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2018 Farm Bill Primer: What is the Farm Bill? [March 8, 2019]
From the Document: "The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. It provides an opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural and food issues. In addition to developing and enacting farm legislation, Congress is involved in overseeing its implementation. [...] Some farm bill programs would expire without reauthorization, such as the nutrition assistance programs and the commodity programs. Without reauthorization, certain basic farm commodities would revert to long-abandoned--and potentially costly--supply-control and price regimes under permanent law dating back to the 1940s. Many discretionary programs would not have statutory authority to receive appropriations. Other programs have permanent authority and do not need reauthorization (e.g., crop insurance) but might be included in a farm bill to make policy changes or achieve budgetary goals."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Johnson, Renée; Monke, Jim
2019-03-08
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Farm Bills: Major Legislative Actions, 1965-2018 [May 31, 2018]
"The farm bill provides an opportunity for Congress to address agricultural and food issues comprehensively about every five years. Over time, farm bills have tended to become more complicated and politically sensitive. As a result, the timeline for reauthorization has become less certain, and in general recent farm bills have taken longer to enact than in previous decades. Recent farm bills, beginning with the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246), have been subject to various developments that have delayed enactment, such as insufficient votes to pass the House floor, presidential vetoes, and short-term extensions. The 2014 farm bill took more than 21 months from introduction to enactment and spanned the 112th and 113th Congresses. The House rejected a bill in 2013 and then passed separate farm and nutrition assistance components before procedurally recombining them for conference with the Senate. Somewhat similarly, the 2008 farm bill took more than a year to enact and was complicated by revenue provisions from another committee of jurisdiction, temporary extensions, and vetoes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2018-05-31
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Farm Policy: USDA's 2018 Trade Aid Package [Updated June 14, 2019]
From the Document: "In early 2018, the Trump Administration--citing concerns over national security and unfair trade practices--imposed increased tariffs on certain imported products in general and on U.S. imports from China in particular. Several of the affected foreign trading partners (including China) responded to the U.S. tariffs with their own retaliatory tariffs targeting various U.S. products, especially agricultural commodities. On July 24, 2018, Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) would be taking several temporary actions to assist farmers in response to trade damage from what the Administration has characterized as 'unjustified retaliation.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schnepf, Randall Dean, 1954-; Monke, Jim; Stubbs, Megan . . .
2019-06-14
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What Is the Farm Bill? [October 5, 2017]
"The farm bill is an omnibus, multi-year law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. Titles in the most recent farm bill encompassed farm commodity price and income supports, agricultural conservation, farm credit, trade, research, rural development, bioenergy, foreign food aid, and domestic nutrition assistance. Because it is renewed about every five years, the farm bill provides a predictable opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural and food issues. The most recent farm bill--the Agricultural Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-79; 2014 farm bill)--was enacted into law in February 2014 and expires in 2018. It succeeded the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008. Provisions in the 2014 farm bill reshaped the structure of farm commodity support, expanded crop insurance coverage, consolidated conservation programs, reauthorized and revised nutrition assistance, and extended authority to appropriate funds for many U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) discretionary programs through FY2018."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Johnson, Renée; Monke, Jim
2017-10-05
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What Is the Farm Bill? [April 26, 2018]
"The farm bill is an omnibus, multi-year law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. Although agricultural policies sometimes are created and changed by freestanding legislation or as part of other major laws, the farm bill provides a predictable opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural and food issues. The farm bill is renewed about every five years. Since the 1930s, farm bills traditionally have focused on farm commodity program support for a handful of staple commodities such as corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, rice, dairy, and sugar. Yet farm bills have grown in breadth in recent decades. Among the most prominent additions have been nutrition assistance, conservation, horticulture, and bioenergy programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Johnson, Renée; Monke, Jim
2018-04-26
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Farm Bills: Major Legislative Actions, 1965-2018 [Updated September 21, 2018]
"The farm bill provides an opportunity for Congress to address agricultural and food issues comprehensively about every five years. Over time, farm bills have tended to become more complicated and politically sensitive. As a result, the timeline for reauthorization has become less certain, and in general recent farm bills have taken longer to enact than in previous decades. Recent farm bills, beginning with the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246), have been subject to various developments that have delayed enactment, such as insufficient votes to pass the House floor, presidential vetoes, or short-term extensions. In 2018, a farm bill reauthorization was reported from the House Agriculture Committee on April 18 (H.R. 2). An initial floor vote on passage on May 18 failed in the House 198-213, but floor procedures allowed that vote to be reconsidered (H.Res. 905). The House passed H.R. 2 in a second vote of 213-211 on June 21, 2018. In the Senate, the Agriculture Committee reported its bill (S. 3042) on June 13 by a vote of 20-1. The Senate passed its bill as an amendment to H.R. 2 by a vote of 86-11 on June 28, 2018. Conference proceedings officially began on September 5, 2018."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2018-09-21
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Proposed Offsets Exceed Spending for Agriculture in the Administration's Disaster Assistance Request [December 1, 2017]
"On November 17, 2017, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) released the Administration's request for a third round of supplemental funding in response to natural disasters in 2017. The total request includes $44 billion of additional appropriations for disasters during 2017, offset by $59 billion of reductions to budget authority for previous appropriations ($15 billion) and a two-year extension of sequestration on mandatory spending ($44 billion) from FY2025 to FY2027. Accounts in the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations would receive an additional of $992 million for disaster recovery but be reduced over time by $5.6 billion. Proposed reductions include $3 billion through rescissions of prior appropriations and an estimated $2.6 billion share from extending sequestration on mandatory spending in the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations (Table 1). The result, therefore, would be a net $4.6 billion reduction from agriculture accounts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim; Stubbs, Megan
2017-12-01
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Farm Bills: Major Legislative Actions, 1965-2018 [Updated December 21, 2018]
"The farm bill provides an opportunity for Congress to address agricultural and food issues comprehensively about every five years. Over time, farm bills have tended to become more complicated and politically sensitive. As a result, the timeline for reauthorization has become less certain. With the exception of the 2018 farm bill, recent farm bills have taken longer to enact than in previous decades. Beginning in 2008, farm bills have been subject to various developments that have delayed enactment, such as insufficient votes to pass the House floor, presidential vetoes, or short-term extensions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2018-12-21
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COVID-19, U.S. Agriculture, and USDA's Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP) [May 8, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report describes some of the actions that USDA has taken in response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] emergency, including CFAP [Coronavirus Food Assistance Program]--in particular, how CFAP is funded and how USDA intends to use the funds. The description of USDA COVID-19 response efforts is preceded by: first, a brief review of food supply chain issues where the U.S. agricultural sector has experienced economic harm or is potentially vulnerable to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; and second, a review of current assessments of the economic harm to U.S. farm income, as well as to individual commodity sectors, resulting from COVID-19. The report then describes the emergency funds that have been allocated to address the U.S. agricultural sector, and how USDA plans on using those funds, including a detailed description of CFAP producer payments, and USDA's food purchase and distribution efforts. [...] Finally, several issues related to CFAP and the U.S. agricultural sector in a post-COVID economy that could be of potential interest to Congress are presented at the end of this report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schnepf, Randall Dean, 1954-; Monke, Jim
2020-05-08
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Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture and Related Agencies Due to COVID-19 [Updated May 8, 2020]
From the Document: "In March and April 2020, Congress passed and the President signed four supplemental appropriations acts in response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic (P.L. 116-123, P.L. 116-127, P.L. 116-136, and P.L. 116-139; Table 1). This In Focus summarizes over $36 billion of appropriations and policy changes in the jurisdiction of the Agriculture appropriations subcommittees. These supplemental appropriations acts are referred to here by order of passage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2020-05-08
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COVID-19 and USDA Farm Loan Flexibilities [June 3, 2020]
From the Document: "On May 21, 2020, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) temporarily expanded the Disaster Set-Aside (DSA) provision to allow flexibility for farm loan repayment due to the economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The set-aside provision allows a borrower to move a loan payment owed to USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) to the end of the loan or, in the case of an annual operating loan, to extend the payment by a year. Interest continues to accrue on the deferred principal; neither the interest nor the principal is forgiven. The set-aside (deferment) is meant to provide financial relief and cash flow flexibility during a crisis. Earlier during the pandemic, on March 26, 2020, USDA announced certain flexibilities in its loan-making and servicing procedures. These included relaxing deadlines, accommodating social distancing, and temporarily suspending loan accelerations and new foreclosures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2020-06-03
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Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues [March 26, 2018]
"The federal government provides credit assistance to farmers to help assure adequate and reliable lending in rural areas, particularly for farmers who cannot obtain loans elsewhere. Federal farm loan programs also target credit to beginning farmers and socially disadvantaged groups. The primary federal lender to farmers, though with a small share of the market, is the Farm Service Agency (FSA) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Congress funds FSA loans with annual discretionary appropriations--about $90 million of budget authority and $317 million for salaries--to support $8 billion of new direct loans and guarantees. FSA issues direct loans to farmers who cannot qualify for regular credit and guarantees the repayment of loans made by other lenders. FSA thus is called a lender of last resort. Of about $374 billion in total farm debt, FSA provides about 2.6% through direct loans and guarantees about another 4%-5% of loans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2018-03-26
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Farm Bills: Major Legislative Actions, 1965-2018 [June 29, 2018]
"The farm bill provides an opportunity for Congress to address agricultural and food issues comprehensively about every five years. Over time, farm bills have tended to become more complicated and politically sensitive. As a result, the timeline for reauthorization has become less certain, and in general recent farm bills have taken longer to enact than in previous decades. Recent farm bills, beginning with the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246), have been subject to various developments that have delayed enactment, such as insufficient votes to pass the House floor, presidential vetoes, and short-term extensions. The 2014 farm bill took more than 21 months from introduction to enactment and spanned the 112th and 113th Congresses. The House rejected a bill in 2013 and then passed separate farm and nutrition assistance components before procedurally recombining them for conference with the Senate. Somewhat similarly, the 2008 farm bill took more than a year to enact and was complicated by revenue provisions from another committee of jurisdiction, temporary extensions, and vetoes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2018-06-29
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Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline Beyond FY2018 [July 21, 2017]
"The 2014 farm bill (the Agricultural Act of 2014, P.L. 113-79) provided mandatory funding for many programs. Some of these programs have a budget baseline beyond the end of the farm bill in FY2018, while others do not. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) baseline is a projection at a particular point in time of what future federal spending on mandatory programs would be under current law. This baseline is the benchmark against which proposed changes in law are measured. This report identifies mandatory programs in the 2014 farm bill that lack a budget baseline and explains the significance of this for enacting a successor to the current farm bill."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2017-07-21
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Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2021 Appropriations [Updated November 20, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and--in even-numbered fiscal years--the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Agriculture appropriations include both mandatory and discretionary spending. Discretionary amounts, though, are the primary focus during the bill's development. The largest discretionary spending items are the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; rural development; FDA; foreign food assistance and trade; farm assistance loans and salaries; food safety inspection; animal and plant health programs; and technical assistance for conservation programs. FY2021 began on October 1, 2020, under a continuing resolution (P.L. [public law] 116-159) that lasts until December 11, 2020. In the regular appropriations cycle, the House passed a four-bill FY2021 minibus appropriation on July 24, 2020, which contained the Agriculture appropriations bill. The Senate has not marked up or reported any appropriations bills for FY2021. However, the Senate Appropriations Committee released a draft measure and explanatory statement on November 10, 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2020-11-20
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Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration Due to COVID-19 [April 3, 2020]
From the Document: "In March 2020, Congress passed and the President signed three supplemental appropriations acts in response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic (P.L. 116-123, P.L. 116-127, and P.L. 116-136;). This In Focus summarizes $36 billion of appropriations and policy changes in the jurisdiction of the Agriculture appropriations subcommittees. These supplemental appropriations acts are referred to in this In Focus by order of passage (i.e., first, second, and third). For comparison, the regular annual Agriculture appropriations are discussed in CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R45974, 'Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Monke, Jim
2020-04-03
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Federal Assistance to Troubled Industries: Selected Examples [March 19, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Serious disruptions for certain industries caused by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic have led to calls for federal government assistance to affected industries. Although out of the ordinary, this would not be the first occasion on which the federal government has provided aid to troubled or financially distressed industries. To help inform congressional debate, this report examines selected past instances in which the government has aided troubled industries, providing information about the way in which such assistance was structured, the role of Congress, and the eventual cost."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird; Labonte, Marc; Canis, Bill . . .
2020-03-19
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