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Emerging Infections: A Perpetual Challenge

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"Infectious diseases are responsible for 15 million (26%) of 57 million annual deaths in a global population of 6.2 billion, a proportion that could rise substantially as chronic diseases continue to be reclassified as infectious--eg, cervical cancer (human papillomavirus), Kaposi's sarcoma (human herpesvirus 8), and Helicobacter pylori ulcers, among others. In recent years, the terms 'emerging' (ie, newly recognized) and 're-emerging' (previously recognized) infectious diseases have entered the vocabulary of medical science. These infections also include 'deliberately emerging diseases'--eg, bioterrorism. Concern about emerging infections has grown following the appearance of new diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, and the re-emergence of others, such as dengue, and from appreciation of the complex determinants of their emergence--eg, microbial adaptation to new hosts (HIV infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS]), population immunity pressures (influenza A), travel (acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis), animal migration and movement (West Nile virus infection, H5N1 avian influenza), microbial escape from antibiotic pressures (multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis), mechanical dispersal (Legionnaires' disease), and others (panel, figure 1)."

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)

Morens, David M.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Folkers, Gregory K.

2008-11
1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics

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This article discusses on the 1918 Spanish Influenza responsible for the death of approximately 50 million people world wide. The authors argue that the sequencing of the entire genome from archival autopsy tissues are of limited use in understanding the implications of the current H5N1 virus.

National Institutes of Health (U.S.)

Taubenberger, Jeffery; Morens, David M.

2006-01-01
Epidemic Anthrax in the Eighteenth Century, the Americas

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Anthrax has been described as a veterinary disease of minor importance to clinical medicine, causing occasional occupational infections in single cases or clusters. Its potential for rapid and widespread epidemic transmission under natural circumstances has not been widely appreciated. A little-known 1770 epidemic that killed 15,000 people in Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti) was probably intestinal anthrax. The epidemic spread rapidly throughout the colony in association with consumption of uncooked beef. Largescale, highly fatal epidemics of anthrax may occur under unusual but natural circumstances. Historical information may not only provide important clues about epidemic development but may also raise awareness about bioterrorism potential.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

Morens, David M.

2002-10