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FY2008 Emergency Supplement Request for International Affairs [December 7, 2007]
"The White House has submitted emergency supplemental requests to Congress for military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and international affairs programs totaling $196.5 billion. The request was made in two installments -- an estimate of additional expenses was sent to Congress with the FY2008 regular budget request in February 2007, and a second amended request was made on October 22, 2007. Of the total, $6.897 billion consists of international affairs spending, relating to State Department operations and foreign assistance programs. This report analyzes the international affairs portion of the request and tracks related legislative activity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda; Tarnoff, Curt
2007-12-07
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North Korean Refugees in China and Human Rights Issues: International Response and U.S. Policy Options [September 26, 2007]
"This report examines both the situation of North Korean refugees in China and human rights issues because they are frequently raised simultaneously, particularly in a congressional context. Although the issues surrounding those North Koreans seeking to leave their country and the situation for those who remain inside its borders pose different questions and may call for separate responses, both also focus on the regime in Pyongyang. Critics of the North Korean government have raised both issues together to put pressure on the regime, particularly when nuclear weapons program negotiations stalled, Some advocates decry the practice of linking refugee and human rights issues, claiming that former calls for a quieter, cooperative approach, while the latter requires a more outspoken response to the North Korean government's practices. Although some policy experts insist the United States has a moral imperative to stand up for he oppressed, others say that this creates obstacles in the nuclear disarmament negotiations. In 2007, the Bush administration entered into bilateral talks with North Korea and linked the prospect of diplomatic relations and Pyongyang's re-entry into the international community with only the nuclear issue, leaving out human rights and refugee concerns."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra; Chanlett-Avery, Emma
2007-09-26
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Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [June 25, 2008]
"On June 19, 2008, the House approved an amended version of H.R. 2642, a bill which makes supplemental appropriations for FY2008 and FY2009, extends unemployment payments, and expands veterans' educational benefits. The bill now passes to the Senate, which may clear the bill for the President if it makes no further amendments. The House-passed bill reflects compromises with the White House on key issues. It extends unemployment benefits for 13 weeks but not 26, allows veterans' educational benefits to be transferred to dependents, does not include an offsetting tax increase, limits the amount of other domestic spending, and delays implementation of six, rather than seven, new Medicaid rules. The House also dropped most Iraq-related policy provisions. In all, the bill provides $183.5 billion in supplemental funding, including $2.65 billion of newly added funds to respond to Midwest floods. Extended unemployment benefits are estimated to cost a net of $10 billion over ten years and enhanced veterans educational benefits $63 billion. […] During its first session, the 110th Congress approved FY2008 emergency supplemental appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs. This left unresolved Administration requests for $102.5 billion for defense and $5.4 billion for international affairs. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding through December 2007, see CRS Report RL34278, 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes', which will not be updated further. This CRS report, RL34451, will review congressional action on remaining FY2008 and additional FY2009 supplemental funding and will be updated regularly."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .
2008-06-25
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International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues [June 3, 2008]
"In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognized international violence against women (VAW) as a significant human rights and global health issue. VAW, which can include both random acts of violence as well as sustained abuse over time, can be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Studies have found that VAW occurs in all geographic regions, countries, cultures, and economic classes, with some surveys showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in developed countries. Many experts view VAW as a symptom of the historically unequal power relationship between men and women, and argue that over time this imbalance has led to pervasive cultural stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate a cycle of violence. […]This report addresses causes, prevalence, and consequences of violence against women. It provides examples of U.S. activities that address VAW directly or include anti-VAW components. It also outlines possible policy considerations for the 110th Congress, including the scope and effectiveness of U.S. programs; further integrating anti-VAW programs into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms; and strengthening U.S. government coordination of anti-VAW activities. Material relating to United Nations anti-VAW activities that previously appeared in this report is now published in CRS Report RL34518, United Nations System Efforts to Address Violence Against Women, by Luisa Blanchfield."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Serafino, Nina M.; Seelke, Clare Ribando; Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji . . .
2008-06-03
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Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [May 8, 2008]
"After planning to bring up a bill on May 8, the House has put off floor consideration of a measure to provide FY2008 and FY2009 supplemental appropriations for overseas military operations, international affairs, and domestic programs. As described by the House Appropriations Committee on May 7, the draft bill provides $183.7 billion in discretionary appropriations in FY2008 and FY2009. The bill also includes an expansion of veterans' education benefits at a cost of $52 billion in mandatory spending over the next ten years, and extended unemployment compensation at a cost of $11 billion. The bill provides $101.2 billion in FY2008 and $65.9 billion in FY2009 for the Department of Defense, including military construction; $5.9 billion in FY2008 and $5.1 billion in FY2009 for international affairs, including emergency food aid; $5.8 billion in FY2009 for Gulf Coast levee construction; and $644 million for other domestic programs. It also includes a measure to delay new Medicaid regulations that would reduce payments to the states. […] During its first session, the 110th Congress approved FY2008 emergency supplemental appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs, mainly for activities related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. This left Administration requests for $102.5 billion for defense and $5.4 billion for international affairs unresolved. This CRS report will be updated regularly to report on congressional action on remaining FY2008 supplemental appropriations and on FY2009 supplemental funding included in supplemental funding bills. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding provided through December 2007, see CRS Report RL34278, 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes', which will not be updated further."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda
2008-05-08
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FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs [January 24, 2008]
"Congress approved an FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 2764) during the week of December 17, 2007, that included some emergency supplemental funding for international affairs requested by the White House. The President signed the spending measure on December 26 (P.L. 110-161). The White House had submitted emergency supplemental requests to Congress for military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and international affairs programs totaling $196.5 billion. The request was made in two installments -- an estimate of additional expenses was sent to Congress with the FY2008 regular budget request in February 2007, and a second amended request was made on October 22, 2007. Of the total, $6.897 billion consisted of international affairs spending, relating to State Department operations and foreign assistance programs, and included $350 million in Agriculture Department food aid appropriations. This report analyzes the international affairs portion of the request and tracks related legislative activity. […] The omnibus also included supplemental funding for military operations. For further information, see CRS Report RL34278 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes'. This report will be updated."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tarnoff, Curt; Margesson, Rhoda; Epstein, Susan B. . . .
2008-01-24
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International Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance: U.S. Governmental Response [January 3, 2005]
"The President can provide emergency humanitarian assistance through several sources whose funding is authorized and appropriated by Congress. These are: funds appropriated to the Office of Foreign Disaster Administration (OFDA) in the Agency for International Development (USAID); U.S. Department of Agriculture food aid programs under P.L. 480 Food for Peace and section 416 (b) of the Agriculture Act of 1949; the State Department Emergency Refugee and Migration Account (ERMA) a contingency account which can contain as much as $100 million for assistance to refugees fleeing persecution; and funds appropriated to the Department of Defense, Overseas Humanitarian and Disaster and Civic Aid (OHDACA). These funds are also available for some non-emergency programs. In addition, the President has the authority to draw down defense equipment and direct military personnel to respond to disasters and provide space-available transportation on military aircraft and ships to private donors who wish to transport humanitarian goods and equipment in response to a disaster. Finally, the President can request other government agencies to assist within their capabilities. In FY2004 the United States contributed more than $2.4 billion to disaster relief worldwide."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda
2005-01-03
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Potential Humanitarian Issues in Post-War Iraq: An Overview for Congress [March 18, 2003]
"There seems to be a consensus that the current poor humanitarian situation inside Iraq could worsen during a conflict, though this would likely depend on the nature and duration of the conflict and the extent and quality of humanitarian assistance. Problems could arise from the following: malnutrition and disruption of food supplies, inadequate sanitation and clean water, and reduced health and medical care. The consequences of war in Iraq could also include a potential humanitarian emergency with population movements across borders or within Iraq itself. Given the challenge of current conditions in Iraq, U.N. agencies indicate that a conflict in Iraq would disrupt critical infrastructure, delivery of basic services, and food distribution with the potential of severe humanitarian consequences. Relief agencies are having to plan for humanitarian needs amid great uncertainty about conditions in the aftermath of conflict. In recent months many have continued to reiterate that contingency planning does not mean they assumed war was inevitable."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Bockman, Johanna
2003-03-18
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International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress [December 21, 2006]
"Humanitarian emergencies can emerge anywhere in the world, stemming from natural disasters or man-made conflicts. U.S. and international humanitarian assistance can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the 110th Congress, humanitarian assistance is likely to enjoy continued bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels of funding, and the types of other support available worldwide. The President can provide emergency humanitarian assistance through several sources whose funding is authorized and appropriated by Congress. These are funds appropriated to the Office of Foreign Disaster Administration (OFDA) in the Agency for International Development (USAID); U.S. Department of Agriculture food aid programs under P.L. 480 Food for Peace and Section 416 (b) of the Agriculture Act of 1949; the State Department Emergency Refugee and Migration Account (ERMA) a contingency account that can contain as much as $100 million for assistance to refugees fleeing persecution; and funds appropriated to the Department of Defense, Overseas Humanitarian and Disaster and Civic Aid (OHDACA). This report examines U.S. humanitarian assistance in international crises and disaster situations. It considers the sources of U.S. government aid (including the governmental response mechanism), budget trends in humanitarian assistance, and issues for Congress. It does not specifically address the creation of a new Director of Foreign Assistance position at the State Department or the broader restructuring of U.S. foreign aid programs that are currently under way. The development of the FY2008 budget request will reportedly be a coordinated effort by joint State Department and USAID teams. While programmatic decision-making on refugee and humanitarian assistance may shift under the proposed foreign aid reform, it remains to be seen what affect this will have on existing procedures. This report will be updated as the restructuring initiatives evolve, or if in the meantime, the humanitarian response mechanism within the U.S. government changes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda
2006-12-21
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Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [Updated May 15, 2008]
This CRS report details emergency appropriations for the Department of Defense (DoD) and for international affairs. "During its first session, the 110th Congress approved FY2008 emergency supplemental appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs, mainly for activities related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. This left Administration requests for $102.5 billion for defense and $5.4 billion for international affairs unresolved. This CRS report will be updated regularly to report on congressional action on remaining FY2008 supplemental appropriations and on FY2009 supplemental funding included in supplemental funding bills. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding provided through December 2007, see CRS Report RL34278, FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes, which will not be updated further." Furthermore, "The Senate is expected to take up its version of the supplemental bill during the week of May 19, after which, the measure may then return to the House for consideration of the Senate-amended version. The White House has warned that the President will veto a bill that requires troop withdrawals from Iraq or that exceeds $108 billion in funding in FY2008." This report also includes six tables.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .
2008-05-15
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FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs [Updated April 22, 2008]
This CRS report details the FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs requested by the Bush Administration. "The Bush Administration has increasingly requested supplemental funds for international affairs budgets. Some budget experts and others have criticized the Administration for relying too heavily on supplementals, saying that many items have become routine, particularly relating to Iraq and Afghanistan, and should be incorporated into the regular appropriations cycle. The Administration counters that given the nature of rapidly changing overseas events and unforeseen emergencies, it is necessary to make supplemental requests for what it asserts are unexpected and non-recurring expenses. Some congressional leaders have said that an additional supplemental bill may be considered later in 2008. In the meantime, nearly $2.4 billion in international affairs funding requested in the supplemental was included in an omnibus FY2008 appropriations bill. H.R. 2764, the State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriation bill, was the vehicle used to accommodate 11 outstanding appropriations measures for both regular FY2008 and supplemental funding. The omnibus also included supplemental funding for military operations. For further information, see CRS Report RL34278 FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda; Tarnoff, Curt
2008-04-22
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International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues [July 26, 2011]
"In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognized international violence against women (VAW) as a significant human rights and global health issue. VAW, which can include both random acts of violence as well as sustained abuse over time, can be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Studies have found that VAW occurs in all geographic regions, countries, cultures, and economic classes, with some research showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in developed countries. Many experts view VAW as a symptom of the historically unequal power relationship between men and women, and argue that over time this imbalance has led to pervasive cultural stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate a cycle of violence. U.S. policymakers have generally focused on specific types or circumstances of VAW rather than view it as a stand-alone issue. Congress has authorized and appropriated funds for international programs that address VAW, including human trafficking and female genital cutting. In addition, past and current Administrations have supported efforts to reduce international levels of VAW-- though many of these activities are implemented as components of broader foreign aid initiatives. There is no U.S. government-wide coordination of anti-VAW efforts. Most agencies and departments do not track the cost or number of programs with VAW components. Therefore, it is unclear how much money the U.S. government, or individual agencies, spend annually on VAWrelated programs. Some experts have suggested that the U.S. government should re-examine, and perhaps enhance, current U.S. anti-VAW activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa; Margesson, Rhoda; Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji . . .
2011-07-26
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North Korean Refugees in China and Human Rights Issues: International Response and U.S. Policy Options [Updated January 18, 2008]
"The increased international attention given to the situation of North Koreans seeking refuge, primarily in China, has led Congress to take a greater interest in the refugee situation and the underlying causes within North Korea and across its borders. Food shortages, persecution, and human rights abuses have prompted thousands and perhaps hundreds of thousands of North Koreans to go to China where they often become victims of further abuse, neglect, and lack of protection. Those who remain in North Korea […] also continue to suffer from a lack of food and other basic humanitarian provisions. […] North Korea has been viewed as a threat to U.S. interests for a number of important security reasons that go well beyond refugee concerns and human rights issues. These include the pursuit of nuclear weapons and missile programs; a history of proliferating missiles; reported threats to export parts of its self-declared nuclear arsenal; and possible possession of chemical and biological weapons programs. North Korea is also on the U.S. list of states that sponsor terrorism. Amid an atmosphere of continuing tensions over North Korea's nuclear program, the potential remains for worsening humanitarian conditions and a possible increase in North Koreans fleeing the country. The situation raises the questions of what more, if anything, can and should be done -- by the United States and the international community -- not only to focus attention on the abuses of the DPRK regime, but to alleviate the suffering of North Koreans."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra; Chanlett-Avery, Emma
2008-01-18
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International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress [Updated January 29, 2008]
"Humanitarian emergencies can emerge anywhere in the world, stemming from natural disasters or man-made conflicts. U.S. and international humanitarian assistance can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the second session of the 110th Congress, humanitarian assistance is likely to enjoy continued bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels of funding, and the types of other support available worldwide. […] In addition, the President has the authority to draw down defense equipment and direct military personnel to respond to disasters and provide space-available transportation on military aircraft and ships to private donors who wish to transport humanitarian goods and equipment in response to a disaster. Finally, the President can request other government agencies to assist within their capabilities. In FY2006 the United States contributed close to $3 billion to disaster relief worldwide. This report examines U.S. humanitarian assistance in international crises and disaster situations. It considers the sources of U.S. government aid (including the governmental response mechanism), budget trends in humanitarian assistance, and issues for Congress. It does not specifically address the creation of a new Director of Foreign Assistance position at the State Department or the broader restructuring of U.S. foreign aid programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda
2008-01-29
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Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [Updated May 30, 2008]
This CRS report is an update to the report by the same title dated May 15, 2008 and details emergency appropriations for the Department of Defense (DoD) and for international affairs. "On Thursday, May 22, 2008, the Senate approved an amended version of H.R. 2642, a bill providing $212.2 billion in supplemental appropriations for FY2008 and FY2009. The measure includes $169.1 billion for military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere, $9.9 billion for international affairs programs, and $33.1 billion for domestic programs, of which $15.6 billion is for extended unemployment compensation. The bill also includes an expansion of veterans' educational benefits estimated to cost $52 billion over the next ten years, delays new Medicaid regulations that would reduce payments to the states, and limits Medicare payments to new specialty hospitals." This report also includes two appendices and eleven separate tables.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .
2008-05-30
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East Timor: Potential Issues for Congress [May 4, 2005]
With the help of a transitional United Nations administration, East Timor emerged in 2002 as an independent state after a long history of Portuguese colonialism and more recently, Indonesian rule. This followed a U.N.- organized 1999 referendum in which the East Timorese overwhelmingly voted for independence and after which Indonesian backed pro-integrationist militias went on a rampage. Under several different mandates, the United Nations has provided peacekeeping, humanitarian and reconstruction assistance, and capacity building to establish a functioning government. On April 28, 2005, the Security Council established a special one-year political mission to last until May 2006. Many challenges remain, including the need for economic development and sustained support by the international community. Congressional concerns focus on security and the role of the U.N., human rights, and East Timors boundary disputes with Australia and Indonesia. Over time, East Timor could potentially gain significant wealth from energy resources beneath the Timor Sea.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2005-05-04
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Iraq: Recent Developments in Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance [April 1, 2003]
"Large-scale humanitarian and reconstruction assistance programs are expected
to be undertaken by the United States during and following the war in Iraq. This
report describes recent developments in this assistance effort. Given the rapidly evolving situation concerning these aid programs, some of these reported
developments are based on press accounts. The report will be updated as events
warrant. For detailed discussion on possible humanitarian and reconstruction aid, see CRS Report RL31814, "Humanitarian Issues in Post-War Iraq: An Overview for Congress" and CRS Report RS21454, "Iraq: Potential Post-War Foreign Aid Issues". For discussion of other aspects of the war, see CRS Report RL31339, 'Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts, the Iraqi Opposition, and Post-War Iraq'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Tarnoff, Curt
2003-04-01
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Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [April 15, 2008]
"During its first session, the 110th Congress provided emergency appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs, mainly for activities related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Of those amounts, $70 billion for defense and all of the $2.4 billion for international affairs were provided in the FY2008 consolidated appropriations bill, H.R. 2764, which the President signed into law, P.L. 110-161, on December 26, 2007. […] The bill may become a vehicle for a renewed debate about troop withdrawals from Iraq. Other issues may include whether to provide reconstruction assistance to Iraq as loans rather than grants and whether to require that military units be stationed at home for at least as long as they are deployed abroad. There may also be debate about unrequested funding for C-17, C-130, and F-22 aircraft, and perhaps for some other programs, that Congress may consider adding to the bill. It is also possible that the supplemental could become a vehicle for an economic stimulus package, including extended unemployment benefits and other measures. This CRS report will be updated regularly to report on congressional action on remaining supplemental appropriations. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding provided through December 2007, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RL34278, 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes', which will not be updated further."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda
2008-04-15
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Humanitarian Crisis in Haiti: 2004 [March 5, 2004]
"Since armed rebels seized control of Haiti's fourth largest city, Gonaives, on February 5, 2004, and protests calling for President Aristide's resignation culminated in his departure on February 29, there has been increasing concern about a looming humanitarian crisis in Haiti. With events on the ground constantly shifting and an increasing lack of security, assessments of the humanitarian situation remain fluid and subject to change. This report covers recent developments and the humanitarian response to the crisis by the United States and other international actors. It will be updated as events warrant. For further information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Issue Brief IB96019, 'Haiti: Issues for Congress' by Maureen Taft-Morales."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda
2004-03-05
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Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [February 19, 2010]
"The focus of this report is on the immediate crisis in Haiti as a result of the earthquake, the U.S. and international response to date, and long-term implications of the earthquake.[…]. The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. The damage is severe and catastrophic. The earthquake caused an estimated $14 billion in damage. It is estimated that 3 million people, approximately one-third of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake with more than 1 million displaced. The government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 230,000 deaths and 300,000 injured.[…].President Barack Obama assembled heads of U.S. agencies to begin working immediately on a coordinated response to the disaster. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) is the lead agency within the U.S. government responding to this disaster. On January 14, the Administration announced $100 million in humanitarian assistance to Haiti to meet the immediate needs on the ground. As of February 16, 2010, total humanitarian funding provided to Haiti for the earthquake is $601.4 million."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen
2010-02-19
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Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [May 6, 2010]
"The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. Experts estimate the earthquake caused $8 to $14 billion in damage. Approximately 3 million people, roughly onethird of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake with estimates ranging from 1.2 to 2 million people displaced. The government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 230,000 deaths and 300,600 injured. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, President Rene Préval described conditions in his country as 'unimaginable,' and appealed for international assistance. As the humanitarian relief operation continues, the government is struggling to restore the institutions needed for it to function, ensure political stability, and address long-term reconstruction and development planning. Prior to the earthquake, the international community was providing extensive development and humanitarian assistance to Haiti. […]. The Department of Homeland Security has temporarily halted the deportation of Haitians and granted Temporary Protected Status for 18 months to Haitian nationals in the United States as of January 12, 2010. Congressional concerns include budget priorities and oversight, burdensharing, immigration, tax incentives for charitable donations, trade preferences for Haiti, and helping constituents with adoptions and other issues. Several congressional committees have held hearings on Haiti. The focus of this report is on the immediate crisis in Haiti as a result of the earthquake, the U.S. and international response to date, and long-term implications of the earthquake."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen
2010-05-06
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Horn of Africa Region: The Humanitarian Crisis and International Response [January 6, 2012]
"As a result of the worst drought in 60 years, regional conflicts, and conflict within states, a humanitarian emergency of massive proportion has unfolded over the past year in the Horn of Africa region. Current estimates suggest that more than 13.3 million people are currently affected, 250,000 of whom need food assistance in the near term to avoid death. Somalia has been hardest hit so far, creating population displacement within its borders and a refugee crisis of nearly 1 million people in the region, primarily in Kenya and Ethiopia. The international community continues to respond with a massive humanitarian operation that reached full strength in mid 2011. Although food security has begun to improve, the situation remains very fragile, particularly in southern Somalia, where conditions are considered among the worst in the world. Humanitarian needs are expected to demand sustained attention well into 2012. While life-saving assistance is the current priority, long-term responses may be needed to break the disaster cycle in the Horn. Though triggered by drought, the humanitarian emergency is complicated by political and security pressures within, between, and among the various countries in the region. The recent deterioration of security conditions along the Kenya-Somali border, security incidents within the Dadaab refugee camp complex in northeast Kenya, and increasing restrictions by Al Shabaab, an Islamist insurgency led by an Al Qaeda affiliate, on humanitarian access in Somalia all have had an impact on the relief effort. This report provides an overview of the current status of the crisis, summary background on the region, a framework for the international and humanitarian response, and an analysis of some of the operational challenges."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Dagne, Theodore S.; Hanrahan, Charles
2012-01-06
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Cyclone Nargis and Burma's Constitutional Referendum [May 9, 2008]
"Cyclone Nargis struck the coast of Burma in the evening of May 2, 2008 and cut a path of destruction across the southern portion of the country. […]. Some have speculated that the final number of dead could reach 100,000. Vital infrastructure was destroyed by the storm, severely limiting the ability to assess the loss of life and provide assistance to the survivors. In addition, much of Burma's most productive agricultural land has been severely damaged […]. Burma's ruling military junta quickly faced both domestic and international criticism for its response to Cyclone Nargis, including accusations that it failed to provide adequate warning, its slow emergency response, and its reluctance to allow international relief workers into the country. Even before Cyclone Nargis struck, the junta was already facing a highly controversial referendum on a proposed constitution scheduled for May 10, 2008 that could shape U.S. and other countries' policies toward Burma. As a consequence, the evolution and implications of the humanitarian crisis are inextricably linked to Burma's political situation and its relations with the international community. […]. In addition, some experts are speculating that Cyclone Nargis may precipitate major political change in Burma, including the destabilization of Burma's military regime. […]. This report examines the scope of and response to the disaster, as well as its links to Burma's political situation and U.S. policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Martin, Michael F.; Margesson, Rhoda
2008-05-09
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FY2009 Spring Supplemental Appropriations for Overseas Contingency Operations [May 5, 2009]
This report examines the White House's request for supplemental appropriations that include funding for defense, foreign affairs, and domestic fire fighting. The report details the different programs that would be funded through the supplemental appropriations, including operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, preparedness and emergency management measures regarding swine flu outbreak, border security between the United States and Mexico, and more.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda
2009-05-05
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International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance Response Mechanisms [August 1, 2013]
"The majority of humanitarian emergencies worldwide stem from natural disasters or from conflicts. Congress has consistently supported humanitarian efforts as a means of responding to crises in the short term, taking the lead, and promoting a U.S. presence. Intervention results in varying amounts of relief and recovery assistance and can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the 113th Congress, international humanitarian and refugee assistance is expected to continue to have a strong measure of bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels and types of funding, the sources of other support available worldwide, and the ways in which operational assistance is delivered. Factors that may impact decision-making include the type of humanitarian assistance required, the impact of conflict and refugee flows on stability in the region in question, and the role of neighboring countries in contributing to the relief effort. Examples of issues likely to remain of congressional interest include competing aid and budget priorities, reimbursing U.S. government agencies for their expenditures (to replenish the emergency accounts or other accounts that have been used to provide assistance), and civilian and military coordination, including the evolving role of the Department of Defense in humanitarian assistance. Other priorities may include an examination of the disparity between numbers of internally displaced persons and refugees worldwide and the available funding for these groups; physical protection of refugees and other vulnerable populations in addition to the protection of human rights; programs to address gender based violence; and the creation of durable solutions for displaced populations."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
Margesson, Rhoda
2013-08-01
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International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance Response Mechanisms [October 16, 2015]
"The majority of humanitarian emergencies worldwide stem from natural disasters or from conflicts. Congress has consistently supported humanitarian efforts as a means of saving lives, promoting stability, and furthering U.S. foreign policy objectives. Intervention results in varying amounts of relief and recovery assistance and can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the 114th Congress, international humanitarian and refugee assistance is expected to continue to have a strong measure of bipartisan interest, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels and types of funding, the sources of other support available worldwide, and the ways in which operational assistance is delivered. […] This report examines U.S. humanitarian assistance in international crises and disaster situations. It considers the sources and types of U.S. government aid, the response mechanisms of key U.S. agencies and departments, and possible issues for Congress--including competing aid and budget priorities, burdensharing and donor-fatigue, the transparency and efficacy of U.S. humanitarian assistance, consequences of such assistance, and potential links to broader U.S. foreign policy goals."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
Margesson, Rhoda
2015-10-16
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FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations & Reconstruction Assistance [Updated October 15, 2003]
On September 17, the White House submitted a formal request for FY2004 supplemental appropriations of that amount to Congress. Administration officials have said that they would like to see congressional action on the request completed some time before October 24, when an international donors conference is scheduled in Madrid to seek pledges of economic assistance for Iraq. Proposals have included measures providing part or all of reconstruction aid to Iraq as loans rather than grants; conditioning funds on strict reporting requirements; requiring the president to make greater efforts to increase international assistance; rolling back tax cuts to pay for the bill; shifting funds from Iraq reconstruction to domestic programs; transferring control of Iraq reconstruction from the Defense Department to the State Department; requiring competition in contracts in Iraq; increasing personnel benefits for deployed troops; and providing reconstruction assistance to Liberia. The House Appropriations Committee marked up its version of a supplemental appropriations bill for defense and for reconstruction (H.R. 3289) on October 9, and floor action began on October 15. The Senate Appropriations Committee marked up its version of a supplemental appropriations bill, S. 1689, on September 30, and the full Senate began floor debate on the bill on October 1. The Senate resumed consideration of the measure on October 14.
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Daggett, Stephen; Nowels, Larry Q.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .
2003-10-15
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Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [February 2, 2010]
"The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. The damage is severe and catastrophic. It is estimated that 3 million people, approximately one third of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake. The Government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 112,000 deaths and 194,000 injured. In the immediate wake of the earthquake, President Preval described conditions in his country as 'unimaginable,' and appealed for international assistance. As immediate needs are met and the humanitarian relief operation continues, the government is struggling to restore the institutions needed for it to function, ensure political stability, and address long-term reconstruction and development planning. Prior to the earthquake, the international community was providing extensive development and humanitarian assistance to Haiti. With that assistance, the Haitian government had made significant progress in recent years in many areas of its development strategy. The destruction of Haiti's nascent infrastructure and other extensive damage caused by the earthquake will set back Haiti's development significantly. Haiti's long-term development plans will need to be revised."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen
2010-02-02
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Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [January 15, 2010]
"The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks followed. Witnesses are describing the damage as severe and catastrophic. [...] The arrival of humanitarian supplies has begun, but access to Port-au-Prince and the distribution of aid to people in need is difficult and hampered by a number of significant challenges that are impeding rescue efforts and movement. People are gathering in open spaces and some are reportedly leaving Port-au-Prince for other areas in Haiti. [...] The U.S. embassy in Haiti also began facilitating the evacuation of U.S. citizens. On January 14, President Obama announced $100 million in humanitarian assistance to Haiti to provide significant resources to meet the immediate needs on the ground. The relief effort is expected to last for many months, although it is anticipated that recovery and reconstruction will begin as soon as possible in a parallel effort.The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced on January 13, 2010, that it is temporarily halting the deportation of Haitians. On January 15, 2010, DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano granted Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for 18 months to Haitian nationals who were in the United States as of January 12, 2010. The focus of this report is on the immediate crisis in Haiti as a result of the earthquake and the U.S. and international response to date."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen
2010-01-15
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Timor-Leste: Political Dynamics, Development, and International Involvement [July 3, 2012]
"The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste gained independence on May 20, 2002, after a long history of Portuguese colonialism and, more recently, Indonesian rule. The young nation, with a population of 1.1 million, has been aided by the United Nations under several different mandates under which the U.N. has provided peacekeeping, humanitarian, reconstruction and capacity building assistance to establish a functioning government. The current United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) is slated to withdraw from the nation at the end of 2012. […] That said, Timor-Leste faces many serious challenges as it seeks to establish and deepen a stable democracy and develop its economy. Many institutions in the young nation remain weak, and tensions remain between the young country's political elites and among security forces. Timor- Leste remains one of Asia's poorest nations, ranking 147th out of 187 countries on the United Nations Human Development Index. Generating economic opportunity and employment are among the government's greatest challenges. Congressional concerns have focused on security and the role of the United Nations, human rights, East Timor's boundary disputes with Australia and Indonesia, and the strengthening of the nation's political system and functioning of its parliament. Key challenges for Timor-Leste include creating enough political stability to focus on building state capacity and infrastructure, providing employment, and preventing the oil-and-gas revenue stream from being squandered by corruption or poor investment decisions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dolven, Ben; Margesson, Rhoda; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2012-07-03
