, 2014]
"When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority after the expiration of either full-year or interim appropriations, they experience a 'funding gap.' Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. [United States Code] §1341 et seq.), they must cease operations, except in certain circumstances when continued activities are authorized by law. When there is a funding gap that affects many federal entities, the situation is often referred to as a government shutdown. In the past, there have occasionally been funding gaps that led to government shutdowns, the longest of which lasted 21 full days, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. The most recent shutdown occurred at the beginning of FY2014. The shutdown began October 1, 2013, and lasted for a total of 16 full days. The relevant laws that govern shutdowns have remained relatively constant in recent decades. However, agencies and officials may exercise some discretion in how they interpret the laws, and circumstances that confront agencies and officials may differ over time. Consequently, it is difficult to predict what might happen in the event of some future shutdown. Still, information about past events may offer some insight into possible outcomes and help inform future deliberations. This report provides an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to several past government shutdowns. Sources for these documents and resources include the Congressional Research Service (CRS), Government Accountability Office (GAO), House and Senate Committees, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Office of Personnel Management (OPM), and Executive Office of the President. When possible, the report includes links to full text documents."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nagel, Jared C.; Murray, Justin
2014-11-17
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Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources [August 18, 2014]
"When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority after the expiration of either full-year or interim appropriations, they experience a 'funding gap.' Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. §1341 et seq.), they must cease operations, except in certain circumstances when continued activities are authorized by law. When there is a funding gap that affects many federal entities, the situation is often referred to as a government shutdown. In the past, there have occasionally been funding gaps that led to government shutdowns, the longest of which lasted 21 full days, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. The most recent shutdown occurred at the beginning of FY2014, starting on October 1, 2013, and lasted for a total of 16 full days. The relevant laws that govern shutdowns have remained relatively constant in recent decades. However, agencies and officials may exercise some discretion in how they interpret the laws, and circumstances that confront agencies and officials may differ over time. Consequently, it is difficult to predict what might happen in the event of some future shutdown. Still, information about past events may offer some insight into possible outcomes and help inform future deliberations. This report provides an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to several past government shutdowns. Sources for these documents and resources include the Congressional Research Service (CRS), Government Accountability Office (GAO), House and Senate Committees, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Office of Personnel Management (OPM), and Executive Office of the President. When possible, the report includes links to fulltext documents."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nagel, Jared C.; Murray, Justin
2014-08-18
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In Brief: CRS Resources on the FY2014 Funding Gap, Shutdown, and Status of Appropriations [October 23, 2013]
"When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority, they experience a 'funding gap' (sometimes referred to as funding lapses). Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. § 1341 et seq.), they must cease operations, except in certain circumstances. When there is a funding gap that affects many federal entities, the situation is often referred to as a government shutdown. This report provides an annotated list of Congressional Research Service (CRS) resources and analyses relevant to (1) the funding gap that commenced on October 1, 2013, and terminated on October 17, 2013, with the enactment of P.L. 113-46, a continuing appropriations measure providing appropriations through January 15, 2014; (2) historical funding gaps; and (3) continuing appropriations measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murray, Justin
2013-10-23
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Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources [November 25, 2013]
"When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority after the expiration of either full-year or interim appropriations, they experience a 'funding gap.' Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. § 1341 et seq.), they must cease operations, except in certain circumstances when continued activities are authorized by law. When there is a funding gap that affects many federal entities, the situation is often referred to as a government shutdown. In the past, there have occasionally been funding gaps that led to government shutdowns, the longest of which lasted 21 full days, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. The most recent shutdown occurred at the beginning of FY2014, starting on October 1, 2013, and lasted for a total of 16 full days. The relevant laws that govern shutdowns have remained relatively constant in recent decades. However, agencies and officials may exercise some discretion in how they interpret the laws, and circumstances that confront agencies and officials may differ over time. Consequently, it is difficult to predict what might happen in the event of some future shutdown. Still, information about past events may offer some insight into possible outcomes and help inform future deliberations. This report provides an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to several past government shutdowns. Sources for these documents and resources include the Congressional Research Service (CRS), Government Accountability Office (GAO), House and Senate Committees, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Office of Personnel Management (OPM), and Executive Office of the President. When possible, the report includes links to full-text documents."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nagel, Jared C.; Murray, Justin
2013-11-25
