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Poland: Background and U.S.Relations [June 25, 2019]
Introduction and Issues for Congress: "Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress consider Poland to be a key ally of the United States and one of most pro-U.S. countries in Europe. According to the U.S. State Department, areas of close bilateral cooperation with Poland include 'NATO capabilities, counterterrorism, nonproliferation, missile defense, human rights, economic growth and innovation, energy security, and regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe.' The Congressional Caucus on Poland is a bipartisan group of Members of Congress who seek to maintain and strengthen the U.S.-Poland relationship and engage in issues of mutual interest to both countries. Of the Central European and Baltic countries that have joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU), Poland is by far the most populous, has the largest economy, and is the most significant military actor. In 1999, with strong backing from the United States, Poland was among the first group of post-communist countries to join NATO. In 2004, again with strong support from the United States, it was among a group of eight post-communist countries to join the EU. Many analysts assert that Poland, more than many other European countries, continues to look to the United States for foreign policy leadership. Recently, developments related to Russia's resurgence and the attendant implications for U.S. policy and NATO are likely to have continuing relevance for Congress. A variety of factors make Poland a central interlocutor and partner for the United States in examining and responding to these challenges. Since Poland's 2015 parliamentary election, some Members of Congress also have expressed concerns about trends in the country's governance, discussed below."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2019-06-25
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Spain's 2019 Election [May 2, 2019]
From the Document: "Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress consider Spain to be an important U.S. ally and one of the closest U.S. partners in Europe. Spain's April 2019 election returned a fragmented result, but most seated parties favor the continuation of close U.S.-Spain relations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2019-05-02
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Brexit Extended [April 18, 2019]
From the Document: "The departure of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), known as 'Brexit,' was originally scheduled for March 29, 2019. The UK House of Commons has repeatedly rejected the withdrawal agreement that the UK government negotiated with the EU, however, while also opposing the 'no-deal' option of leaving the EU without a withdrawal agreement. [...] In seeking and granting the extensions, both sides have also reiterated their intention to avoid the 'no-deal' scenario, due to concerns that it could cause considerable disruption, with negative effects on economic, trade, security, Northern Ireland, aviation, and other issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2019-04-18
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Iran: Efforts to Preserve Economic Benefits of the Nuclear Deal [Updated February 26, 2019]
"On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would cease implementing U.S. commitments under the 2015 multilateral Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. On November 5, 2018, at the end of a 'wind down period,' all pre-JCPOA U.S. sanctions on foreign firms that conduct transactions in all of Iran's core economic sectors, including energy, banking, shipping, and manufacturing, went back into effect. These include sanctions on 'petroleum-related transactions' and transactions by foreign banks with Iran's Central Bank. In addition, foreign firms that transact business with entities designated by the United States for sanctions could face virtual exclusion from the U.S. economy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Katzman, Kenneth; Mix, Derek E.
2019-02-26
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Brexit at a Pivotal Moment [November 28, 2018]
From the Document: "Four months away from the United Kingdom's (UK's) expected withdrawal from the European Union (EU), discord and uncertainty remain central themes in the analysis of 'Brexit.' The efforts of UK and EU negotiators to reconcile a complex set of competing interests and preferences have produced a 585-page draft withdrawal agreement and a 26- page political declaration on the future UK-EU relationship. EU leaders signed off on the deal in late November 2018, leaving a vote by the European Parliament as the final step for approval by the EU before the March 29, 2019, withdrawal date. In the UK, however, pronounced divisions remain about how Brexit should look. The withdrawal agreement faces a crucial test when the UK Parliament votes on whether to approve it, a vote expected to occur on December 11, 2018."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2018-11-28
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Iran: Efforts to Preserve Economic Benefits of the Nuclear Deal [November 8, 2018]
"On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would cease implementing U.S. commitments under the 2015 multilateral Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. On November 5, 2018, at the end of a 'wind down period,' all pre-JCPOA U.S. sanctions on foreign firms that conduct transactions in all of Iran's core economic sectors, including energy, banking, shipping, and manufacturing, went back into effect. These include sanctions on 'petroleum-related transactions' and transactions by foreign banks with Iran's Central Bank. In addition, 700 Iranian and third country entities have again been designated by the United States as sanctioned entities, meaning that foreign firms that transact business with these entities could face virtual exclusion from the U.S. economy. The non-U.S. parties to the JCPOA--the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, China, the European Union (EU) and Iran--opposed the U.S. move and have sought to preserve the accord. The outcome of their efforts may depend on the degree to which Iran perceives that it continues to receive economic benefits of the agreement. To date, Iran has continued to comply with the JCPOA, while pressing the EU and other parties to the JCPOA to provide assurances of continued economic engagement with Iran."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Katzman, Kenneth; Mix, Derek E.
2018-11-08
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Spain and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief [October 5, 2018]
"Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress consider Spain to be an important U.S. ally and one of the closest U.S.partners in Europe. Political developments in Spain, cooperation between the United States and Spain on security issues and counterterrorism, and U.S.-Spain economic ties are possible topics of continuing interest during the 115th Congress. Members of Congress may have an interest in considering the dimensions and dynamics of current issues in U.S.-Spain or U.S.-European relations, or with regard to NATO, in the course of oversight or legislative activities, or in the context of direct interactions with Spanish legislators and officials."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2018-10-05
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Efforts to Preserve Economic Benefits of the Iran Nuclear Deal [June 27, 2018]
"On May 8, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would cease implementing U.S. commitments under the 2015 multilateral Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. He indicated that, by the end of a 'wind down period' (by November 4, 2018), all U.S. sanctions in place prior to the JCPOA--which target foreign firms that conduct transactions in all of Iran's core economic sectors, including energy, banking, shipping, insurance, manufacturing, and hard currency trading--would go back into effect. These include sanctions on 'petroleum-related transactions' and transactions by foreign banks with Iran's Central Bank. Several hundred Iranian and third country entities will again be designated by the United States as sanctioned entities, meaning that foreign firms that transact business with these entities could face exclusion from the U.S. economy and financial system."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Katzman, Kenneth; Mix, Derek E.
2018-06-27
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Spain and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief [April 19, 2018]
"The United States and Spain have extensive cultural ties and a mutually beneficial economic relationship, and the two countries cooperate closely on numerous diplomatic and security issues. Spain has been a member of NATO since 1982 and a member of the European Union (EU) since 1986. Given its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in Spain and its relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2018-04-19
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United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States [March 12, 2018]
"The modern relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom (UK) was forged during the Second World War. It was cemented during the Cold War, as both countries worked together bilaterally and within NATO to counter the threat of the Soviet Union. The United States and the UK are two of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and both are founding members of NATO. In the early 1990s, the UK was an important U.S. ally in the first Gulf War, and the two countries later worked together in stabilization and peacekeeping operations in the Balkans. The UK was the leading U.S. ally in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent stabilization operations, and it was the largest non-U.S. contributor to the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan. The UK remains an important U.S. partner in ongoing global security challenges, such as combatting international terrorism, countering the Islamic State terrorist group, and opposing Russia's annexation of Crimea and actions destabilizing Ukraine, including by supporting strong sanctions in response to these actions. The UK is also the sixth-largest economy in the world and a major financial center. The United States and the UK share an extensive and mutually beneficial trade and economic relationship, and each is the other's largest foreign investor."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2018-03-12
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Northern Ireland, Brexit, and the Irish Border [March 12, 2018]
"As the 20th anniversary of the April 1998 peace accord for Northern Ireland (known as the Good Friday Agreement or the Belfast Agreement) approaches, concerns are increasing about how the expected exit of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU)--or 'Brexit'--might affect Northern Ireland. The future of the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland has become a central issue in the UK's withdrawal negotiations with the EU. Once the UK ceases to be a member of the EU--likely in March 2019-- Northern Ireland will be the only part of the UK to share a land border with an EU member state (Ireland and the UK both joined the EU in 1973). Agreeing upon arrangements for the post-Brexit UK-Irish border is particularly challenging because of Northern Ireland's history of political violence. Roughly 3,500 people died during 'the Troubles,' the 30-year sectarian conflict between unionists (Protestants who largely define themselves as British and support remaining part of the UK) and nationalists (Catholics who consider themselves Irish and may desire a united Ireland)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Mix, Derek E.
2018-03-12
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Iran Policy and the European Union [October 18, 2017]
"On October 13, 2017, President Trump announced a new U.S. strategy on Iran. He stated that, under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (INARA; P.L. 114-17), he would not be certifying that continued Iran sanctions relief is proportionate to the measures taken by Iran to terminate its illicit nuclear program. That and other INARA certification requirements are related to, but separate from, Iran's nuclear obligations under the July 14, 2015, multilateral nuclear agreement (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA). The withholding of INARA certification does not automatically end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, which the UK, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and China negotiated with Iran. But the President linked continued U.S. participation to congressional and allied action to address deficiencies in the JCPOA that he identified in his October 13 statement [...]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.; Katzman, Kenneth
2017-10-18
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United Kingdom Election Result [June 14, 2017]
"The United Kingdom (UK) election of June 8, 2017, resulted in a hung parliament, an outcome in which no single party won a majority of seats in the 650-seat House of Commons. With 318 seats, the Conservative Party came in first place but lost the majority it had held after winning 331 seats in the 2015 election. The Labour Party came in second place, outperforming most expectations by winning 262 seats, a gain of 30."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2017-06-14
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European Security and Islamist Terrorism [June 8, 2017]
"The June 3, 2017 attack in London--in which eight people were killed and nearly 50 injured--was the third terrorist incident in the United Kingdom in the last few months. Five people were killed outside the UK parliament in March in a similar car and knife attack, and in May, a suicide bomber killed 22 people and wounded 116 at a music concert in Manchester. These incidents are among a string of terrorist attacks in Europe connected to or inspired by violent Islamist extremism, with many since 2014 linked to the Islamic State group (also known as ISIS or ISIL)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Mix, Derek E.
2017-06-08
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United Kingdom's Prime Minister Visits President Trump [January 26, 2017]
"On January 27, 2017, United Kingdom (UK) Prime Minister Theresa May is scheduled to be the first foreign leader to meet with President Donald Trump at the White House. Officials on both sides regard the visit as an important opening discussion intended to set the tone of relations between the two leaders and reaffirm key priorities for the U.S.-UK 'special relationship.' Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress have traditionally viewed the United Kingdom as the United States' closest ally, citing the two countries' extensive and long-standing cooperation on security and defense issues, intelligence, counterterrorism, and many other shared interests. The United States and the UK are also major trade and investment partners."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2017-01-26
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Economic Implications of a United Kingdom Exit from the European Union [July 14, 2016]
"This report provides an analysis of the possible economic implications for the United States and the global economy of an exit from the European Union (EU) by the United Kingdom (UK), commonly referred to as Brexit. It offers background information on possible implications of the vote to leave the EU, an overview of U.S.-UK trade and investment relations, and various estimates of Brexit's financial implications for the U.S. and global economies. For Members of Congress, economic fallout from Brexit could increase the risks of a slower rate of economic growth and potentially complicate economic policymaking. Brexit also could have implications for congressional oversight of U.S. trade policy, including ongoing U.S.-EU negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) free trade agreement (FTA). Since the Brexit vote, resolutions have been introduced in the House and Senate supporting the negotiation of a U.S.-UK FTA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Mix, Derek E.
2016-07-14
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United Kingdom Votes to Leave the European Union [June 24, 2016]
"Nearly 52% of British voters in the June 23 referendum on European Union (EU) membership answered that the United Kingdom (UK) should leave the EU. The vote on a British exit from the EU (often referred to as 'Brexit') took place after four months of intense campaigning. Among a complex pattern of supporters and opponents of Brexit, the vote pitted Prime Minister David Cameron, who led the campaign to remain, against many members of his own Conservative Party. Prime Minister Cameron subsequently announced that he will step down by October 2016. The vote was the culmination of a decades-long debate in the UK about the country's EU membership. The UK joined the precursor to the modern EU in 1973, but has long been considered one of the most 'euroskeptic' members, having 'opted out' of several major elements of European integration, such as the euro currency and the passport-free Schengen Zone. One of the central arguments made by the Leave campaign was that the EU had steadily eroded the UK's national sovereignty by shifting control over many areas of decisionmaking from Parliament to Brussels. Analysts also attribute the result to the prevalence of concerns about high levels of immigration to the UK, which the Leave campaign linked to the EU requirement for the 'free movement of people' among member states. Leave campaigners further argued that EU bureaucracy and regulations held back the UK's economy, and that in the long term the country would be better off economically outside the EU."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-06-24
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United Kingdom and the European Union: Stay or Go? [June 20, 2016]
"On June 23, 2016, British voters are expected to answer the question 'Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?' The outcome of the referendum remains difficult to predict. Polling results have varied from week to week and continue to suggest a close race with a significant number of undecided voters. Some polls in mid-June have shown a late shift in favor of the Leave campaign."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-06-20
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United Kingdom and the European Union: Stay or Go? [May 4, 2016]
"In-or-Out Vote Set for June 23 'Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?' On June 23, 2016, British voters are expected to answer this question. Prime Minister David Cameron set the referendum date on February 20 after completing months of negotiations with his fellow European Union (EU) leaders about securing a 'special status' in the EU for the United Kingdom (UK)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-05-04
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Poland and Its Relations with the United States [March 7, 2016]
"Over the past 25 years, the relationship between the United States and Poland has been close and cooperative. The United States strongly supported Poland's accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1999 and backed its entry into the European Union (EU) in 2004. In recent years, Poland has made significant contributions to U.S.-and NATO-led military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Poland and the United States continue working together on issues such as democracy promotion, counterterrorism, and improving NATO capabilities. Given its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in Poland and its relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-03-07
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United Kingdom and the European Union: Stay or Go? [February 24, 2016]
"In-or-Out Vote Set for June 23 'Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?' On June 23, 2016, British voters are expected to answer this question. Prime Minister David Cameron set the referendum date on February 20 after completing months of negotiations with his fellow European Union (EU) leaders about securing a 'special status' in the EU for the United Kingdom (UK)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-02-24
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Spain and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief [December 4, 2015]
"Given its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in Spain and its relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics." These four topics include: "[1] Domestic Political and Economic Issues. The government of Spain is led by Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy of the center-right Popular Party (PP). The PP won an absolute majority in the general election of November 2011. […] [2] Regional Issues. The Spanish government is firmly opposed to a long-standing independence movement in Catalonia, a region of northeast Spain that includes Barcelona. In November 2015, Spain's constitutional court blocked an attempt by the regional Catalan parliament to begin the process of forming an independent state. […] [3] Counterterrorism. The United States and Spain cooperate closely on counterterrorism issues. An estimated 50 to 100 Spanish citizens and approximately 1,200 Moroccan nationals with Spanish residency cards are thought to have joined jihadist groups fighting in Syria and Iraq. […] [4] U.S.-Spain Defense Relations. Spain plays an important role in U.S. defense strategy for Europe and Africa. Four U.S. destroyers equipped with the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system are stationed at the Rota naval base as part of the European Phased Adaptive Approach for missile defense in Europe. Additionally, Morón air base is the headquarters for a rapid reaction force of 2,200 U.S. Marines that protects U.S. interests and personnel in North Africa. […] [5] U.S.-Spain Economic Relations. Investment flows between the United States and Spain totaled nearly $80 billion in 2013, and the trade relationship totaled nearly $25 billion in 2014. Approximately 1,200 U.S. firms operate subsidiaries and branches in Spain."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-12-04
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Poland and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief [November 17, 2015]
"Over the past 25 years, the relationship between the United States and Poland has been close and cooperative. The United States strongly supported Poland's accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1999 and backed its entry into the European Union (EU) in 2004. In recent years, Poland has made significant contributions to U.S.- and NATO-led military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Poland and the United States continue working together on issues such as democracy promotion, counterterrorism, and improving NATO capabilities. Given its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in Poland and its relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-11-17
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Poland and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief [September 30, 2015]
"Over the past 25 years, the relationship between the United States and Poland has been close and cooperative. The United States strongly supported Poland's accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1999 and backed its entry into the European Union (EU) in 2004. In recent years, Poland has made significant contributions to U.S.- and NATO-led military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Poland and the United States continue working together on issues such as democracy promotion, counterterrorism, and improving NATO capabilities. Given its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in Poland and its relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-09-30
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Russian Deployments in Syria Complicate U.S. Policy [Septmember 18, 2015]
"In recent weeks, Russia has moved military equipment and personnel to Syria, which could potentially be used to resupply the Asad regime or lead to a direct Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war. Russian officials have acknowledged that they are increasing their military presence in Syria and claim that their aim is to pursue counterterrorism objectives that the United States and coalition members share. Expanded Russian security cooperation and military operations in Syria present challenges for U.S. diplomatic and military strategy there."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.; Woehrel, Steven J.; Mix, Derek E. . . .
2015-09-18
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Pope Francis and Selected Global Issues: Background for Papal Address to Congress [September 8, 2015]
"Following a September 19-22 visit to Cuba, Pope Francis is scheduled to visit the United States from September 22-27. His visit will begin in Washington, DC, and include a visit to the White House, a public mass at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, and an address to Congress. Speaker of the House John Boehner invited Pope Francis to address a joint meeting of Congress based on his position as head of state of the Holy See (an international entity analogous to a sovereign state) and his 'social teachings…that have prompted careful reflection and vigorous dialogue.' On September 24, 2015, Pope Francis will become the first pope to address a joint congressional session. […] This report provides Members of Congress with background information on Pope Francis and a summary of a few selected global issues of congressional interest that have figured prominently on his agenda. The background section on Pope Francis includes a biographical sketch of his life as Jorge Mario Bergoglio, followed by a brief overview of his papacy thus far. The report then identifies some--but not all--of the global issues of concern to Pope Francis. Those include environmental stewardship, poverty and inequality, peace and diplomacy, and human trafficking. The report includes one appendix addressing logistical and security concerns surrounding the papal visit and another summarizing the aforementioned encyclical, Laudato Si. It also refers readers to additional sources of information analyzing the extent to which Pope Francis has addressed issues within the Catholic Church, including corruption within the Vatican and the ongoing issue of sexual assault/exploitation by some priests."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando; Reese, Shawn; Straus, Jacob R. . . .
2015-09-08
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United Kingdom: Background and Relations with the United States [June 15, 2015]
"Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States' closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues. In the minds of many Americans, the UK's strong role in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past decade reinforced an impression of closeness and solidarity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-06-15
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United Kingdom Election [May 8, 2015]
"The United Kingdom's (UK's) general election that was held on May 7, 2015, resulted in a decisive victory for the Conservative Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister David Cameron. With 331 seats, the Conservatives have the numbers to form a single-party government with a narrow absolute majority in the 650-seat House of Commons. After winning 307 seats in the 2010 election, Prime Minister Cameron and the Conservative Party have led the UK government for the past five years in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, who held 57 seats. The Labour Party suffered a considerable defeat in the 2015 election, with party leader Ed Miliband resigning after the party dropped to 232 seats, down from the 258 it won in 2010."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-05-08
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United Kingdom: Background and Relations with the United States [April 29, 2015]
"Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States' closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues. In the minds of many Americans, the UK's strong role in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past decade reinforced an impression of closeness and solidarity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-04-29
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United Kingdom Election [April 29, 2015]
"The United Kingdom's (UK) general election takes place May 7, 2015. The previous election, in 2010, resulted in a 'hung Parliament,' as no party won a majority of the 650 seats in the House of Commons. The Conservative Party, led by David Cameron, won the most seats with 307. After winning the three prior elections, the Labour Party finished second with 258 seats. The Conservatives subsequently formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg, who finished third with 57 seats. David Cameron became prime minister, and Nick Clegg became deputy prime minister. Ed Miliband replaced Gordon Brown as leader of the Labour Party. The coalition's signature initiative has been a far-reaching austerity program aiming to reduce the country's budget deficit. The deficit has decreased while economic growth has improved, but austerity has heightened social tensions and caused friction between the coalition partners. The parties have also disagreed over other issues, including the UK's policies toward the European Union (EU)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-04-29
