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FY2018 Defense Appropriations Act: An Overview [April 5, 2018]
"The FY2018 defense appropriations bill, Division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 (H.R. 1625; P.L. 115-141), appropriates $647 billion for the Department of Defense (DOD). This amounts to an increase of $61 billion (about 10%) over the enacted FY2017 level and an increase of $24 billion over the President's FY2018 budget request for such activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Towell, Pat
2018-04-05
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Defense Primer: Navigating the NDAA [Updated January 15, 2021]
From the Document: "The annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) has a legacy of regular passage. FY2021 marked the 60th consecutive year for which an annual defense authorization was enacted. Many defense policymakers and officials see the bill as a reliable legislative vehicle for a range of policy matters. In recent years, the NDAA has included more than 1,000 pages of policy provisions and annual authorizations of appropriations in excess of $700 billion. Unlike an appropriations bill, the NDAA does not provide budget authority for the Department of Defense (DOD). Instead, the NDAA establishes or continues defense programs, policies, projects, or activities at DOD and other federal agencies, and provides guidance on how the appropriated funds are to be used in carrying out those authorized activities. This primer provides an overview of the structure and organization of the NDAA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Heitshusen, Valerie
2021-01-15
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Overseas Contingency Operations Funding: Background and Status [Updated September 6, 2019]
From the Document: "Congressional interest in Overseas Contingency Operation (OCO) funding has continued as Members debate ways of funding priorities without breaching discretionary spending limits set in law. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress has appropriated $2 trillion in discretionary budget authority designated as 'emergency requirements or for Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism' (OCO/GWOT) in support of the broad U.S. government response to the 9/11 attacks and for other related international affairs activities. This figure amounts to 9.5% of total discretionary spending during this period. [...] While there is no overall statutory limit on the amount of emergency or OCO/GWOT spending, both Congress and the President have fundamental roles in determining how much of the spending to provide each fiscal year."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Morgenstern, Emily M.
2019-09-06
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Overseas Contingency Operations Funding: Background and Status [Updated January 15, 2019]
"This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on warrelated and other international emergency or contingency-designated funding since FY2001. [...] This CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is meant to serve as a reference on certain funding designated as emergency requirements or for Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism (OCO/GWOT), as well as related budgetary and policy issues. It does not provide an estimate of war costs within the OCO/GWOT account (all of which may not be for activities associated with war or defense) or such costs in the DOD base budget or other agency funding (which may be related to war activities, such as the cost of health care for combat veterans)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Epstein, Susan B.
2019-01-15
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Defense Primer: Navigating the NDAA [Updated January 29, 2020]
From the Document: "The annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) has a legacy of regular passage. FY2020 marked the 59th consecutive year for which an annual defense authorization was enacted. Many defense policymakers and officials see the bill as a reliable legislative vehicle for a range of policy matters. In recent years, the NDAA has included several hundred pages of policy provisions and annual authorizations of appropriations in excess of $700 billion. Unlike an appropriations bill, the NDAA does not provide budget authority for the Department of Defense (DOD). Instead, the NDAA establishes or continues defense programs, policies, projects, or activities at DOD and other federal agencies, and provides guidance on how the appropriated funds are to be used in carrying out those authorized activities. This primer provides an overview of the structure and organization of the NDAA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Heitshusen, Valerie
2020-01-29
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FY2021 Military Construction Appropriations: An Overview of Division J of P.L. 116-260 [February 26, 2021]
From the Document: "On December 27, 2020, then-President Donald Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), which included as Division J the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021. Division J provided funding to support the Department of Defense's (DOD) military installations and housing portfolio. [...] Division J provided $8.41 billion in discretionary budget authority for DOD military construction (MILCON) projects, family housing programs, and other activities. That figure includes funding for the base budget and Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). Excluding onetime natural disaster relief provided in FY2020 for projects to replace or rebuild infrastructure damaged by Hurricanes Florence and Michael, flooding and earthquakes, the FY2021 enacted level reflects a decrease of $3.55 billion (30%) from the FY2020 enacted level. The FY2021 enacted level is $0.25 billion (3%) more than the President's budget request."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.; Herrera, G. James
2021-02-26
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Defense Primer: The NDAA Process [Updated February 16, 2021]
From the Document: "The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) provides authorization of appropriations for the Department of Defense (DOD), nuclear weapons programs of the Department of Energy, DOD elements of the Intelligence Community, and defense-related activities at other federal agencies. In addition to serving as an authorization of appropriations, the NDAA establishes defense policies and restrictions, and addresses organizational administrative matters related to the DOD. Unlike an appropriations bill, the NDAA does not provide budget authority for government activities. Nevertheless, historically it has provided a fairly reliable indicator of congressional sentiment on subsequent appropriations for particular programs. FY2021 was the 60th consecutive fiscal year for which a defense authorization was enacted. This regular enactment of complex legislation for six decades depends upon close adherence to process and consistency in procedures, schedules, and protocols."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heitshusen, Valerie; McGarry, Brendan W.
2021-02-16
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COVID-19: The Basics of Domestic Defense Response [Updated March 26, 2020]
From the Document: "As the COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 pandemic has unfolded, Congress has considered how the Department of Defense (DOD) might support the U.S. government's domestic response. Below are the funding, authorities, and descriptions of potential ways DOD might further contribute. Links in this product connect to more detailed information on the highlighted subjects. President Donald J. Trump declared a U.S. national emergency on March 13, 2020. On Friday, March 20, the Federal Emergency Management Agency assumed the lead agency role in the Coronavirus Task Force under the National Response Framework (NRF) for national emergencies. DOD participates in the national response within the NRF."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Vassalotti, Michael J.; Cecire, Michael H.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2020-03-26
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United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) [March 17, 2020]
From the Document: "United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM), headquartered in Miami, FL, was officially established in 1963. Prior to that, U.S. military elements in the Western hemisphere had been organized under the U.S. Caribbean Defense Command. SOUTHCOM's area of responsibility (AOR) begins at the southern Mexican border and contains the remaining elements of Central and South America, adjacent Atlantic and Pacific waters, as well as the Caribbean Sea, ultimately encompassing 31 countries and 16 dependencies and areas of special sovereignty. The region represents about one-sixth of the landmass of the world assigned to regional unified commands. SOUTHCOM is led by U.S. Navy Admiral Craig S. Faller."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2020-03-17
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United States European Command: Overview and Key Issues [Updated August 4, 2020]
From the Document: "United States European Command (or EUCOM, pronounced 'YEW-com') is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, and was established in 1952. Today its area of responsibility comprises 51 countries stretching from Portugal's Azores Islands to Iceland and Israel. USEUCOM's commander is currently U.S. Air Force General Tod Wolters, who is simultaneously the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR). During the Cold War, the European theater was a primary focus for U.S. defense and national security and EUCOM was focused almost exclusively on deterring, and if necessary defeating, the Soviet Union. At the height of the Cold War, there were more than 400,000 U.S. troops stationed in Europe. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to a withdrawal of the bulk of forward-deployed U.S. troops in the European theater. Decisions to do so were arguably based on a number of strategic assumptions held by successive administrations after the end of the Cold War, including that Europe could be stable, whole, and free; Russia could be a constructive partner in the Euro-Atlantic security architecture; and particularly prior to September 11, 2001, threats posed by terrorism and migration from the Middle East/North Africa region were limited."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2020-08-04
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COVID-19: The Basics of Domestic Defense Response [Updated April 3, 2020]
From the Document: "As the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has unfolded, Congress has considered how the Department of Defense (DOD) might support the U.S. government's domestic response. Below are the funding, authorities, and descriptions of potential ways DOD might further contribute. Links in this product connect to more detailed information on the highlighted subjects. President Donald J. Trump declared a U.S. national emergency on March 13, 2020. On Friday, March 20, the Federal Emergency Management Agency assumed the lead agency role in the Coronavirus Task Force under the National Response Framework (NRF) for national emergencies. DOD participates in the national response within the NRF."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Vassalotti, Michael J.; Cecire, Michael H.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2020-04-03
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Defense Primer: The NDAA Process [Updated January 6, 2021]
From the Document: "The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) provides authorization of appropriations for the Department of Defense (DOD), nuclear weapons programs of the Department of Energy, DOD elements of the Intelligence Community, and defense-related activities at other federal agencies. In addition to serving as an authorization of appropriations, the NDAA establishes defense policies and restrictions, and addresses organizational administrative matters related to the DOD. Unlike an appropriations bill, the NDAA does not provide budget authority for government activities. Nevertheless, historically it has provided a fairly reliable indicator of congressional sentiment on subsequent appropriations for particular programs. FY2021 was the 60th consecutive fiscal year for which a defense authorization was enacted. This regular enactment of complex legislation for six decades depends upon close adherence to process and consistency in procedures, schedules, and protocols."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heitshusen, Valerie; McGarry, Brendan W.
2021-01-06
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Defense Primer: DOD Transfer and Reprogramming Authorities [Updated January 22, 2021]
From the Document: "In provisions of the 'U.S. Code' and typically on an annual basis through authorization and appropriations acts, Congress provides the Department of Defense (DOD) limited authority to obligate funds for purposes other than originally approved. These authorities allow the department to 'transfer' or 'reprogram' funds. A transfer involves shifting funds from one appropriations account to another, while a reprogramming involves shifting funds within the same account. DOD uses the term 'reprogramming action' to describe both types of transactions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.
2021-01-22
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Defense Primer: Defense Appropriations Process [Updated December 23, 2019]
From the Document: "The Constitution gives Congress the power of the purse in Article I, Section 9, which provides that 'No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law.' To fulfill this duty, Congress annually considers appropriations measures, which provide funding for numerous activities--such as national defense, education, and homeland security--consistent with policies and priorities established through legislation such as the National Defense Authorization Act. The congressional appropriations process includes various rules and practices that Congress has adopted to distinguish appropriations measures and facilitate their consideration. These measures generally provide funding authority in response to the President's budget request for a fiscal year (October 1 through September 30)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Saturno, James; McGarry, Brendan W.
2019-12-23
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FY2021 Defense Appropriations Act: Context and Selected Issues for Congress [June 7, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Department of Defense Appropriations Act is one of 12 annual appropriations measures typically reported by the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations and the largest in terms of discretionary funding. The act funds activities of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) except for military construction and family housing programs. The legislation also funds certain activities of the intelligence community. On February 10, 2020, President Donald J. Trump submitted a budget request for FY2021 that included $753.5 billion for national defense-related activities, including discretionary and mandatory programs. The request aligned with the statutory spending limit, or cap, for national defense-related activities in the Budget Control Act (BCA; P.L. [Public Law] 112-25), as amended by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019 (BBA; P.L. 116-37). The request included $69 billion in defense funding designated for Overseas Contingency Operations, or OCO, which is effectively exempt from the cap. [...] This report compares funding levels for certain defense accounts and programs in the enacted FY2020 appropriations, the Trump Administration's FY2021 request, and FY2021 legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.
2021-06-07
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U.S. Military Withdrawal and Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan: Frequently Asked Questions [August 20, 2021]
From the Summary: "On August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered the Afghan capital of Kabul, completing a rapid takeover over the country that surprised many Afghans and Americans alike. The Taliban's advance came as the United States was completing the military withdrawal to which it agreed in the February 2020 U.S.-Taliban accord. The fall of the elected Afghan government, supported by billions of dollars in U.S. assistance over the course of nearly two decades, raises significant questions about past, present, and future U.S. policy for Members of Congress. This report provides material related to select questions associated with U.S. policy in Afghanistan, including [1] Background information useful for understanding the current situation in Afghanistan; [2] The Taliban takeover and Afghan government's collapse; [3] U.S. policy implications of the Taliban takeover; [4] Social and economic implications of the Taliban takeover; [5] Regional reactions to the Taliban's takeover; [6] U.S. military operations; and [7] Budgetary implications of the U.S. withdrawal. Some additional lines of inquiry that Congress may wish to explore with the Executive Branch are included alongside specific topics as appropriate. The report concludes with some strategic considerations Congress may wish to contemplate as it assesses the situation in Afghanistan and its implications for the future."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); McGarry, Brendan W.; McInnis, Kathleen J. . . .
2021-08-20
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U.S. Military Withdrawal and Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated August 27, 2021]
From the Summary: "On August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered the Afghan capital of Kabul, completing a rapid takeover over the country with a speed that surprised many Afghans and Americans alike. The Taliban's advance came as the United States was completing the military withdrawal to which it agreed in the February 2020 U.S.-Taliban accord. The fall of the elected Afghan government, supported by billions of dollars in U.S. assistance over the course of nearly two decades, raises significant questions about past, present, and future U.S. policy for Members of Congress. This report provides material related to select questions associated with U.S. policy in Afghanistan, including [1] Background information useful for understanding the current situation in Afghanistan; [2] The Taliban takeover and Afghan government's collapse; [3] U.S. policy implications of the Taliban takeover; [4] Social and economic implications of the Taliban takeover; [5] Regional reactions to the Taliban's takeover; [6] U.S. military operations; [7] Evacuation of U.S. citizens and some Afghans; and [8] Budgetary implications of the U.S. withdrawal. [...] The report concludes with some strategic considerations Congress may wish to contemplate as it assesses the situation in Afghanistan and its implications for the future. [...] This report will be updated to reflect major changes in U.S. policy or developments in Afghanistan that may significantly affect U.S. decisions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); McGarry, Brendan W.; McInnis, Kathleen J. . . .
2021-08-27
