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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [April 22, 2014]
"The purpose and scope of this CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. This report will be updated as warranted. Taiwan formally calls itself the sovereign Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a nondiplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. Other key statements that guide policy are the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqués of 1972, 1979, and 1982; as well as the 'Six Assurances' of 1982. (See also CRS Report RL30341, 'China/Taiwan: Evolution of the 'One China' Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.') For decades, Taiwan has been of significant security, economic, and political interest to the United States. In 2013, Taiwan was the 12th-largest U.S. trading partner. Taiwan is a major innovator and producer of information technology (IT) products, many of which are assembled in the PRC by Taiwan-invested firms there. Ties or tension across the Taiwan Strait affect international security (with potential U.S. intervention)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2014-04-22
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [April 1, 2014]
"The purpose and scope of this CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. This report will be updated as warranted. Taiwan formally calls itself the sovereign Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a nondiplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. Other key statements that guide policy are the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqués of 1972, 1979, and 1982; as well as the 'Six Assurances' of 1982. (See also CRS Report RL30341, 'China/Taiwan: Evolution of the 'One China' Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.') For decades, Taiwan has been of significant security, economic, and political interest to the United States. In 2013, Taiwan was the 12th-largest U.S. trading partner. Taiwan is a major innovator and producer of information technology (IT) products, many of which are assembled in the PRC by Taiwan-invested firms there. Ties or tension across the Taiwan Strait affect international security (with potential U.S. intervention)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2014-04-01
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [September 11, 2013]
"The purpose and scope of this CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. This report will be updated as warranted. Taiwan formally calls itself the sovereign Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a nondiplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. [Public Law] 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. Other key statements that guide policy are the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqués of 1972, 1979, and 1982; as well as the 'Six Assurances' of 1982."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2013-09-11
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [February 28, 2014]
"The purpose and scope of this CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. This report will be updated as warranted. Taiwan formally calls itself the sovereign Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a nondiplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. Other key statements that guide policy are the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqués of 1972, 1979, and 1982; as well as the 'Six Assurances' of 1982. (See also CRS Report RL30341, 'China/Taiwan: Evolution of the 'One China' Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.)'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2014-02-28
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U.S. Trade Concepts, Performance, and Policy: Frequently Asked Questions [November 17, 2014]
"Congress plays a major role in U.S. trade policy through its legislative and oversight authority. There are a number of major trade issues that are currently the focus of Congress. For example, bills were introduced in the 113th Congress to reauthorize Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), and the U.S. Export-Import Bank. Congress has also been involved with proposed free trade agreements (FTAs), including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) involving the United States and 11 other countries and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the United States and the European Union (EU). Also of interest to Congress are current plurilateral negotiations for a Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) and a new multilateral Information Technology (ITA) agreement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Trade and investment policies of major U.S. trading partners (such as China), especially when they are deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, are also of continued concern to Congress. Events in the Ukraine have prompted U.S. trade sanctions against Russia. The costs and benefits of trade to the U.S. economy, firms, workers, and constituents, and the future direction of U.S. trade policy, are hotly debated topics in Congress. This report provides information and context for these and many other trade topics. It is intended to assist Members and staff who may be new to trade issues. The report is divided into four sections in a question-and-answer format: trade concepts; U.S. trade performance; formulation of U.S. trade policy; and trade and investment issues. Additional suggested readings are provided in an appendix."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Villarreal, M. Angeles; Jones, Vivian Catherine; Jackson, James K., 1949- . . .
2014-11-17
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [November 27, 2013]
"The purpose and scope of this CRS report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. This report will be updated as warranted. Taiwan formally calls itself the sovereign Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a non-diplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. Other key statements that guide policy are the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqués of 1972, 1979, and 1982; as well as the 'Six Assurances' of 1982. […] For decades, Taiwan has been of significant security, economic, and political interest to the United States. In 2012, Taiwan was the 11th-largest U.S. trading partner. Taiwan is a major innovator and producer of information technology (IT) products, many of which are assembled in the PRC by Taiwan-invested firms there. Ties or tension across the Taiwan Strait affect international security (with potential U.S. intervention), the U.S.-Taiwan relationship, and U.S.-PRC cooperation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2013-11-27
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [July 23, 2013]
"The purpose and scope of this CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. This report will be updated as warranted. Taiwan formally calls itself the sovereign Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a non-diplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. Other key statements that guide policy are the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqués of 1972, 1979, and 1982; as well as the 'Six Assurances' of 1982. (See also CRS Report RL30341, 'China/Taiwan: Evolution of the 'One China' Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei'.) For decades, Taiwan has been of significant security, economic, and political interest to the United States. In 2012, Taiwan was the 11th-largest U.S. trading partner. Taiwan is a major innovator and producer of information technology (IT) products, many of which are assembled in the PRC by Taiwan-invested firms there. Ties or tension across the Taiwan Strait affect international security (with potential U.S. intervention), the U.S.-Taiwan relationship, and U.S.- PRC cooperation. While the United States does not diplomatically recognize Taiwan, it is in reality an important autonomous actor. Today, 23 countries (including the Vatican) have diplomatic relations with Taiwan as the ROC. Taiwan's 23 million people enjoy self-governance with democratic elections. After Taiwan's presidential election in 2008, the United States congratulated Taiwan as a 'beacon of democracy.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2013-07-23
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [September 13, 2013]
"The purpose and scope of this Congressional Research Service report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. This report will be updated as warranted. Taiwan formally calls itself the sovereign Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a non-diplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. Other key statements that guide policy are the three U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqués of 1972, 1979, and 1982; as well as the 'Six Assurances' of 1982. […] Taiwan's President Ma Ying-jeou has sought U.S. support for his policies, including Taiwan's inclusion in the U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP) (in 2012), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and talks on maritime disputes in the East and South China Seas. On August 7, Taiwan and the Philippines reported on their parallel investigations into the incident on May 9, when the Coast Guard of the Philippines (a U.S. treaty ally) shot at a Taiwan fishing boat, resulting in the death of a Taiwan fisherman, Taiwan's sanctions, and bilateral tension."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2013-09-13
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U.S. Trade Concepts, Performance, and Policy: Frequently Asked Questions [November 5, 2015]
"Congress plays a major role in U.S. trade policy through its legislative and oversight authority. There are a number of major trade issues that are currently the focus of Congress. For example, bills were introduced in the 113th Congress to reauthorize Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), and the U.S. Export-Import Bank, and legislative action on these issues could be forthcoming in the 114th Congress. Additionally, Congress has been involved with proposed free trade agreements (FTAs), including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) involving the United States and 11 other countries and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the United States and the European Union (EU). Also of interest to Congress are current plurilateral negotiations for a Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) and an updated multilateral Information Technology (ITA) agreement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Trade and investment policies of major U.S. trading partners (such as China), especially when they are deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, are also of continued concern to Congress. Recent improved U.S. relations with Cuba have resulted in the introduction of several bills to boost bilateral commercial ties. The costs and benefits of trade to the U.S. economy, firms, workers, and constituents, and the future direction of U.S. trade policy, are the subject of ongoing debates in Congress. This report provides information and context for these and many other trade topics."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.; Bolle, Mary Jane; Jackson, James K., 1949- . . .
2015-11-05
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [December 11, 2014]
"This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, provides an overview with analysis of the major issues in U.S. policy on Taiwan. Taiwan formally calls itself the Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a non-diplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. […] For decades, Taiwan has been of significant security, economic, and political interest to the United States. In 2013, Taiwan was the 12th-largest U.S. trading partner. Taiwan is a major innovator and producer of information technology (IT) products, many of which are assembled in the PRC by Taiwan-invested firms there. Ties or tension across the Taiwan Strait affect international security (with potential U.S. intervention). While the United States does not diplomatically recognize Taiwan, it is an important autonomous actor. […] Another approach has viewed closer cross-strait engagement as allowing U.S. attention to shift to expand cooperation with a rising China, which opposes U.S. arms sales to and other dealings with Taiwan. In any case, Washington and Taipei have put more efforts into their respective relations with Beijing, while contending that they have pursued positive, parallel U.S.-Taiwan cooperation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.; Kan, Shirley
2014-12-11
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U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues [November 26, 2014]
"This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, provides an overview with analysis of the major issues in U.S. policy on Taiwan. Taiwan formally calls itself the Republic of China (ROC), tracing its political lineage to the ROC set up after the revolution in 1911 in China. The ROC government retreated to Taipei in 1949. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained a non-diplomatic relationship with Taiwan after recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1979. The State Department claims an 'unofficial' U.S. relationship with Taiwan, despite official contacts that include arms sales. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. […] For decades, Taiwan has been of significant security, economic, and political interest to the United States. In 2013, Taiwan was the 12th-largest U.S. trading partner. Taiwan is a major innovator and producer of information technology (IT) products, many of which are assembled in the PRC by Taiwan-invested firms there. Ties or tension across the Taiwan Strait affect international security (with potential U.S. intervention). While the United States does not diplomatically recognize Taiwan, it is an important autonomous actor. […] Another approach has viewed closer cross-strait engagement as allowing U.S. attention to shift to expand cooperation with a rising China, which opposes U.S. arms sales to and other dealings with Taiwan. In any case, Washington and Taipei have put more efforts into their respective relations with Beijing, while contending that they have pursued positive, parallel U.S.-Taiwan cooperation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley; Morrison, Wayne M.
2014-11-26
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U.S. Trade Concepts, Performance, and Policy: Frequently Asked Questions [January 30, 2015]
"Congress plays a major role in U.S. trade policy through its legislative and oversight authority. There are a number of major trade issues that are currently the focus of Congress. For example, bills were introduced in the 113th Congress to reauthorize Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), and the U.S. Export-Import Bank, and legislative action on these issues could be forthcoming in the 114th Congress. Additionally, Congress has been involved with proposed free trade agreements (FTAs), including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) involving the United States and 11 other countries and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the United States and the European Union (EU). Also of interest to Congress are current plurilateral negotiations for a Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) and a new multilateral Information Technology (ITA) agreement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Trade and investment policies of major U.S. trading partners (such as China), especially when they are deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, are also of continued concern to Congress. Recent improved U.S. relations with Cuba have resulted in the introduction of several bills to boost bilateral commercial ties. The costs and benefits of trade to the U.S. economy, firms, workers, and constituents, and the future direction of U.S. trade policy, are the subject of ongoing debates in Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.; Bolle, Mary Jane; Elwell, Craig Kent, 1947- . . .
2015-01-30
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U.S. Trade Concepts, Performance, and Policy: Frequently Asked Questions [August 3, 2015]
"Congress plays a major role in U.S. trade policy through its legislative and oversight authority. There are a number of major trade issues that are currently the focus of Congress. For example, bills were introduced in the 113th Congress to reauthorize Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), and the U.S. Export-Import Bank, and legislative action on these issues could be forthcoming in the 114th Congress. Additionally, Congress has been involved with proposed free trade agreements (FTAs), including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) involving the United States and 11 other countries and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the United States and the European Union (EU). Also of interest to Congress are current plurilateral negotiations for a Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) and a new multilateral Information Technology (ITA) agreement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Trade and investment policies of major U.S. trading partners (such as China), especially when they are deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, are also of continued concern to Congress. Recent improved U.S. relations with Cuba have resulted in the introduction of several bills to boost bilateral commercial ties. The costs and benefits of trade to the U.S. economy, firms, workers, and constituents, and the future direction of U.S. trade policy, are the subject of ongoing debates in Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.; Bolle, Mary Jane; Jackson, James K., 1949- . . .
2015-08-03
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Taiwan's Accession to the WTO and its Economic Relations with the United States and China [Updated May 16, 2003]
"After several years of negotiations, Taiwan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the international organization that sets rules for most international trade, on January 1, 2002. China fought to allow Taiwan to join the WTO only as a separate customs territory and only after China obtained membership (which it did in December 2001). Trade and investment relations between China and Taiwan have boomed in recent years; China has replaced the United States as Taiwan's export market. However, political tensions between China and Taiwan remain high. In an effort to further boost U.S.-Taiwan economic ties (and to lessen Taiwan's growing economic dependency on the mainland), some Members of Congress have indicated support for a U.S.-Taiwan free trade agreement (FTA). This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2003-05-16
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Taiwan's Accession to the WTO and Its Economic Relations with the United States and China [November 04, 2005]
"After several years of negotiations, Taiwan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the international organization that sets rules for most international trade, on January 1, 2002. China fought to allow Taiwan to join the WTO only as a 'separate customs territory' and only after China obtained membership (which it did in December 2001). Trade and investment relations between China and Taiwan have boomed in recent years; China has replaced the United States as Taiwan's export market. However, political tensions between China and Taiwan remain high. In an effort to further boost U.S.-Taiwan economic ties (and to lessen Taiwan's growing economic dependency on the mainland), some Members of Congress have indicated support for a U.S.-Taiwan free trade agreement (FTA). This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2005-11-04
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Taiwan's Accession to the WTO and its Economic Relations with the United States and China [Updated April 14, 2005]
"After several years of negotiations, Taiwan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the international organization that sets rules for most international trade, on January 1, 2002. China fought to allow Taiwan to join the WTO only as a separate customs territory and only after China obtained membership (which it did in December 2001). Trade and investment relations between China and Taiwan have boomed in recent years; China has replaced the United States as Taiwan's export market. However, political tensions between China and Taiwan remain high. In an effort to further boost U.S.-Taiwan economic ties (and to lessen Taiwan's growing economic dependency on the mainland), some Members of Congress have indicated support for a U.S.-Taiwan free trade agreement (FTA). This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2005-04-14
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U.S. Accession to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) [Updated July 13, 2009]
"In February 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton announced that the Obama Administration would launch its formal interagency process to pursue accession to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' (ASEAN) Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC), one of the ten-nation organization's core documents. The Administration reportedly hopes to announce its accession at the ASEAN Regional Forum Foreign Ministerial meeting July 22-23, 2009. This report analyzes the legal and diplomatic issues involved with accession to the TAC."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.; Manyin, Mark E.; Garcia, Michael John
2009-07-13
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U.S. Accesion to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) [May 5, 2009]
"In February 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton announced that the Obama Administration would launch its formal interagency process to pursue accession to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' (ASEAN) Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC), one of the ten-nation organization's core documents. It is expected that this process could be concluded within the year. If the Administration chooses to send a signal (such as signing the agreement) before then, it could do so at the next likely milestone, the ASEAN Regional Forum Foreign Ministerial meeting in late July 2009. This report will analyze the legal and diplomatic issues involved with the possible accession to the TAC. […]. Some U.S. and Southeast Asian officials and analysts say that expanding U.S. engagement with ASEAN will help boost Southeast Asia's political stature, particularly as China seeks to continue expanding its influence in the region. The major concern with accession is whether the TAC's emphasis on non-interference in other countries' domestic affairs would constrain U.S. freedom of action, particularly its ability to maintain or expand sanctions on Burma. […]. Other objections have included arguments that acceding would accord greater legitimacy to the ruling Burmese junta; a view that ASEAN is insufficiently 'action-oriented'; and a belief that the TAC is an untested, arguably meaningless agreement. One issue that might arise for U.S. policymakers is whether accession to the TAC should take the form of a treaty, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, or whether the President already has sufficient authority to enter the TAC without further legislative action being necessary."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.; Manyin, Mark E.; Garcia, Michael John
2009-05-05
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Escalating Tariffs: Potential Impacts [September 24, 2018]
"Concerns over trading partner trade practices and the U.S. trade deficit have been a focus of the Trump Administration. For a timeline of recent actions, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Insight IN10943, Escalating Tariffs: Timeline. Citing these concerns and others, the President has imposed tariffs under three U.S. laws and authorities (Figure 1) that allow the Administration to unilaterally impose trade restrictions: (1) Section 201 on U.S. imports of washing machines and solar products; (2) Section 232 on U.S. imports of steel and aluminum, and potentially autos and uranium, and (3) Section 301 on U.S. imports from China. Annual U.S. imports of goods subject to the additional tariffs, which range from 10% to 50%, totaled $282 billion in 2017 (Table 1). All formally proposed tariffs are now in effect, but the President has informally raised the prospect of tariffs on an additional $267 billion of U.S. annual imports from China, and, pending a Section 232 investigation, approximately $361 billion of U.S. auto and parts imports. While the tariffs may benefit import-competing U.S. producers, they are also likely to increase costs for downstream users of imported products and consumers. The Administration could be using the tariffs in part to pressure affected countries into broader trade negotiations, such as the U.S.- EU trade liberalization talks, but it is unclear what specific outcomes the Administration is seeking."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Williams, Brock R.; Morrison, Wayne M.; Hammond, Keigh E.
2018-09-24
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China's Currency Policy [October 22, 2018]
"China's policy of intervening in currency markets to control the value of its currency, the renminbi (RMB), against the U.S. dollar and other currencies has been of concern for many in Congress over the past decade or so. Some Members charge that China 'manipulates' its currency in order to make its exports significantly less expensive, and its imports more expensive, than would occur if the RMB were a freely traded currency. Some argue that China's 'undervalued currency' has been a major contributor to the large annual U.S. merchandise trade deficits with China (which totaled an estimated $375 billion in 2017) and the decline in U.S. manufacturing jobs. Bills to address foreign currencies deemed to be undervalued have been introduced in every Congress since 2003. China has often been the main target of such legislation, although in recent years, the currency policies of other countries have also come under scrutiny. In the 115th Congress, H.R. 2039 would clarify that U.S. countervailing measures (dealing with government subsidies) could be applied against 'fundamentally undervalued currencies.' As a presidential candidate, Donald Trump stated that he would label China as a 'currency manipulator'on day one."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-10-22
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China's Status as a Nonmarket Economy (NME) [October 22, 2018]
"When China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, it agreed to allow other WTO members to continue to use an alternative (surrogate country) methodology for assessing prices and costs on products subject to anti-dumping (AD) measures. This occurred because other WTO members argued that distortions in the Chinese economy caused by government intervention would make it impractical in many cases to use Chinese prices and costs for determining dumping margins. China contends that language in its WTO accession protocol required all WTO members to terminate their use of the alternative methodology by December 11, 2016, including the United States, which has classified China as a nonmarket economy (NME) for trade remedy cases since 1981. The United States and other WTO members argue that that the WTO language did not automatically obligate them to extend market economy status (MES) to China. On December 12, 2016, China initiated a WTO dispute settlement case against the United States and the European Union over their failure to afford China MES."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-10-22
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U.S. - China Relations [September 18, 2018]
"Many consider the relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC or China) to be the world's most consequential bilateral relationship. The two countries lead the world in the size of their economies, their defense budgets, and their global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2017, they were each other's largest trading partners. Both nations are also permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The Trump Administration has sought China's cooperation in reining in North Korea's nuclear and missile programs and curbing the flow of the deadly synthetic opioid fentanyl from China to the United States. Yet the Administration has also declared in its National Security Strategy (NSS) the return of 'great power competition' with China and Russia. The Administration has criticized the PRC's licit and illicit efforts to acquire advanced U.S. technology, its alleged efforts to 'lock[] countries into unsustainable and opaque debts and commitments' under Chinese President Xi Jinping's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), its actions related to Taiwan, its activities in the South China Sea, and its repression of Muslim minorities in Xinjiang in China's northwest. Seeking changes in PRC economic policies, the United States has imposed tariffs on imports from China, to which China has responded with tariffs of its own."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lawrence, Susan V.; Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-09-18
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Enforcing U.S. Trade Laws: Section 301 and China [August 2, 2018]
From the Document: "U.S. innovation and the intellectual property that it generates have been cited by various economists as a critical source of U.S. economic growth and global competitiveness. China has been a particular concern to U.S. IPR [intellectual property rights] stakeholders for many years. On August 14, 2017, President Trump directed the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to determine whether it should launch a Section 301 investigation into any of China's laws, policies, practices, or actions that may be unreasonable or discriminatory and that may be harming American intellectual property rights (IPR), innovation, or technology development. On August 18, 2017, the USTR announced it had decided to proceed with Section 301 case against China's IPR policies. On June 15, 2018, the White House announced its intent to impose 25% ad valorem tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese products."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-08-02
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China-U.S. Trade Issues [July 30, 2018]
"Economic and trade reforms begun in 1979 have helped transform China into one of the world's biggest and fastest-growing economies. China's economic growth and trade liberalization, including comprehensive trade commitments made upon its entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, have led to a sharp expansion in U.S.-China commercial ties. Yet, bilateral trade relations have become increasingly strained in recent years over a number of issues, including China's mixed record on implementing its WTO obligations; infringement of U.S. intellectual property (such as through cyber-theft of U.S. trade secrets and forced technology requirements placed on foreign firms); increased use of industrial policies to promote and protect domestic Chinese firms; extensive trade and foreign investment restrictions; lack of transparency in trade rules and regulations; distortionary economic policies that have led to overcapacity in several industries; and its large merchandise trade surplus with the United States. China's economic and trade conditions, policies, and acts have a significant impact on the U.S. economy as whole as well as specific U.S. sectors and thus are of concern to Congress. This report provides an overview of U.S.-China commercial ties, identifies major issues of contention, describes the Trump Administration's trade policies toward China, and reviews possible outcomes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-07-30
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Made in China 2025 Initiative: Economic Implications for the United States [August 29, 2018]
From the Document: "China's incomplete transition to a free market economy stands out as one of the biggest sources of trade friction with the United States. Recent proposals by the Chinese government, such as its 'Made in China 2025' (MIC 2025) initiative, appear to signal an expanded role by the government in the economy, which many fear could distort global markets and negatively affect U.S. firms. The Trump Administration has made MIC 2025 a major focus of its Section 301 actions (including increased tariffs) against China over its alleged distortive policies related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-08-29
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Enforcing U.S. Trade Laws: Section 301 and China [July 23, 2018]
From the Document: "U.S. innovation and the intellectual property that it generates have been cited by various economists as a critical source of U.S. economic growth and global competitiveness. China has been a particular concern to U.S. IPR stakeholders for many years. On August 14, 2017, President Trump directed the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to determine whether it should launch a Section 301 investigation into any of China's laws, policies, practices, or actions that may be unreasonable or discriminatory and that may be harming American intellectual property rights (IPR), innovation, or technology development. On August 18, 2017, the USTR announced it had decided to proceed with Section 301 case against China's IPR policies. On June 15, 2018, the White House announced its intent to impose 25% ad valorem tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese products."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-07-23
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China-U.S. Trade Issues [January 23, 2018]
"Economic and trade reforms begun in 1979 have helped transform China into one of the world's biggest and fastest-growing economies. China's economic growth and trade liberalization, including comprehensive trade commitments made upon its entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, have led to a sharp expansion in U.S.-China commercial ties. Yet, bilateral trade relations have become increasingly strained in recent years over a number of issues, including China's: mixed record on implementing its WTO obligations; infringement of U.S. intellectual property (such as through cyber theft of U.S. trade secrets and forced technology requirements placed on foreign firms); increased use of industrial policies to promote and protect domestic Chinese firms; extensive trade and foreign investment restrictions; lack of transparency in trade rules and regulations; distortionary economic policies that have led to overcapacity in several industries; and its large merchandise trade surplus with the United States. China's economic and trade conditions, policies, and acts have a significant impact on the U.S. economy as whole as well as specific U.S. sectors and thus have been of concern to Congress. This report provides an overview of U.S.-China commercial ties, identifies major issues of contention, describes the Trump Administration's trade policies toward China, and reviews possible outcomes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2018-01-23
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Enforcing U.S. Trade Laws: Section 301 and China [Updated April 8, 2019]
From the Document: "Concerns over China's policies on intellectual property (IP), technology, and innovation policies led the Trump Administration in August 2017 to launch a Section 301 investigation of those policies. Since then, the United States has implemented three rounds of tariff increases under Section 301 on a total of $250 billion worth of Chinese products, while China has increased tariffs on $110 billion worth of U.S. products. Several rounds of talks have been held to resolve the trade dispute."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2019-04-08
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U.S.-Taiwan Trade Relations [Updated March 25, 2019]
From the Document: "With a population of 23.6 million people, Taiwan has evolved to become a highly developed, dynamic, and globally competitive economy. In 2018, Taiwan's gross domestic product (GDP) on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis was $1.25 trillion, making it the world's 22[nd]-largest economy. Its per capita GDP on a PPP basis (a common measurement of living standards) was 19% greater than Japan's and about 85% of the U.S. level. In 2018, Taiwan was the world's 21st-largest trading economy for goods and services. The World Economic Forum ranked Taiwan as the world's 13th-most competitive economy in 2018, and the World Bank ranked Taiwan the 15th-best economy in terms of the ease of doing business. Taiwan is a major global producer of information and communications technology (ICT) products and semiconductors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2019-03-25
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Enforcing U.S. Trade Laws: Section 301 and China [Updated March 25, 2019]
From the Document: "Concerns over China's policies on intellectual property (IP), technology, and innovation policies led the Trump Administration in August 2017 to launch a Section 301 investigation of those policies. Since then, the United States has implemented three rounds of tariff increases under Section 301 on a total of $250 billion worth of Chinese products, while China has increased tariffs on $110 billion worth of U.S. products. Several rounds of talks have been held to resolve the trade dispute."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morrison, Wayne M.
2019-03-25
