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Iran Policy and the European Union [October 18, 2017]
"On October 13, 2017, President Trump announced a new U.S. strategy on Iran. He stated that, under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (INARA; P.L. 114-17), he would not be certifying that continued Iran sanctions relief is proportionate to the measures taken by Iran to terminate its illicit nuclear program. That and other INARA certification requirements are related to, but separate from, Iran's nuclear obligations under the July 14, 2015, multilateral nuclear agreement (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA). The withholding of INARA certification does not automatically end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, which the UK, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and China negotiated with Iran. But the President linked continued U.S. participation to congressional and allied action to address deficiencies in the JCPOA that he identified in his October 13 statement [...]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.; Katzman, Kenneth
2017-10-18
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Iran: Efforts to Preserve Economic Benefits of the Nuclear Deal [Updated February 26, 2019]
"On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would cease implementing U.S. commitments under the 2015 multilateral Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. On November 5, 2018, at the end of a 'wind down period,' all pre-JCPOA U.S. sanctions on foreign firms that conduct transactions in all of Iran's core economic sectors, including energy, banking, shipping, and manufacturing, went back into effect. These include sanctions on 'petroleum-related transactions' and transactions by foreign banks with Iran's Central Bank. In addition, foreign firms that transact business with entities designated by the United States for sanctions could face virtual exclusion from the U.S. economy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Katzman, Kenneth; Mix, Derek E.
2019-02-26
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Efforts to Preserve Economic Benefits of the Iran Nuclear Deal [June 27, 2018]
"On May 8, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would cease implementing U.S. commitments under the 2015 multilateral Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. He indicated that, by the end of a 'wind down period' (by November 4, 2018), all U.S. sanctions in place prior to the JCPOA--which target foreign firms that conduct transactions in all of Iran's core economic sectors, including energy, banking, shipping, insurance, manufacturing, and hard currency trading--would go back into effect. These include sanctions on 'petroleum-related transactions' and transactions by foreign banks with Iran's Central Bank. Several hundred Iranian and third country entities will again be designated by the United States as sanctioned entities, meaning that foreign firms that transact business with these entities could face exclusion from the U.S. economy and financial system."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Katzman, Kenneth; Mix, Derek E.
2018-06-27
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New UK Leadership: Implications for Brexit [July 31, 2019]
From the Document: "On July 24, 2019, Boris Johnson became prime minister of the United Kingdom (UK) after winning the Conservative Party leadership contest that was triggered by the resignation of Theresa May as party leader on June 7. A colorful and polarizing figure who was one of the leading voices in the campaign for the UK to leave the European Union (EU), Johnson previously served as UK foreign secretary from 2016 to 2018 and mayor of London from 2008 to 2016. He inherits a government in which the Conservative Party controls a slim parliamentary majority by virtue of support from the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), the largest unionist party in Northern Ireland."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2019-07-31
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Poland: Background and U.S.Relations [June 25, 2019]
Introduction and Issues for Congress: "Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress consider Poland to be a key ally of the United States and one of most pro-U.S. countries in Europe. According to the U.S. State Department, areas of close bilateral cooperation with Poland include 'NATO capabilities, counterterrorism, nonproliferation, missile defense, human rights, economic growth and innovation, energy security, and regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe.' The Congressional Caucus on Poland is a bipartisan group of Members of Congress who seek to maintain and strengthen the U.S.-Poland relationship and engage in issues of mutual interest to both countries. Of the Central European and Baltic countries that have joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU), Poland is by far the most populous, has the largest economy, and is the most significant military actor. In 1999, with strong backing from the United States, Poland was among the first group of post-communist countries to join NATO. In 2004, again with strong support from the United States, it was among a group of eight post-communist countries to join the EU. Many analysts assert that Poland, more than many other European countries, continues to look to the United States for foreign policy leadership. Recently, developments related to Russia's resurgence and the attendant implications for U.S. policy and NATO are likely to have continuing relevance for Congress. A variety of factors make Poland a central interlocutor and partner for the United States in examining and responding to these challenges. Since Poland's 2015 parliamentary election, some Members of Congress also have expressed concerns about trends in the country's governance, discussed below."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2019-06-25
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Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations [Updated January 2, 2020]
From the Summary: "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, often referred to as the Baltic states, are close U.S. allies and considered among the most pro-U.S. countries in Europe. Strong U.S. relations with these three states are rooted in history. The United States never recognized the Soviet Union's forcible incorporation of the Baltic states in 1940, and it applauded the restoration of their independence in 1991. These policies were backed by Congress on a bipartisan basis. The United States supported the Baltic states' accession to NATO and the European Union (EU) in 2004. Especially since Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, potential threats posed to the Baltic states by Russia have been a primary driver of increased U.S. and congressional interest in the region. Congressional interest in the Baltic states has focused largely on defense cooperation and security assistance for the purposes of deterring potential Russian aggression and countering hybrid threats, such as disinformation campaigns and cyberattacks. Energy security is another main area of U.S. and congressional interest in the Baltic region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2020-01-02
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United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States [Updated April 16, 2021]
From the Summary: "Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States' closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture; a large and mutually beneficial economic relationship; and extensive cooperation on foreign policy and security issues. The UK's January 2020 withdrawal from the European Union (EU), often referred to as 'Brexit', is likely to change its international role and outlook in ways that affect U.S.-UK relations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2021-04-16
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United Kingdom and the European Union: Stay or Go? [May 4, 2016]
"In-or-Out Vote Set for June 23 'Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?' On June 23, 2016, British voters are expected to answer this question. Prime Minister David Cameron set the referendum date on February 20 after completing months of negotiations with his fellow European Union (EU) leaders about securing a 'special status' in the EU for the United Kingdom (UK)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-05-04
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United Kingdom and the European Union: Stay or Go? [February 24, 2016]
"In-or-Out Vote Set for June 23 'Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?' On June 23, 2016, British voters are expected to answer this question. Prime Minister David Cameron set the referendum date on February 20 after completing months of negotiations with his fellow European Union (EU) leaders about securing a 'special status' in the EU for the United Kingdom (UK)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-02-24
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United Kingdom and the European Union: Stay or Go? [June 20, 2016]
"On June 23, 2016, British voters are expected to answer the question 'Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?' The outcome of the referendum remains difficult to predict. Polling results have varied from week to week and continue to suggest a close race with a significant number of undecided voters. Some polls in mid-June have shown a late shift in favor of the Leave campaign."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2016-06-20
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United Kingdom Election Result [June 14, 2017]
"The United Kingdom (UK) election of June 8, 2017, resulted in a hung parliament, an outcome in which no single party won a majority of seats in the 650-seat House of Commons. With 318 seats, the Conservative Party came in first place but lost the majority it had held after winning 331 seats in the 2015 election. The Labour Party came in second place, outperforming most expectations by winning 262 seats, a gain of 30."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2017-06-14
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [February 28, 2012]
"Due to extensive cooperation on a wide range of issues, the relationship between the United States and Europe is often called the transatlantic partnership. The two sides have many common values and shared interests, and have grown increasingly interdependent in terms of security and prosperity. The overall tone of transatlantic relations during the Obama Administration has been largely positive. At the same time, a constructive tone does not necessarily translate into tangible foreign policy results; both sides have also experienced frustrations in pursuing their goals over the past three years. As the United States and Europe face changing geopolitical realities, some new anxieties are surfacing about the future relevance and influence of the partnership. This report selects five major issues to illustrate the nature of U.S.-European cooperation and shared interests…. The transatlantic relationship and the key subjects of U.S.-European cooperation and shared interest are likely to have continuing implications for U.S. policy during the 112th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2012-02-28
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United Kingdom and U.S.-UK Relations [December 20, 2012]
"The modern U.S.-UK relationship was forged during the Second World War, and cemented during the Cold War as both countries worked together bilaterally and within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to counter the threat of the Soviet Union. The United States and the UK are two of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and both are founding members of NATO. In the early 1990s, the UK was an important U.S. ally in the first Gulf War, and the two countries later worked together in stabilization and peacekeeping operations in the Balkans. The UK was the leading U.S. ally in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent stabilization operations, remains the largest non-U.S. contributor to the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan, and took a leading role in alliance operations in Libya in 2011. It is also an important U.S. partner in efforts to pressure Iran over its nuclear activities, and to restart the Middle East peace process. The UK is the seventh-largest economy in the world and a major financial center. The United States and the UK share an extensive and mutually beneficial trade and economic relationship, and each is the other's largest foreign investor. U.S. and UK officials, from the cabinet level down, consult frequently and extensively on many global issues. American and British diplomats report often turning to each other first when seeking to build support for their respective positions in multilateral institutions or during times of crisis, as in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks on the United States. British input is often cited as an element in shaping U.S. foreign policy debates. Some observers assert that a common language and cultural similarities, as well as the habits of cooperation that have developed over the years, contribute to the ease with which U.S. and UK policymakers interact with each other. The term 'special relationship' has often been used to describe the high degree of mutual trust between the two countries in cooperating on diplomatic and political issues. The special relationship also encompasses close intelligence-sharing arrangements and unique cooperation in nuclear and defense matters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2012-12-20
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United Kingdom: Issues for the United States [May 14, 2010]
"The UK [United Kingdom] is one of the 27 member countries of the European Union (EU). While the UK's relations with the EU have historically involved a degree of ambivalence and a reluctance to pursue certain elements of integration, British policy and the UK's outlook on many global issues are often shaped in the context of its EU membership. For example, analysts note that some UK policy positions, such as its approach to climate change, are closer to those of its EU partners than to those of the United States. The Conservative Party won the most seats in the UK election of May 6, 2010, although they fell short of winning an absolute majority. On May 11, 2010, the Conservatives agreed to form a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, who finished third in the election. Conservative leader David Cameron became the UK's new prime minister, and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg was named deputy prime minister. The Conservative-Liberal Democrat government is the UK's first coalition government since World War II. After losing a considerable number of seats in the election and finishing in second place, the Labour Party moved into opposition. Labour had led the UK government for 13 years, first under Tony Blair (1997-2007) and then under Gordon Brown. U.S.-UK relations and the implications of the 2010 British election may be of interest in the second session of the 111th Congress. This report provides an overview of the election and discusses some of the key issues facing the new government. The report also examines the UK's relationship with the European Union and assesses some of the main dimensions of the U.S.-UK relationship. For broader analysis of transatlantic relations, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RS22163, 'The United States and Europe: Current Issues, by Derek E. Mix.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2010-05-14
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [March 20, 2013]
"Common values, overlapping interests, and shared goals are the foundation of what is often described as the transatlantic partnership between the United States and Europe. Many observers stress that in terms of security and prosperity the United States and Europe have grown increasingly interdependent. Both sides of the Atlantic face a common set of challenges, including economic concerns, terrorism, weapons proliferation, energy security, and the destabilizing effects of failing and rogue states. Both sides are proponents of democracy, open societies, human rights, and free markets. Supporters of close U.S.-European cooperation argue that neither the United States nor Europe can adequately address the wide array of global concerns alone, and that the track record shows the two sides can accomplish much more when they work together. The United States and Europe also share a huge and mutually beneficial trade and investment relationship. This report summarizes a selection of broad issues in which the transatlantic relationship and U.S.-European cooperation play an important role. A full survey of global issues that are important for U.S. and European interests would also include relations with countries such as China, India, and Turkey; concerns about stability in the Balkans and the countries of the former Soviet Union; the Middle East peace process; development assistance and humanitarian aid to the countries of Africa and elsewhere in the developing world; and many more."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2013-03-20
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United Kingdom and U.S.-UK Relations [April 15, 2013]
"The modern U.S.-UK relationship was forged during the Second World War. It was cemented during the Cold War, as both countries worked together bilaterally and within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to counter the threat of the Soviet Union. The United States and the UK are two of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and both are founding members of NATO. In the early 1990s, the UK was an important U.S. ally in the first Gulf War, and the two countries later worked together in stabilization and peacekeeping operations in the Balkans. The UK was the leading U.S. ally in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent stabilization operations, remains the largest non-U.S. contributor to the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan, and took a leading role in alliance operations in Libya in 2011. It is also an important U.S. partner in efforts to pressure Iran over its nuclear activities, and to combat international terrorism. The UK is the seventh-largest economy in the world and a major financial center. The United States and the UK share an extensive and mutually beneficial trade and economic relationship, and each is the other's largest foreign investor."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2013-04-15
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [March 16, 2009]
"Many observers stress that in terms of security and prosperity the United States and Europe have grown increasingly interdependent. Both sides of the Atlantic face a common set of challenges, including terrorism and transnational crime, weapons proliferation, energy security, climate change and environmental degradation, the destabilizing effects of failing and rogue states, and instability in global financial markets. Both sides are proponents of democracy, open societies, human rights, and free markets. Supporters of close U.S.-European cooperation argue that neither the United States nor Europe can adequately address such an agenda alone, and that the track record shows that the two sides can accomplish much more when they work together. […] This report discusses nine broad topics selected as key issues in U.S.-European interests and relations. It does not represent a full survey of what would be a very long list of global issues that relate to important U.S. and European interests. For example, the United States and Europe share concerns about democratization in countries like Belarus and others around the world. Both sides share concerns about stability in the Balkans, Ukraine, Georgia, the Caucasus region and central Asia. Relations with countries such as China, India, and Turkey, as well as the countries of Africa, are of great importance to both. While not every such important topic is covered in this report, the nine issues that are presented are intended to capture a broad overview of some of the highest priority items on the transatlantic agenda."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2009-03-16
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [June 20, 2011]
"Due to extensive cooperation on a wide range of issues, the relationship between the United States and Europe is often called the transatlantic partnership. In many areas, the two sides share common values and overlapping interests, and have grown increasingly interdependent in terms of security and prosperity. The majority of Europeans warmly welcomed President Barack Obama to office, and his popularity suggested opportunities for the United States and Europe to address the common set of global challenges they face. In dealing with this difficult agenda, however, observers note that the constructive tone of the relationship does not necessarily translate into tangible foreign policy results. Overall, transatlantic cooperation is strong on many key issues, but some concerns and points of tension also persist. As the United States and Europe deal with changing geopolitical realities, some new anxieties are surfacing about the future of the transatlantic partnership."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2011-06-20
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [December 8, 2010]
"Due to extensive cooperation on a wide range of issues, the relationship between the United States and Europe is often called the transatlantic partnership. In many areas, the two sides share common values and overlapping interests, and have grown increasingly interdependent in terms of security and prosperity. The majority of Europeans warmly welcomed President Barack Obama to office, and his popularity suggested opportunities for the United States and Europe to address the common set of global challenges they face. In dealing with this difficult agenda, however, observers note that the constructive tone of the relationship does not necessarily translate into tangible foreign policy results. Overall, transatlantic cooperation is strong on many key issues, but some concerns and points of tension also persist. As the United States and Europe deal with changing geopolitical realities, some new anxieties are surfacing about the future of the transatlantic partnership."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2010-12-08
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [May 4, 2011]
"Common values, overlapping interests, and shared goals are the foundation of what is often described as the transatlantic partnership between the United States and Europe. By almost any measure, the institutional pillars of the Euro-Atlantic community - NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] and the European Union (EU) - have proven successful in promoting prosperity, security, and stability in Europe. The U.S. Congress and successive U.S. Administrations have strongly supported both institutions as means to foster democratic states, reliable military allies, and strong trading partners. Many observers stress that in terms of security and prosperity the United States and Europe have grown increasingly interdependent. Both sides of the Atlantic face a common set of challenges, including economic concerns, terrorism, weapons proliferation, energy security, climate change, environmental degradation, and the destabilizing effects of failing and rogue states. Both sides are proponents of democracy, open societies, human rights, and free markets. A full survey of global issues that are important for U.S. and European interests would also include relations with countries such as China, India, and Turkey; concerns about stability in the Balkans and the countries of the former Soviet Union; unrest in North Africa and the Middle East, including the NATO operation in Libya; the Middle East peace process; development assistance and humanitarian aid to the countries of Africa and elsewhere in the developing world; and many more. Supporters of close U.S.-European cooperation argue that neither the United States nor Europe can adequately address such an agenda alone, and that the track record shows the two sides can accomplish much more when they work together."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2011-05-04
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United Kingdom and U.S.-UK Relations [May 5, 2014]
"Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States' closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues. In the minds of many Americans, the UK's strong role in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past decade reinforced an impression of closeness and solidarity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2014-05-05
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United States and Europe: Current Issues [February 3, 2015]
"Due to extensive cooperation on a wide range of issues, the relationship between the United States and Europe is often called the transatlantic partnership. The two sides have many common values and concerns, and have grown increasingly interdependent in terms of security and prosperity. The transatlantic relationship and the main areas of U.S.-European cooperation and shared interest are likely to have continuing implications for U.S. policy during the 114th Congress. Members of Congress may have an interest in considering the dimensions and dynamics of current issues in U.S.-European relations in the course of oversight or legislative activities, or in the context of direct interactions with European legislators and officials. According to most observers, the overall tone of transatlantic relations during the Obama Administration has been largely positive. At the same time, a constructive tone does not necessarily translate into tangible results with regard to foreign policy objectives or other goals. With respect to certain issues, U.S. and European policies have been at odds and have generated friction in the relationship from time to time. This report summarizes key issues that both illustrate the nature of U.S.-European cooperation based on shared interests and present challenges in terms of the efficacy of such cooperation… […] As the United States and Europe face a changing geopolitical environment, some observers assert that the global influence of the Euro-Atlantic partnership is in decline. In addition, the Obama Administration's announced intention of 're-balancing' U.S. foreign policy toward Asia has caused some anxiety among Europeans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-02-03
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United Kingdom: Background and Relations with the United States [April 29, 2015]
"Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States' closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues. In the minds of many Americans, the UK's strong role in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past decade reinforced an impression of closeness and solidarity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-04-29
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United Kingdom Election [May 8, 2015]
"The United Kingdom's (UK's) general election that was held on May 7, 2015, resulted in a decisive victory for the Conservative Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister David Cameron. With 331 seats, the Conservatives have the numbers to form a single-party government with a narrow absolute majority in the 650-seat House of Commons. After winning 307 seats in the 2010 election, Prime Minister Cameron and the Conservative Party have led the UK government for the past five years in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, who held 57 seats. The Labour Party suffered a considerable defeat in the 2015 election, with party leader Ed Miliband resigning after the party dropped to 232 seats, down from the 258 it won in 2010."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-05-08
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United Kingdom Election [April 29, 2015]
"The United Kingdom's (UK) general election takes place May 7, 2015. The previous election, in 2010, resulted in a 'hung Parliament,' as no party won a majority of the 650 seats in the House of Commons. The Conservative Party, led by David Cameron, won the most seats with 307. After winning the three prior elections, the Labour Party finished second with 258 seats. The Conservatives subsequently formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg, who finished third with 57 seats. David Cameron became prime minister, and Nick Clegg became deputy prime minister. Ed Miliband replaced Gordon Brown as leader of the Labour Party. The coalition's signature initiative has been a far-reaching austerity program aiming to reduce the country's budget deficit. The deficit has decreased while economic growth has improved, but austerity has heightened social tensions and caused friction between the coalition partners. The parties have also disagreed over other issues, including the UK's policies toward the European Union (EU)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-04-29
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United Kingdom: Background and Relations with the United States [March 27, 2015]
"Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States' closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues. In the minds of many Americans, the UK's strong role in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past decade reinforced an impression of closeness and solidarity. In recent years, some observers have suggested that the U.S.-UK relationship is losing relevance due to changing U.S. foreign policy priorities and shifting global dynamics. U.S. officials have expressed increasing concerns about UK defense cuts and their potential effect on future security cooperation. Despite such anxieties, most analysts believe that the two countries will remain close allies that choose to cooperate in many important areas, such as counterterrorism, economic issues, and the future of NATO, as well as numerous global and regional security challenges. Given its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in the UK and its relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-03-27
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United Kingdom: Background and Relations with the United States [June 15, 2015]
"Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States' closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues. In the minds of many Americans, the UK's strong role in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past decade reinforced an impression of closeness and solidarity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2015-06-15
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United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States [March 12, 2018]
"The modern relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom (UK) was forged during the Second World War. It was cemented during the Cold War, as both countries worked together bilaterally and within NATO to counter the threat of the Soviet Union. The United States and the UK are two of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and both are founding members of NATO. In the early 1990s, the UK was an important U.S. ally in the first Gulf War, and the two countries later worked together in stabilization and peacekeeping operations in the Balkans. The UK was the leading U.S. ally in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent stabilization operations, and it was the largest non-U.S. contributor to the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan. The UK remains an important U.S. partner in ongoing global security challenges, such as combatting international terrorism, countering the Islamic State terrorist group, and opposing Russia's annexation of Crimea and actions destabilizing Ukraine, including by supporting strong sanctions in response to these actions. The UK is also the sixth-largest economy in the world and a major financial center. The United States and the UK share an extensive and mutually beneficial trade and economic relationship, and each is the other's largest foreign investor."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2018-03-12
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Three Seas Initiative [Updated April 26, 2021]
From the Document: "The Three Seas Initiative (3SI) is a regional effort in Europe to expand cross-border energy, transportation, and digital infrastructure and boost economic development in the area between the Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea. Twelve countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia), all of which are members of the European Union (EU), participate in the 3SI. [...] The U.S. government, including some Members of Congress, have indicated strong backing for the 3SI. In November 2020, the House of Representatives passed a bipartisan resolution 'expressing support of the Three Seas Initiative in its efforts to increase energy independence and infrastructure connectivity thereby strengthening the United States and European national security' (H.Res. 672, 116th Congress). Officials from the Biden Administration and the Trump Administration have expressed diplomatic support for the 3SI, and high-level U.S. officials (including then-President Trump in 2017) have joined its annual summits."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Garding, Sarah E.; Mix, Derek E.
2021-04-26
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Brexit at a Pivotal Moment [November 28, 2018]
From the Document: "Four months away from the United Kingdom's (UK's) expected withdrawal from the European Union (EU), discord and uncertainty remain central themes in the analysis of 'Brexit.' The efforts of UK and EU negotiators to reconcile a complex set of competing interests and preferences have produced a 585-page draft withdrawal agreement and a 26- page political declaration on the future UK-EU relationship. EU leaders signed off on the deal in late November 2018, leaving a vote by the European Parliament as the final step for approval by the EU before the March 29, 2019, withdrawal date. In the UK, however, pronounced divisions remain about how Brexit should look. The withdrawal agreement faces a crucial test when the UK Parliament votes on whether to approve it, a vote expected to occur on December 11, 2018."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2018-11-28
