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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [Updated April 21, 2005]
"Some in Congress are concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal
areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. This stems from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that
devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. The tsunami was caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia; and together, the earthquake and tsunami are estimated to have claimed as many as 300,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing multilateral efforts through the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to develop a
regional tsunami detection and warning network that would guard coastal populations around the Indian Ocean. Those efforts would coincide with the United States' goal of upgrading and expanding its tsunami detection and early warning network."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2005-04-21
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [Updated March 15, 2005]
"Recently, some in Congress have become concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. Those concerns stem from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. Caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, the tsunami disaster is estimated to have claimed as many as 300,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing a multilateral effort through the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to develop an international tsunami detection and warning network that would guard coastal populations in the greater region of the Indian Ocean. Those efforts would coincide with the United States' effort to upgrade and expand its tsunami detection and warning network."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2005-03-15
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [Updated February 18, 2005]
"Recently, some in Congress have become concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. Those concerns stem from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. Caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, the tsunami disaster is estimated to have claimed as many as 300,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing a multilateral effort through the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to develop an international tsunami detection and warning network that would guard coastal populations in the greater region of the Indian Ocean. Those efforts would coincide with the United States' effort to upgrade and expand its tsunami detection and warning network."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2005-02-18
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [Updated February 23, 2006]
"Some in Congress are concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. This stems from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. The tsunami was caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The earthquake and tsunami together are estimated to have claimed as many as 300,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing multilateral efforts through the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to develop a regional tsunami detection and warning network that would guard coastal populations around the Indian Ocean. Those efforts would coincide with the United States goal of upgrading and expanding its tsunami detection and early warning network."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2006-02-23
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [Updated June 1, 2005]
"Some in Congress are concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. This stems from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. The tsunami was caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The earthquake and tsunami together are estimated to have claimed as many as 300,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing multilateral efforts through the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to develop a regional tsunami detection and warning network that would guard coastal populations around the Indian Ocean. Those efforts would coincide with the United States goal of upgrading and expanding its tsunami detection and early warning network."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2005-06-01
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [Updated May 16, 2005]
"Some in Congress are concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. This stems from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. The tsunami was caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The earthquake and tsunami together are estimated to have claimed as many as 300,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing multilateral efforts through the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to develop a regional tsunami detection and warning network that would guard coastal populations around the Indian Ocean. Those efforts would coincide with the United States goal of upgrading and expanding its tsunami detection and early warning network."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2005-05-16
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [Updated December 12, 2006]
"Congress is concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis and the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas. This stems from a December 26, 2004 tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. Caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, the tsunami claimed an estimated 220,000 lives. In December 2005, President Bush's plan for expanding U.S. tsunami detection and early warning coverage was released. Nations affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami, assisted by other counties, are pursuing multilateral efforts to develop a regional tsunami detection and warning network for coastal populations around the Indian Ocean (IOTWS). The U.N. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO is leading that international effort. To leverage costs of the IOTWS, IOC members suggested "piggy backing" on existing distributive ocean observation and monitoring networks, data collection systems, marine buoys and tide gage networks, and global telecommunications systems, which may pose technical challenges in standardizing communications protocols and ensuring interoperability of systems. The Bush Administration and congressional supporters consider a fully deployed U.S. network an important component of a future global tsunami warning capability. Some developed countries bordering on the Indian Ocean currently operate tsunami warnings systems, but guarding their Pacific shores. Disaster management experts contend that a global tsunami early warning system capability is most useful in countries that have expansive regionally/locally based emergency management capabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2006-12-12
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Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems [January 24, 2005]
"Recently, some in Congress have become concerned about the possible vulnerability of U.S. coastal areas to tsunamis, and about the adequacy of early warning for coastal areas of the western Atlantic Ocean. Those concerns stem from the December 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated many coastal areas around the northern Indian Ocean, where few tsunami early warning systems currently operate. Caused by a strong underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, the tsunami disaster is estimated to have claimed at least 150,000 lives. Affected nations, assisted by others, are pursuing a multilateral effort to develop a detection and warning network for the Indian Ocean. Also, some Members of Congress and the Bush Administration have proposed a tsunami warning network for the U.S. Atlantic seaboard. Although instrumentation costs could run into the millions of dollars, existing weather buoys and state and local coastal and ocean observation networks might serve as possible platforms for the instrumentation. The European Union, Canada, and the United States may consider multilateral efforts to establish coverage for the North Atlantic. This report will be updated as warranted."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2005-01-24
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FEMA's Flood Hazard Map Modernization Initiative [February 3, 2006]
"In 1968, Congress created the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). This program called for the federal government to help cover costs of flood damages, creating a structure that assigned the financial responsibility to individuals and entities particularly at risk for flooding. Congress amended NFIP in 1973, requiring the Flood Insurance Administration in the Department of Housing and Urban Development to produce countywide 'Flood Insurance Rate Maps,' or FIRMs, to set federal flood insurance premiums based on flood risk. In 1979, the newly created Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) became responsible for producing FIRMs. By 1994, FEMA had developed a prototype FIRM as a digital file, or DFIRM, that could be displayed on a computer. The agency announced that for flood data management and map production efficiency it intended to expand its DFIRM inventory. In 1997, when DFIRM production was becoming operational, FEMA's director delivered a strategic plan for a 'Flood Map Modernization Initiative (FMMI)' to Congress, whereby all new flood maps would be produced as DFIRMs and 100,000 FIRMs would be converted to digital file format. In 1999, FEMA reported that FMMI would be completed by 2007. FEMA's goal now is 2008."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2006-02-03
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China's Currency: Economic Issues and Options for U.S. Trade Policy [Updated August 17, 2007]
"The continued rise in China's trade surplus with the United States and the world, and complaints from U.S. manufacturing firms and workers over the competitive challenges posed by Chinese imports have led several Members to call for a more aggressive U.S. stance against certain Chinese trade policies they deem to be unfair. Among these is the value of the Chinese yuan relative to the dollar. From 1994 to July 2005, China pegged its currency to the U.S. dollar at about 8.28 yuan to the dollar. On July 21, 2005, China announced it would let its currency immediately appreciate by 2.1% and link its currency to a basket of currencies (rather than just to the dollar). Many Members complain that the yuan has only appreciated only modestly (about 7%) since these reforms were implemented and that China continues to 'manipulate' its currency in order to give its exporters an unfair trade advantage, and that this policy has led to U.S. job losses. Numerous bills have been introduced to move China to adopt a more flexible currency policy. If the yuan is undervalued against the dollar (as many analysts believe), there are likely to be both benefits and costs to the U.S. economy. It would mean that imported Chinese goods are cheaper than they would be if the yuan were market determined. This lowers prices for U.S. consumers and dampens inflationary pressures. It also lowers prices for U.S. firms that use imported inputs (such as parts) in their production, making such firms more competitive."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc; Morrissey, Wayne A.
2007-08-17
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Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2008 [Updated September 20,2007]
"The Bush Administration has requested $142.7 billion in federal research and development (R&D) funding for FY2008.As in the recent past, the FY2008 proposed increase over the FY2007 funding level is due to significant funding increases in the Department of Defense (DOD); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) space vehicles development program; and the continuation of the American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI). The President initiated the ACI in FY2007 and continues to promote it in his FY2008 R&D budget. While the ACI is likely to be well received by lawmakers, other administration proposals for agency R&D funding are likely to encounter strong opposition in Congress. For example, the administration's proposed budget for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is $28.5 billion, a decrease of $529 million (1.8%) below the estimated 2007 funding level. This proposed level represents the fifth year in a row the administration has proposed cutting NIH's budget. While NASA's R&D budget would increase in FY2008, the entire increase is designated for two major initiatives: finishing the international space station and developing the crew launch vehicle/crew exploration vehicle combination. However, as a result of these priorities, funding for NASA's basic and applied research programs has declined 18% since FY2006. Funding for the Department of Defense is proposed to increase by $765 million to $79 billion in FY2008. DOD's weapons development program would increase to an all time high of $68.1 billion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Davey, Michael E. (Michael Earl), 1947-; Morrissey, Wayne A.; Smith, Pamela W.
2007-09-20
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FEMA Funding for Flood Map Modernization [December 16, 2008]
"For FY2009, President Bush requested $151 million to fully implement the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Map Modernization (MapMod) Initiative (FMMI) and to fund the post-FMMI MapMod program. FEMA introduced the FMMI in 1997 as a strategic plan to convert paper flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs) to digital electronic format, or DFIRMs. DFIRMs contain more accurate spatial measurements and digital data associated with flood hazards. DFIRMs are developed with an automated geographic information system (GIS) that facilitates mandatory periodic updating of flood maps and assists in determining flood insurance risk. In FY2000, Congress appropriated $5 million for a Flood Map Modernization Fund (FMMF) to administer the FMMI. Regular appropriations for FMMI began in FY2003 under an independent FEMA. In FY2004, the FMMI was funded by Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations. With FY2009 appropriations of $220 million, Congress has funded a total of $1.4 billion for FMMI and Map Mod. Congress also approved supplemental spending authority for FMMI offset by flood map service fees. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2008-12-16
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Methyl Bromide and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion [Updated December 11, 2006]
From the Summary: "Methyl Bromide (MeBr), a widely used pesticide in agriculture, is regulated for its potential ozone-depleting effects in the Earth's stratosphere. Controls on production, emissions, and trade are mandated internationally under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Protocol) and domestically under Title VI of the U.S. Clean Air Act. A ban on production for 'nonessential' uses occurred on December 31, 2004, but the Protocol still regulates post-2004 production for critical uses. U.S. agribusinesses have sought exemptions from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to produce MeBr for certain critical uses after the ban. Exemptions are resisted by some Protocol parties and environmental advocates who seek a rapid, definitive ban on production 'and' use. Chemical companies maintain that they cannot foresee development of effective chemical substitutes for all uses of MeBr in the near term, and agricultural producers indicate they may have to rely on less economical and less effective treatments. Production allowances for MeBr for 2005-2008 have since been approved under the Protocol, and the EPA has approved allocations for registered U.S. users. Due to declining production of manufactured MeBr, the EPA would permit commercial trade of pre-2005 inventories. This report will be updated as warranted."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2006-12-11
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Flood Map Modernization Funding [July 25, 2007]
"Congress appropriated $5 million in FY2000 for a Flood Map Modernization Fund (FMMF), the eventual source of funding for the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) long-term effort to modernize the nation's flood map program. As part of the Flood Map Modernization Initiative (FMMI), FEMA has been converting paper flood insurance rate maps (FIRMS) to digital electronic format. or DFIRMs. DFIRMs contain more accurate spatial measurements and digital data associated with flood risk and are developed with ageographic information system (GIs). The GIS also facilitates periodic updating of flood maps, as required by Congress, and helps determine flood insurance rates. Many DFIRMs are now available over the Internet from FEMA. Initial FMMI funding was requested in the Veterans Administration, Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act of FY2002 (P L 107-73). However, regular annual appropriations did not begin until FY2003. Since FY2004, Department of Homeland Security appropriations for FEMA have funded FMMI. To date, more than $800 million has been provided Congress has also approved supplemental spending authority for the FMMI that is offset by internally collected flood-map-related service fees. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2007-07-25
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Methyl Bromide and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion [Updated September 26, 2006]
From the Summary: "Methyl Bromide (MeBr), a widely used pesticide in agriculture, is regulated for its potential ozone-depleting effects in the Earth's stratosphere. Controls on production, emissions, and trade are mandated internationally under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the 'Protocol') and domestically under Title VI of the U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA). Production for 'nonessential' uses was banned December 31, 2004, but the Protocol still regulates post-2004 production for 'critical uses.' U.S. agribusinesses have sought Critical Use Exemptions from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to treat commodities with MeBr after the ban. Exemptions are resisted by some Protocol parties and environmental advocates who seek a rapid, definitive ban on production 'and' use. Chemical companies maintain they cannot foresee development of effective chemical substitutes for all uses of MeBr in the near term, and agricultural producers indicate they may have to rely on less economical and less effective treatments. Production allowances for MeBr for 2005-2007 were approved under the Protocol and the EPA has approved allocation for registered users. Its production in decline, the EPA has stated it may permit commercial trade of pre-2005 manufactured MeBr. This report is updated as warranted."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2006-09-26
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Tsunami Detection and Warnings for the United States [May 28, 2008]
"With respect to tsunami disaster warnings for the United States, discussions ensued between the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and NOAA about developing a multi-hazard warning and response system and, perhaps, eventually contributing to a global tsunami early warning system. Experts acknowledge that formidable challenges lay ahead in adopting standardized communications protocols and ensuring the interoperability, scope, and purpose of the diverse emergency warning alert systems used by the United States and other countries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2008-05-28
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Tsunami Detection and Warnings for the United States [September 25, 2008]
From the Summary: "With respect to tsunami disaster warnings for the United States, discussions ensued between the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] about developing a multi-hazard warning and response system and, perhaps, eventually contributing to a global tsunami early warning system. Experts acknowledge that formidable challenges lay ahead in adopting standardized communications protocols and ensuring the interoperability, scope, and purpose of the diverse emergency warning alert systems used by the United States and other countries."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrissey, Wayne A.
2008-09-25
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