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North Korean Refugees in China and Human Rights Issues: International Response and U.S. Policy Options [Updated January 18, 2008]

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"The increased international attention given to the situation of North Koreans seeking refuge, primarily in China, has led Congress to take a greater interest in the refugee situation and the underlying causes within North Korea and across its borders. Food shortages, persecution, and human rights abuses have prompted thousands and perhaps hundreds of thousands of North Koreans to go to China where they often become victims of further abuse, neglect, and lack of protection. Those who remain in North Korea […] also continue to suffer from a lack of food and other basic humanitarian provisions. […] North Korea has been viewed as a threat to U.S. interests for a number of important security reasons that go well beyond refugee concerns and human rights issues. These include the pursuit of nuclear weapons and missile programs; a history of proliferating missiles; reported threats to export parts of its self-declared nuclear arsenal; and possible possession of chemical and biological weapons programs. North Korea is also on the U.S. list of states that sponsor terrorism. Amid an atmosphere of continuing tensions over North Korea's nuclear program, the potential remains for worsening humanitarian conditions and a possible increase in North Koreans fleeing the country. The situation raises the questions of what more, if anything, can and should be done -- by the United States and the international community -- not only to focus attention on the abuses of the DPRK regime, but to alleviate the suffering of North Koreans."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra; Chanlett-Avery, Emma

2008-01-18
Cyclone Nargis and Burma's Constitutional Referendum [May 9, 2008]

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"Cyclone Nargis struck the coast of Burma in the evening of May 2, 2008 and cut a path of destruction across the southern portion of the country. […]. Some have speculated that the final number of dead could reach 100,000. Vital infrastructure was destroyed by the storm, severely limiting the ability to assess the loss of life and provide assistance to the survivors. In addition, much of Burma's most productive agricultural land has been severely damaged […]. Burma's ruling military junta quickly faced both domestic and international criticism for its response to Cyclone Nargis, including accusations that it failed to provide adequate warning, its slow emergency response, and its reluctance to allow international relief workers into the country. Even before Cyclone Nargis struck, the junta was already facing a highly controversial referendum on a proposed constitution scheduled for May 10, 2008 that could shape U.S. and other countries' policies toward Burma. As a consequence, the evolution and implications of the humanitarian crisis are inextricably linked to Burma's political situation and its relations with the international community. […]. In addition, some experts are speculating that Cyclone Nargis may precipitate major political change in Burma, including the destabilization of Burma's military regime. […]. This report examines the scope of and response to the disaster, as well as its links to Burma's political situation and U.S. policy."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Martin, Michael F.; Margesson, Rhoda

2008-05-09
Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [Updated May 15, 2008]

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This CRS report details emergency appropriations for the Department of Defense (DoD) and for international affairs. "During its first session, the 110th Congress approved FY2008 emergency supplemental appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs, mainly for activities related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. This left Administration requests for $102.5 billion for defense and $5.4 billion for international affairs unresolved. This CRS report will be updated regularly to report on congressional action on remaining FY2008 supplemental appropriations and on FY2009 supplemental funding included in supplemental funding bills. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding provided through December 2007, see CRS Report RL34278, FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes, which will not be updated further." Furthermore, "The Senate is expected to take up its version of the supplemental bill during the week of May 19, after which, the measure may then return to the House for consideration of the Senate-amended version. The White House has warned that the President will veto a bill that requires troop withdrawals from Iraq or that exceeds $108 billion in funding in FY2008." This report also includes six tables.

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .

2008-05-15
FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [Updated April 23, 2008]

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This CRS [Congressional Research Service] report discusses emergency FY2008 supplemental appropriations to cover the costs of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. "During the 1st session of the 110th Congress, in calendar year 2007, the Administration requested emergency FY2008 supplemental appropriations of $196.5 billion to cover costs of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, for war-related and other international affairs programs, and for some other activities. The request included $189.3 billion for the Department of Defense, $6.9 billion for international affairs, and $325 million for other agencies. Through the end of December 2007, Congress provided $86.8 billion in emergency funds for the Defense Department and $2.4 billion for international affairs, though only $1.5 billion of that is now being counted against the Administration request. These amounts were included in three bills -- The first FY2008 continuing resolution, H.J.Res. 52, P.L. 110-92, enacted on September 29, 2007, included $5.2 billion in emergency funding for Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles; The regular FY2008 defense appropriations act, H.R. 3222, P.L. 110-116, enacted on November 13, 2007, provided $11.6 billion more in emergency funding for MRAPs; The FY2008 consolidated appropriations act, H.R. 2764, P.L. 110- 161, enacted on December 26, 2007, included $70 billion in emergency funding for defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs, of which $1.5 billion is allocated to requested programs." This report also includes an appendix and eleven separate tables.

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .

2008-04-23
Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [Updated May 30, 2008]

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This CRS report is an update to the report by the same title dated May 15, 2008 and details emergency appropriations for the Department of Defense (DoD) and for international affairs. "On Thursday, May 22, 2008, the Senate approved an amended version of H.R. 2642, a bill providing $212.2 billion in supplemental appropriations for FY2008 and FY2009. The measure includes $169.1 billion for military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere, $9.9 billion for international affairs programs, and $33.1 billion for domestic programs, of which $15.6 billion is for extended unemployment compensation. The bill also includes an expansion of veterans' educational benefits estimated to cost $52 billion over the next ten years, delays new Medicaid regulations that would reduce payments to the states, and limits Medicare payments to new specialty hospitals." This report also includes two appendices and eleven separate tables.

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .

2008-05-30
East Timor: Internal Strife, Political Turmoil, and Reconstruction [April 26, 2007]

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"The situation in East Timor has changed dramatically over the past year. Prior to 2006 the international community's main concern focused on possible tensions in East Timor's relations with Indonesia. Now the main threat to East Timor is internal strife resulting from weak, or collapsed, state institutions, rivalries among elites, a poor economy, unemployment, and east-west tensions within the country. The reintroduction of peacekeeping troops and a United Nations mission, the flow of revenue from hydrocarbon resources in the Timor Sea, and upcoming elections may help East Timor move towards more effective and democratic government. East Timor could potentially gain significant wealth from energy resources beneath the Timor Sea. Experts say a key challenge for East Timor will be to create enough political stability to focus on building state capacity with resources from the Timor Sea and prevent them from being squandered by corrupt practices."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-

2007-04-26
Earthquake in South Asia: Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Operations [Updated March 24, 2006]

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"On October 8, 2005, a powerful earthquake struck northern Pakistan and India, killing at least 74,000 people and injuring over 70,000 more. The earthquake damaged the homes of millions of people, forcing more than 2.8 million to search for alternative means of shelter. The full extent of the destruction is now being revealed as government authorities and relief organizations are able to access some of the remote locations. The United States government (USG) has pledged $510 million toward the relief effort, almost all of it to assisting Pakistan, which remains a key U.S. ally in the war against terror. Because of the heavy USG military and development presence in neighboring Afghanistan, the logistics of bringing resources into Pakistan have been relatively straightforward. The USG, Government of Pakistan, and NATO, among others, operated daily relief flights to ferry supplies, personnel, and victims to and from the region. The earthquake struck a region that lies along the southern reaches of the Himalayan Mountains. While delivering humanitarian assistance and gaining full access was critical, one of the main humanitarian priorities early on was ensuring that the estimated three million people who lost their homes had adequate protection from winter weather and diseases. Extensive preparation and coordinated relief efforts helped greatly to mitigate against the impact of winter. Aid agencies continue to provide much needed assistance and are now planning for the transition from relief to reconstruction, which is scheduled to take place in April."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda; Kronenfeld, Daniel

2006-03-24
FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [December 10, 2007]

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From the Document: "This CRS [Congressional Research Service] report tracks congressional action on legislation to provide FY2008 supplemental appropriations for military operations, international affairs, and related purposes. It also reviews the availability of funds to carry on Army and Marine Corps operations in advance of supplemental appropriations. The Defense Department could potentially tap several sources of funds to extend Army and Marine Corps operations, including transfers of funds from other accounts and the use of cash balances in working capital funds. It could also defer some obligations of funds. And it could invoke the Feed and Forage Act to permit the obligation of funds in advance of appropriations. Ultimately, however, without additional appropriations, money will run out. This report will be updated regularly."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda

2007-12-10
FY2008 Emergency Supplement Request for International Affairs [December 7, 2007]

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"The White House has submitted emergency supplemental requests to Congress for military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and international affairs programs totaling $196.5 billion. The request was made in two installments -- an estimate of additional expenses was sent to Congress with the FY2008 regular budget request in February 2007, and a second amended request was made on October 22, 2007. Of the total, $6.897 billion consists of international affairs spending, relating to State Department operations and foreign assistance programs. This report analyzes the international affairs portion of the request and tracks related legislative activity."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda; Tarnoff, Curt

2007-12-07
FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [December 19, 2007]

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"This CRS [Congressional Research Service] report tracks congressional action on legislation to provide FY2008 supplemental appropriations for military operations, international affairs, and related purposes. It also reviews briefly the availability of funds to carry on Army and Marine Corps operations in advance of supplemental appropriations. This report will be updated as congressional action proceeds."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda

2007-12-19
North Korean Refugees in China and Human Rights Issues: International Response and U.S. Policy Options [September 26, 2007]

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"This report examines both the situation of North Korean refugees in China and human rights issues because they are frequently raised simultaneously, particularly in a congressional context. Although the issues surrounding those North Koreans seeking to leave their country and the situation for those who remain inside its borders pose different questions and may call for separate responses, both also focus on the regime in Pyongyang. Critics of the North Korean government have raised both issues together to put pressure on the regime, particularly when nuclear weapons program negotiations stalled, Some advocates decry the practice of linking refugee and human rights issues, claiming that former calls for a quieter, cooperative approach, while the latter requires a more outspoken response to the North Korean government's practices. Although some policy experts insist the United States has a moral imperative to stand up for he oppressed, others say that this creates obstacles in the nuclear disarmament negotiations. In 2007, the Bush administration entered into bilateral talks with North Korea and linked the prospect of diplomatic relations and Pyongyang's re-entry into the international community with only the nuclear issue, leaving out human rights and refugee concerns."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra; Chanlett-Avery, Emma

2007-09-26
Iraqi Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Deepening Humanitarian Crisis? [October 3, 2007]

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"The humanitarian crisis many feared would take place in March 2003 as a result of the war in Iraq continues to unfold as a result of post-war insurgency and sectarian violence. It is estimated that in total (including those displaced prior to the war) there may be as many as 2 million Iraqi refugees who have fled to Jordan, Syria, and other neighboring states, and approximately 2.2 million Iraqis who have been displaced within Iraq itself. The violence and insecurity resulting from the ongoing sectarian strife, terrorism, and insurgency in Iraq has had a marked impact on civilian displacement in different parts of the country. Many of Iraq's neighbors fear that they are being overwhelmed by refugees fleeing over Iraq's borders. There are now heightened concerns about the absorptive capacity of neighboring countries, whether they can provide adequately for the populations moving across borders, and the impact of refugee flows on stability in general. Some experts think that the Iraq situation could well begin to outpace other refugee crises worldwide. This report provides an analysis of the current crisis, including the conditions for those displaced in Iraq and the refugee situations in Syria, Jordan, and elsewhere. It also provides information on the U.S. and international response and examines refugee resettlement options in the United States. Aspects of this crisis that may be of particular interest to the 110th Congress include a focus on an immediate response (providing humanitarian relief funding), examining resettlement policies, and developing a strategy to manage the displaced, particularly within Iraq."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra

2007-10-03
FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [Updated January 2, 2008]

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"The Administration requested a total of $196.5 billion in emergency supplemental appropriations for FY2008, initially in the FY2008 budget that the White House submitted to Congress in February 2007 and later in budget amendments in July and October. Of the total, $189.3 billion is for military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, $6.9 billion is for international affairs, and $325 million is for other programs. Congress has addressed these requests in a piecemeal fashion, and large amounts remain to be considered. In the first FY2008 continuing resolution, H.J.Res. 52, P.L. 110-92, Congress provided $5.2 billion for Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles. In the regular FY2008 defense appropriations bill, H.R. 3222, P.L. 110-116, Congress provided another $11.6 billion in emergency funding for MRAPS. Most recently, Congress included substantial amounts of emergency FY2008 appropriations in the FY2008 omnibus appropriations bill, H.R. 2764. The Senate approved the bill in its final form on December 18 and the House on December 19, and the President signed the measure into law (though no public law number has been assigned as yet) on December 26. The bill includes $70 billion in emergency FY2008 appropriations for the Department of Defense to cover costs of military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. Of the $70 billion total in the bill, $39 billion is for Army and Marine Corps operation and maintenance accounts that were in danger of running out of funds by February or March."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda

2008-01-02
International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress [Updated January 29, 2008]

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"Humanitarian emergencies can emerge anywhere in the world, stemming from natural disasters or man-made conflicts. U.S. and international humanitarian assistance can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the second session of the 110th Congress, humanitarian assistance is likely to enjoy continued bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels of funding, and the types of other support available worldwide. […] In addition, the President has the authority to draw down defense equipment and direct military personnel to respond to disasters and provide space-available transportation on military aircraft and ships to private donors who wish to transport humanitarian goods and equipment in response to a disaster. Finally, the President can request other government agencies to assist within their capabilities. In FY2006 the United States contributed close to $3 billion to disaster relief worldwide. This report examines U.S. humanitarian assistance in international crises and disaster situations. It considers the sources of U.S. government aid (including the governmental response mechanism), budget trends in humanitarian assistance, and issues for Congress. It does not specifically address the creation of a new Director of Foreign Assistance position at the State Department or the broader restructuring of U.S. foreign aid programs."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda

2008-01-29
Afghan Refugees: Current Status and Future Prospects [Updated January 26, 2007]

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"The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has helped 3.69 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan since March 2002, marking the largest assisted return operation in its history. In addition, more than 1.11 million refugees have returned to Afghanistan without availing themselves of UNHCR's assistance, bringing the total number of returnees to at least 4.8 million. Despite the massive returns, possibly 3.5 million registered and unregistered Afghans still remain in these two countries of asylum - up to 2.46 million in Pakistan and more than 900,000 in Iran - making Afghans the second-largest refugee population in the world. These numbers are far greater than the initial working assumption in 2002 of 3.5 million refugees; in fact, the total is believed to be more than 8 million. The United States spent approximately $332.37 million between FY 2002 and FY 2005 on humanitarian assistance to Afghan refugees and returnees through the Department of State's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM). It continues to provide support to refugees and returnees. The 110th Congress faces several relevant challenges. The safe and voluntary return of refugees to Afghanistan is not only a major part of the U.S. reconstruction effort in Afghanistan, but also an important indicator of its success. To the extent that refugees continue to return, it can be seen that Afghans are taking part in the future of their country […]"

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda

2007-01-26
International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress [December 21, 2006]

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"Humanitarian emergencies can emerge anywhere in the world, stemming from natural disasters or man-made conflicts. U.S. and international humanitarian assistance can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the 110th Congress, humanitarian assistance is likely to enjoy continued bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels of funding, and the types of other support available worldwide. The President can provide emergency humanitarian assistance through several sources whose funding is authorized and appropriated by Congress. These are funds appropriated to the Office of Foreign Disaster Administration (OFDA) in the Agency for International Development (USAID); U.S. Department of Agriculture food aid programs under P.L. 480 Food for Peace and Section 416 (b) of the Agriculture Act of 1949; the State Department Emergency Refugee and Migration Account (ERMA) a contingency account that can contain as much as $100 million for assistance to refugees fleeing persecution; and funds appropriated to the Department of Defense, Overseas Humanitarian and Disaster and Civic Aid (OHDACA). This report examines U.S. humanitarian assistance in international crises and disaster situations. It considers the sources of U.S. government aid (including the governmental response mechanism), budget trends in humanitarian assistance, and issues for Congress. It does not specifically address the creation of a new Director of Foreign Assistance position at the State Department or the broader restructuring of U.S. foreign aid programs that are currently under way. The development of the FY2008 budget request will reportedly be a coordinated effort by joint State Department and USAID teams. While programmatic decision-making on refugee and humanitarian assistance may shift under the proposed foreign aid reform, it remains to be seen what affect this will have on existing procedures. This report will be updated as the restructuring initiatives evolve, or if in the meantime, the humanitarian response mechanism within the U.S. government changes."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda

2006-12-21
Iraqi Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Deepening Humanitarian Crisis? [March 23, 2007]

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"The humanitarian crisis many feared would take place in March 2003 as a result of the war in Iraq appears to be unfolding. It is estimated that in total (including those displaced prior to the war) there may be two million Iraqi refugees who have fled to Jordan, Syria, and other neighboring states, and approximately two million Iraqis who have been displaced within Iraq itself. Throughout areas in western and central Iraq, the security situation is deteriorating, and many of Iraq's neighbors fear that they are being overwhelmed by refugees fleeing over Iraq's borders. There are now heightened concerns about the absorptive capacity of neighboring countries, whether they can provide adequately for the populations moving across borders, and the impact of refugee flows on stability in general. Some experts think that the Iraq situation could well begin to outpace other refugee crises worldwide. This report provides an analysis of the current crisis, including the conditions for those displaced in Iraq and the refugee situations in Syria, Jordan, and elsewhere. It also provides information on the U.S. and international response and examines refugee resettlement options in the United States. Aspects of this crisis that may be of particular interest to the 110th Congress include a focus on an immediate response (providing humanitarian relief funding), examining resettlement policies, and developing a strategy to manage the displaced, particularly within Iraq."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra

2007-03-23
Timor-Leste: Political Dynamics, Development, and International Involvement [July 3, 2012]

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"The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste gained independence on May 20, 2002, after a long history of Portuguese colonialism and, more recently, Indonesian rule. The young nation, with a population of 1.1 million, has been aided by the United Nations under several different mandates under which the U.N. has provided peacekeeping, humanitarian, reconstruction and capacity building assistance to establish a functioning government. The current United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) is slated to withdraw from the nation at the end of 2012. […] That said, Timor-Leste faces many serious challenges as it seeks to establish and deepen a stable democracy and develop its economy. Many institutions in the young nation remain weak, and tensions remain between the young country's political elites and among security forces. Timor- Leste remains one of Asia's poorest nations, ranking 147th out of 187 countries on the United Nations Human Development Index. Generating economic opportunity and employment are among the government's greatest challenges. Congressional concerns have focused on security and the role of the United Nations, human rights, East Timor's boundary disputes with Australia and Indonesia, and the strengthening of the nation's political system and functioning of its parliament. Key challenges for Timor-Leste include creating enough political stability to focus on building state capacity and infrastructure, providing employment, and preventing the oil-and-gas revenue stream from being squandered by corruption or poor investment decisions."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Dolven, Ben; Margesson, Rhoda; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-

2012-07-03
Assistance to Afghan and Iraqi Women: Issues for Congress [June 18, 2004]

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"This report reviews the U.S.-sponsored funding and programs directed toward women and children in Afghanistan and Iraq. The national and international response to the plight of Afghan and Iraqi women, even to their most recent experience under the Taliban in Afghanistan or Baathist regime in Iraq, will impact their future role and the long-term developments in each country, such as the implementation of a new constitution, the incorporation of women in local and national governance, the role of Islam and the state, the growth of the economy, the curbing of security concerns, and the role of U.S. and international assistance. This report will be updated as events warrant."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Armanios, Febe, 1974-; Margesson, Rhoda

2004-06-18
Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [May 8, 2008]

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"After planning to bring up a bill on May 8, the House has put off floor consideration of a measure to provide FY2008 and FY2009 supplemental appropriations for overseas military operations, international affairs, and domestic programs. As described by the House Appropriations Committee on May 7, the draft bill provides $183.7 billion in discretionary appropriations in FY2008 and FY2009. The bill also includes an expansion of veterans' education benefits at a cost of $52 billion in mandatory spending over the next ten years, and extended unemployment compensation at a cost of $11 billion. The bill provides $101.2 billion in FY2008 and $65.9 billion in FY2009 for the Department of Defense, including military construction; $5.9 billion in FY2008 and $5.1 billion in FY2009 for international affairs, including emergency food aid; $5.8 billion in FY2009 for Gulf Coast levee construction; and $644 million for other domestic programs. It also includes a measure to delay new Medicaid regulations that would reduce payments to the states. […] During its first session, the 110th Congress approved FY2008 emergency supplemental appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs, mainly for activities related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. This left Administration requests for $102.5 billion for defense and $5.4 billion for international affairs unresolved. This CRS report will be updated regularly to report on congressional action on remaining FY2008 supplemental appropriations and on FY2009 supplemental funding included in supplemental funding bills. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding provided through December 2007, see CRS Report RL34278, 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes', which will not be updated further."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda

2008-05-08
Humanitarian Crisis in Haiti: 2004 [March 5, 2004]

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"Since armed rebels seized control of Haiti's fourth largest city, Gonaives, on February 5, 2004, and protests calling for President Aristide's resignation culminated in his departure on February 29, there has been increasing concern about a looming humanitarian crisis in Haiti. With events on the ground constantly shifting and an increasing lack of security, assessments of the humanitarian situation remain fluid and subject to change. This report covers recent developments and the humanitarian response to the crisis by the United States and other international actors. It will be updated as events warrant. For further information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Issue Brief IB96019, 'Haiti: Issues for Congress' by Maureen Taft-Morales."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda

2004-03-05
Afghanistan's Path to Reconstruction: Obstacles, Challenges, and Issues for Congress [April 8, 2002]

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"For the past 22 years, Afghanistan has been embroiled in conflict. Humanitarian assistance programs have been a key part of the overall multilateral effort to relieve human suffering and assist refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). In the post-September 11 environment, while actions are being taken to eliminate Taliban and Al Qaeda forces and others supporting terrorism, the needs have only become more urgent. The case of Afghanistan may present a special category of crisis, in which the United States and others play a significant role in the war on terrorism while simultaneously providing humanitarian and reconstruction assistance to the innocent civilians caught in the crossfire. Moreover, the conditions in Afghanistan represent a challenging mix of infrastructure destruction, ongoing security concerns, and humanitarian needs requiring an immediate response. So far, the international community has recognized that large amounts of aid and resources will be required in the reconstruction effort. In addition, a long-term commitment will be necessary to ensure a stable, democratic Afghanistan emerges and will not fall prey to the twin evils of drugs and terrorism. As the Afghan phase of the war is concluded, transitional and reconstruction assistance will move ahead. It is anticipated that Congress will examine the early progress of reconstruction efforts, aid priorities, and the long-term role to be played by the United States. It will likely also look at the contributions by and responsibilities of key allies partnering in the efforts within Afghanistan. The current operating environment reveals some of the key challenges that lie ahead such as security issues, population movements, food security, environment and infrastructure, health, and education."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda

2002-04-08
Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [May 6, 2010]

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"The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. Experts estimate the earthquake caused $8 to $14 billion in damage. Approximately 3 million people, roughly onethird of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake with estimates ranging from 1.2 to 2 million people displaced. The government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 230,000 deaths and 300,600 injured. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, President Rene Préval described conditions in his country as 'unimaginable,' and appealed for international assistance. As the humanitarian relief operation continues, the government is struggling to restore the institutions needed for it to function, ensure political stability, and address long-term reconstruction and development planning. Prior to the earthquake, the international community was providing extensive development and humanitarian assistance to Haiti. […]. The Department of Homeland Security has temporarily halted the deportation of Haitians and granted Temporary Protected Status for 18 months to Haitian nationals in the United States as of January 12, 2010. Congressional concerns include budget priorities and oversight, burdensharing, immigration, tax incentives for charitable donations, trade preferences for Haiti, and helping constituents with adoptions and other issues. Several congressional committees have held hearings on Haiti. The focus of this report is on the immediate crisis in Haiti as a result of the earthquake, the U.S. and international response to date, and long-term implications of the earthquake."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen

2010-05-06
Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [January 15, 2010]

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"The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks followed. Witnesses are describing the damage as severe and catastrophic. [...] The arrival of humanitarian supplies has begun, but access to Port-au-Prince and the distribution of aid to people in need is difficult and hampered by a number of significant challenges that are impeding rescue efforts and movement. People are gathering in open spaces and some are reportedly leaving Port-au-Prince for other areas in Haiti. [...] The U.S. embassy in Haiti also began facilitating the evacuation of U.S. citizens. On January 14, President Obama announced $100 million in humanitarian assistance to Haiti to provide significant resources to meet the immediate needs on the ground. The relief effort is expected to last for many months, although it is anticipated that recovery and reconstruction will begin as soon as possible in a parallel effort.The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced on January 13, 2010, that it is temporarily halting the deportation of Haitians. On January 15, 2010, DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano granted Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for 18 months to Haitian nationals who were in the United States as of January 12, 2010. The focus of this report is on the immediate crisis in Haiti as a result of the earthquake and the U.S. and international response to date."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen

2010-01-15
International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues [March 31, 2008]

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"In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognized international violence against women (VAW) as a significant human rights and global health issue. VAW, which can include both random acts of violence as well as sustained abuse over time, can be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Studies have found that VAW occurs in all geographic regions, countries, cultures, and economic classes, with some surveys showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in developed countries. Many experts view VAW as a symptom of the historically unequal power relationship between men and women, and argue that over time this imbalance has led to pervasive cultural stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate a cycle of violence. […] This report addresses causes, prevalence, and consequences of violence against women. It provides examples of U.S. activities that address VAW directly or include anti-VAW components. It also outlines possible policy considerations for the 110th Congress, including the scope and effectiveness of current U.S. programs; further integrating anti-VAW programs into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms; strengthening U.S. government coordination of international anti-VAW activities; and collaborating with international organizations such as the United Nations on anti- VAW efforts. This report will be updated as events warrant."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Blanchfield, Luisa; Margesson, Rhoda; Seelke, Clare Ribando . . .

2008-03-31
International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues [April 2, 2010]

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"The International Criminal Court (ICC), established in 2002, has to-date initiated investigations exclusively in Sub-Saharan Africa. The ICC Prosecutor has opened cases against 16 individuals for alleged crimes in northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and the Darfur region of Sudan. In addition, the Prosecutor is investigating post-election violence in Kenya and analyzing situations--a preliminary step toward initiating a full investigation--in Guinea and several other African countries, as well as several countries outside of Africa. Congressional interest in the work of the ICC in Africa has arisen from concern over gross human rights violations on the African continent and beyond. […] This report provides background on ICC investigations in Africa and gives an overview of cases currently before the Court. The report also examines issues raised in Africa by the ICC's actions, including the ICC's possible role in deterring future abuses, and the potential impact of international prosecutions on African peace processes."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Arieff, Alexis; Margesson, Rhoda; Browne, Marjorie Ann

2010-04-02
International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues [July 14, 2009]

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"The International Criminal Court (ICC), established in 2002, has to-date initiated investigations exclusively in Sub-Saharan Africa. The ICC Prosecutor has opened cases against 16 individuals for alleged crimes in northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and the Darfur region of Sudan. In addition, the Prosecutor is analyzing situations--a preliminary step toward initiating a full investigation--in Kenya, Côte d'Ivoire, and Chad, as well as in Colombia, Afghanistan, and Georgia. Recent congressional interest in the work of the ICC in Africa has arisen from concern over gross human rights violations on the African continent and beyond. […] This report provides background on ICC investigations in Africa and gives an overview of cases currently before the Court. The report also examines issues raised by the ICC's actions in Africa, including the ICC's possible role in deterring future abuses and the potential impact of international criminal prosecutions on peace processes, ongoing in many countries on the continent."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Arieff, Alexis; Margesson, Rhoda; Browne, Marjorie Ann

2009-07-14
International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues [September 12, 2008]

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"The International Criminal Court (ICC), which was established in 2002, has to-date initiated investigations exclusively in Sub-Saharan Africa. The ICC Prosecutor has opened cases against 12 individuals for alleged crimes in northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and the Darfur region of Sudan. In addition, the Prosecutor is analyzing situations -- a preliminary step toward initiating a full investigation -- in Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, and Chad, as well as in Colombia, Afghanistan, and Georgia. Recent congressional interest in the work of the ICC in Africa has arisen from concern over gross human rights violations on the continent. Legislation before the 110th Congress references the ICC with respect to several ongoing African conflicts, including those in northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Darfur region of Sudan. […] This report provides background on ICC investigations in Africa and gives an overview of cases currently before the Court. The report also examines issues raised by the ICC's actions in Africa, including the ICC's possible role in deterring future abuses and the potential impact of international criminal prosecutions on peace processes, ongoing in many countries on the continent."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Arieff, Alexis; Margesson, Rhoda; Browne, Marjorie Ann

2008-09-12
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: Background and Policy Issues [July 30, 2009]

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"One of the most serious challenges facing Afghans and Afghanistan today remains the lack of security. Recent moves by the Taliban and other insurgents to reestablish control of some areas of the country have slowed the pace and extent of economic development and the expansion of the Afghan government, an essential part of the peacebuilding process in Afghanistan. The United Nations has had an active presence in Afghanistan since 1988. Since the Bonn Agreement of December 2001, international donor activity and assistance has been coordinated primarily through the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), though there are other coordinating institutions tied to the Afghan government. Most observers agree that continued, substantial, long-term development is key, as is the need for international support, but questions have been raised about aid effectiveness (funds required, priorities established, impact received) and the coordination necessary to achieve sufficient improvement throughout the country. In March 2009, the Obama Administration unveiled its overall strategy for Afghanistan as a top national security priority and highlighted the unsatisfactory status of progress to date and need to find a way forward. Congress has focused on Afghanistan as a critical concern during the first six months of the 111th Congress. […] This report examines the central role of UNAMA in Afghanistan. It discusses the obstacles the organization faces in coordinating international efforts and explores related policy issues and considerations for the 111th Congress. This report will be updated as events warrant."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda

2009-07-30
International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance Response Mechanisms [May 24, 2013]

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"The majority of humanitarian emergencies worldwide stem from natural disasters or from conflicts. Congress has consistently supported humanitarian efforts as a means of responding to crises in the short term, taking the lead, and promoting a U.S. presence. Intervention results in varying amounts of relief and recovery assistance and can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the 113th Congress, international humanitarian and refugee assistance is expected to continue to have a strong measure of bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels and types of funding, the sources of other support available worldwide, and the ways in which operational assistance is delivered. Factors that may impact decision-making include the type of humanitarian assistance required, the impact of conflict and refugee flows on stability in the region in question, and the role of neighboring countries in contributing to the relief effort. Examples of issues likely to remain of congressional interest include competing aid and budget priorities, reimbursing U.S. government agencies for their expenditures (to replenish the emergency accounts or other accounts that have been used to provide assistance), and civilian and military coordination, including the evolving role of the Department of Defense in humanitarian assistance. Other priorities may include an examination of the disparity between numbers of internally displaced persons and refugees worldwide and the available funding for these groups; physical protection of refugees and other vulnerable populations in addition to the protection of human rights; programs to address gender based violence; and the creation of durable solutions for displaced populations."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Margesson, Rhoda

2013-05-24

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