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• International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance Response Mechanisms [August 1, 2013]

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  "The majority of humanitarian emergencies worldwide stem from natural disasters or from conflicts. Congress has consistently supported humanitarian efforts as a means of responding to crises in the short term, taking the lead, and promoting a U.S. presence. Intervention results in varying amounts of relief and recovery assistance and can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the 113th Congress, international humanitarian and refugee assistance is expected to continue to have a strong measure of bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels and types of funding, the sources of other support available worldwide, and the ways in which operational assistance is delivered. Factors that may impact decision-making include the type of humanitarian assistance required, the impact of conflict and refugee flows on stability in the region in question, and the role of neighboring countries in contributing to the relief effort. Examples of issues likely to remain of congressional interest include competing aid and budget priorities, reimbursing U.S. government agencies for their expenditures (to replenish the emergency accounts or other accounts that have been used to provide assistance), and civilian and military coordination, including the evolving role of the Department of Defense in humanitarian assistance. Other priorities may include an examination of the disparity between numbers of internally displaced persons and refugees worldwide and the available funding for these groups; physical protection of refugees and other vulnerable populations in addition to the protection of human rights; programs to address gender based violence; and the creation of durable solutions for displaced populations."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  Margesson, Rhoda

  2013-08-01
• International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance Response Mechanisms [October 16, 2015]

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  "The majority of humanitarian emergencies worldwide stem from natural disasters or from conflicts. Congress has consistently supported humanitarian efforts as a means of saving lives, promoting stability, and furthering U.S. foreign policy objectives. Intervention results in varying amounts of relief and recovery assistance and can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the 114th Congress, international humanitarian and refugee assistance is expected to continue to have a strong measure of bipartisan interest, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels and types of funding, the sources of other support available worldwide, and the ways in which operational assistance is delivered. […] This report examines U.S. humanitarian assistance in international crises and disaster situations. It considers the sources and types of U.S. government aid, the response mechanisms of key U.S. agencies and departments, and possible issues for Congress--including competing aid and budget priorities, burdensharing and donor-fatigue, the transparency and efficacy of U.S. humanitarian assistance, consequences of such assistance, and potential links to broader U.S. foreign policy goals."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel

  Margesson, Rhoda

  2015-10-16
• International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues [April 14, 2011]

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  "In the past three decades, the U.S. government and international community have increasingly recognized violence against women (hereinafter VAW) as a human rights problem with far reaching consequences. Prior to the 1970s, many in the international community viewed VAW as a private matter to be dealt with among individuals and not a public matter that merited a national or international response. In the late 1970s and 1980s, however, the international community began to focus on VAW as a global health problem and violation of human rights. This shift was driven, in part, by an increasingly effective and well-organized grassroots movement of local, national, and international women's non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that brought international attention to the plight of VAW victims and created a more public forum for discussion of the issue. [...] This report identifies types of VAW and the direct and indirect consequences of these acts of violence. It provides examples of completed and ongoing U.S. government programs that--in whole or in part--work to reduce or eliminate international violence against women. It does not assess the scope of individual programs or a program's success in achieving its goal. The report also outlines possible policy considerations for the 112th Congress, including the scope and effectiveness of current U.S. programs, further integrating VAW prevention and treatment into U.S. foreign assistance programs, coordinating among U.S. executive branch agencies and departments, and U.S. funding of international anti-VAW programs."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji; Blanchfield, Luisa

  2011-04-14
• International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues [March 7, 2011]

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  "The International Criminal Court (ICC) has, to date, opened cases exclusively in Sub-Saharan Africa. Twenty-two cases are currently before the ICC, all of them pertaining to crimes allegedly committed in five African states: Kenya, Sudan (Darfur), Uganda (the Lord's Resistance Army, LRA), the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic. The ICC Prosecutor has yet to secure any convictions. In addition, the Prosecutor has opened an investigation in Libya as well as preliminary examinations in Guinea, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, and several countries outside of Africa, such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Georgia, Honduras, and the Republic of Korea. Although ICC prosecutions have been praised by human rights advocates, the perception that the Court has focused on Africa and the ICC Prosecutor's choice of cases have been controversial among leaders and commentators on the continent. The Statute of the ICC, also known as the Rome Statute, entered into force on July 1, 2002, and established a permanent, independent Court to investigate and bring to justice individuals who commit war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. As of October 2010, 114 countries-- including 31 African countries, the largest regional block--were parties to the Statute. The United States is not a party."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Browne, Marjorie Ann; Arieff, Alexis

  2011-03-07
• United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: Background and Policy Issues [December 27, 2010]

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  "The United Nations (UN) has had an active presence in Afghanistan since 1988, and it is highly regarded by many Afghans for playing a brokering role in ending the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. As a result of the Bonn Agreement of December 2001, coordinating international donor activity and assistance have been tasked to a United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). However, there are other coordinating institutions tied to the Afghan government, and UNAMA has struggled to exercise its full mandate. The international recovery and reconstruction effort in Afghanistan is immense and complicated and, in coordination with the Afghan government, involves U.N. agencies, bilateral donors, international organizations, and local and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The coordinated aid programs of the United States and its European allies focus on a wide range of activities, from strengthening the central and local governments of Afghanistan and its security forces to promoting civilian reconstruction, reducing corruption, and assisting with elections."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda

  2010-12-27
• FY2009 Spring Supplemental Appropriations for Overseas Contingency Operations [May 5, 2009]

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  This report examines the White House's request for supplemental appropriations that include funding for defense, foreign affairs, and domestic fire fighting. The report details the different programs that would be funded through the supplemental appropriations, including operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, preparedness and emergency management measures regarding swine flu outbreak, border security between the United States and Mexico, and more.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda

  2009-05-05
• Chile Earthquake: U.S. and International Response [March 11, 2010]

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  "On February 27, 2010, an earthquake of magnitude 8.8 struck off the coast of central Chile. Centered 70 miles northeast of Chile's second-largest city, Concepción, at a depth of 22 miles, the earthquake was the second largest ever recorded in Chile and the fifth largest recorded worldwide since 1900. Over 100 aftershocks of magnitude 5.0 or greater were recorded following the initial earthquake. The earthquake and subsequent tsunami, which struck Chile's coast roughly 20 minutes after the earthquake and moved 2,000 feet onto shore in some places, devastated parts of the country. Although there are reports of varying casualty numbers, according to Chile's Ministry of the Interior, the official death toll is 507 (497 bodies have been identified; 10 remain unidentified). [...]. On February 27, 2010, President Barack Obama announced that the U.S. government would assist with earthquake rescue and recovery efforts, pending a request from the Chilean Government. On February 28, 2010, U.S. Ambassador to Chile Paul E. Simons issued a disaster declaration, and through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), authorized $50,000 for the initial implementation of an emergency response program. OFDA deployed a 16-member USAID Disaster Assistance Response Team. As of March 10, 2010, USAID/OFDA reports that it has provided $10.7 million for emergency response activities in Chile. The U.S. Department of Defense is also providing limited assistance. Policy issues of potential interest include levels of U.S. assistance to Chile, burdensharing and donor fatigue, tsunamis and early warning systems, and managing risk through building codes."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Beittel, June S.

  2010-03-11
• Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [February 2, 2010]

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  "The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. The damage is severe and catastrophic. It is estimated that 3 million people, approximately one third of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake. The Government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 112,000 deaths and 194,000 injured. In the immediate wake of the earthquake, President Preval described conditions in his country as 'unimaginable,' and appealed for international assistance. As immediate needs are met and the humanitarian relief operation continues, the government is struggling to restore the institutions needed for it to function, ensure political stability, and address long-term reconstruction and development planning. Prior to the earthquake, the international community was providing extensive development and humanitarian assistance to Haiti. With that assistance, the Haitian government had made significant progress in recent years in many areas of its development strategy. The destruction of Haiti's nascent infrastructure and other extensive damage caused by the earthquake will set back Haiti's development significantly. Haiti's long-term development plans will need to be revised."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen

  2010-02-02
• Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response [February 19, 2010]

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  "The focus of this report is on the immediate crisis in Haiti as a result of the earthquake, the U.S. and international response to date, and long-term implications of the earthquake.[…]. The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. The damage is severe and catastrophic. The earthquake caused an estimated $14 billion in damage. It is estimated that 3 million people, approximately one-third of the overall population, have been affected by the earthquake with more than 1 million displaced. The government of Haiti is reporting an estimated 230,000 deaths and 300,000 injured.[…].President Barack Obama assembled heads of U.S. agencies to begin working immediately on a coordinated response to the disaster. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) is the lead agency within the U.S. government responding to this disaster. On January 14, the Administration announced $100 million in humanitarian assistance to Haiti to meet the immediate needs on the ground. As of February 16, 2010, total humanitarian funding provided to Haiti for the earthquake is $601.4 million."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Taft-Morales, Maureen

  2010-02-19
• Iraqi Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Deepening Humanitarian Crisis? [February 13, 2009]

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  "Some aspects of the humanitarian crisis many feared would take place in March 2003 with the initial military operation in Iraq unfolded later as a result of the ongoing insurgency and sectarian violence. It is estimated that in total (including those displaced prior to the war) there may be as many as 2 million Iraqi refugees who have fled to Jordan, Syria, and other neighboring states, and approximately 2.7 million Iraqis who have been displaced within Iraq itself. Between 2004-2007, the violence and insecurity resulting from the ongoing sectarian strife, terrorism, and insurgency in Iraq produced substantial civilian displacement in different parts of the country. There are continued concerns about the absorptive capacity of neighboring countries, whether they can provide adequately for the populations that have moved across borders, and the impact of refugee flows on stability in general. Many of Iraq's neighbors fear that they are being overwhelmed by refugees who have fled over Iraq's borders. While there is clear evidence of limited improvement in Iraq--decreasing violence, reduced levels of displacement, and some returns in a few governorates--the situation in general remains fragile and requires sustained attention. UNHCR estimates that the number of Iraqis displaced within Iraq who need food and shelter exceeds 1 million people. This report provides an analysis of the current crisis, including an overview of the conditions for those displaced in Iraq and the refugee situations in Syria, Jordan, and elsewhere. It also provides information on the U.S. and international response and examines refugee resettlement options in the United States."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra

  2009-02-13
• East Timor: Potential Issues for Congress [May 4, 2005]

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  With the help of a transitional United Nations administration, East Timor emerged in 2002 as an independent state after a long history of Portuguese colonialism and more recently, Indonesian rule. This followed a U.N.- organized 1999 referendum in which the East Timorese overwhelmingly voted for independence and after which Indonesian backed pro-integrationist militias went on a rampage. Under several different mandates, the United Nations has provided peacekeeping, humanitarian and reconstruction assistance, and capacity building to establish a functioning government. On April 28, 2005, the Security Council established a special one-year political mission to last until May 2006. Many challenges remain, including the need for economic development and sustained support by the international community. Congressional concerns focus on security and the role of the U.N., human rights, and East Timors boundary disputes with Australia and Indonesia. Over time, East Timor could potentially gain significant wealth from energy resources beneath the Timor Sea.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-

  2005-05-04
• Department of Defense Role in Foreign Assistance: Background, Major Issues, and Options for Congress [August 25, 2008]

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  This Congressional Research Service report tracks the role that the Department of Defense has played historically in foreign assistance missions around the globe. It also addresses what the major issues confronting Congress are, and what their options are. From the text: "The Department of Defense (DOD) has long played a role in U.S. efforts to assist foreign populations, militaries, and governments. The use of DOD to provide foreign assistance stems in general from the perception that DOD can contribute unique or vital capabilities and resources because it possesses the manpower, materiel, and organizational assets to respond to international needs. Over the years, Congress has helped shape the DOD role by providing DOD with its mandate for such activities through a wide variety of authorities. The historical DOD role in foreign assistance can be regarded as serving three purposes: responding to humanitarian and basic needs, building foreign military capacity and capabilities, and strengthening foreign governments' ability to deal with internal and international threats through state-building measures. The United States and the U.S. military benefit from DOD foreign assistance activities in several ways. U.S. diplomacy benefits from the U.S. military's capacity to project itself rapidly into extreme situations, such as disasters and other humanitarian emergencies, enhancing the U.S. image as a humanitarian actor. Humanitarian assistance, military training, and other forms of assistance also provide opportunities to cultivate good relations with foreign populations, militaries, and governments. U.S. military personnel have long viewed such activities as opportunities to interact with foreign militaries as part of their professional development."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Grimmett, Richard F.; Serafino, Nina M.; Margesson, Rhoda

  2008-08-25
• Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Operations [Updated February 10, 2005]

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  "On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9.0 undersea earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, unleashed a tsunami that affected more than 12 countries throughout south and southeast Asia and stretched as far as the northeastern African coast. Current official estimates indicate that more than 160,000 people are dead and millions of others are affected, including those injured, missing, or displaced, making this the deadliest tsunami on record. News reports suggest that the death toll may be well above 200,000. Sections of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand have suffered the worst devastation. Eighteen Americans are confirmed dead, with another sixteen presumed dead, and 153 remain unaccounted for. In response, the United Nations, the United States, and other donor nations have organized what some have called the worlds largest relief and recovery operation to date. President Bush pledged $350 million in aid and mobilized the U.S. military to provide logistical and other assistance...This report summarizes the extent of the disaster and relief effort and includes descriptions of the U.S. and international assistance efforts. It also examines protection mechanisms for children and separated orphans. A section is devoted to the situation in each of the affected countries followed by an analysis of selected issues for Congress. A Most Recent Developments section at the beginning of the report is updated through February 10, 2005. The rest of the report is updated through January 21, 2005."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda

  2005-02-10
• Potential Humanitarian Issues in Post-War Iraq: An Overview for Congress [March 18, 2003]

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  "There seems to be a consensus that the current poor humanitarian situation inside Iraq could worsen during a conflict, though this would likely depend on the nature and duration of the conflict and the extent and quality of humanitarian assistance. Problems could arise from the following: malnutrition and disruption of food supplies, inadequate sanitation and clean water, and reduced health and medical care. The consequences of war in Iraq could also include a potential humanitarian emergency with population movements across borders or within Iraq itself. Given the challenge of current conditions in Iraq, U.N. agencies indicate that a conflict in Iraq would disrupt critical infrastructure, delivery of basic services, and food distribution with the potential of severe humanitarian consequences. Relief agencies are having to plan for humanitarian needs amid great uncertainty about conditions in the aftermath of conflict. In recent months many have continued to reiterate that contingency planning does not mean they assumed war was inevitable."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Bockman, Johanna

  2003-03-18
• U.S. Assistance to Women in Afghanistan and Iraq: Challenges and Issues for Congress [January 5, 2006]

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  "This report reviews U.S. funding for programs directed toward women in Afghanistan and Iraq. Women in these two countries have faced particularly difficult conditions under the Taliban and Baathist regimes. Although there have been notable improvements since the ouster of these regimes in 2001 and 2003, respectively, women still face real challenges in the areas of education, health care, political participation, and, in many cases, basic human rights. The national and international response to the plight of Afghan and Iraqi women may have an important impact not only on the women being directly assisted, but also on their countries as a whole, in terms of more widespread access to education, health care, and political and economic participation."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Kronenfeld, Daniel

  2006-01-05
• Earthquake in South Asia: Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Operations [December 12, 2005]

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  "On October 8, 2005, a powerful earthquake struck northern Pakistan and India, killing at least 74,500 people and injuring over 130,000 more. The earthquake damaged the homes of as many as three million people, forcing many of them to search for alternative means of shelter. The full extent of the destruction remains unknown because government authorities and relief organizations continue to have difficulty accessing some remote locations. As of the date of this report, the United States government (USG) has pledged $410 million toward the relief effort, almost all of it to assisting Pakistan, which remains a key U.S. ally in the war against terror. So far, about 35% of this pledge has been committed. Because of the heavy USG military and development presence in neighboring Afghanistan, the logistics of bringing resources into Pakistan has been relatively straightforward. The USG, Government of Pakistan, and NATO, among others, are operating daily relief flights to ferry supplies, personnel, and victims to and from the region."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Kronenfeld, Daniel

  2005-12-12
• Afghanistan's Path to Reconstruction: Obstacles, Challenges, and Issues for Congress [Updated May 17, 2002]

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  For the past 22 years, Afghanistan has been embroiled in conflict. Humanitarian assistance programs have been a key part of the overall multilateral effort to relieve human suffering and assist refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). In the post-September 11 environment, while actions are being taken to eliminate Taliban and Al Qaeda forces and others supporting terrorism, the needs have only become more urgent. The case of Afghanistan may present a special category of crisis, in which the United States and others play a significant role in the war on terrorism while simultaneously providing humanitarian and reconstruction assistance to the innocent civilians caught in the crossfire. It is anticipated that Congress will examine the early progress of reconstruction efforts, aid priorities, and the long-term role to be played by the United States.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda

  2002-05-17
• FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations & Reconstruction Assistance [Updated October 15, 2003]

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  On September 17, the White House submitted a formal request for FY2004 supplemental appropriations of that amount to Congress. Administration officials have said that they would like to see congressional action on the request completed some time before October 24, when an international donors conference is scheduled in Madrid to seek pledges of economic assistance for Iraq. Proposals have included measures providing part or all of reconstruction aid to Iraq as loans rather than grants; conditioning funds on strict reporting requirements; requiring the president to make greater efforts to increase international assistance; rolling back tax cuts to pay for the bill; shifting funds from Iraq reconstruction to domestic programs; transferring control of Iraq reconstruction from the Defense Department to the State Department; requiring competition in contracts in Iraq; increasing personnel benefits for deployed troops; and providing reconstruction assistance to Liberia. The House Appropriations Committee marked up its version of a supplemental appropriations bill for defense and for reconstruction (H.R. 3289) on October 9, and floor action began on October 15. The Senate Appropriations Committee marked up its version of a supplemental appropriations bill, S. 1689, on September 30, and the full Senate began floor debate on the bill on October 1. The Senate resumed consideration of the measure on October 14.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Daggett, Stephen; Nowels, Larry Q.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .

  2003-10-15
• Iraq: Recent Developments in Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance [April 1, 2003]

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  "Large-scale humanitarian and reconstruction assistance programs are expected to be undertaken by the United States during and following the war in Iraq. This report describes recent developments in this assistance effort. Given the rapidly evolving situation concerning these aid programs, some of these reported developments are based on press accounts. The report will be updated as events warrant. For detailed discussion on possible humanitarian and reconstruction aid, see CRS Report RL31814, "Humanitarian Issues in Post-War Iraq: An Overview for Congress" and CRS Report RS21454, "Iraq: Potential Post-War Foreign Aid Issues". For discussion of other aspects of the war, see CRS Report RL31339, 'Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts, the Iraqi Opposition, and Post-War Iraq'."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Tarnoff, Curt

  2003-04-01
• Iraqi Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: A Deepening Humanitarian Crisis? [Updated August 15, 2008]

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  "This report provides an analysis of the current crisis, including the conditions for those displaced in Iraq and the refugee situations in Syria, Jordan, and elsewhere. It also provides information on the U.S. and international response and examines refugee resettlement options in the United States. Aspects of this crisis that may be of particular interest to the 110th Congress include a focus on an immediate response (providing humanitarian relief funding), examining resettlement policies, and developing a strategy to manage the displaced, particularly within Iraq." "During 2004-2007, the violence and insecurity resulting from the ongoing sectarian strife, terrorism, and insurgency in Iraq produced substantial civilian displacement in different parts of the country. Many of Iraq's neighbors fear that they are being overwhelmed by refugees who have fled over Iraq's borders. There are heightened concerns about the absorptive capacity of neighboring countries, whether they can provide adequately for the populations that have moved across borders, and the impact of refugee flows on stability in general. While there is clear evidence of limited improvement in Iraq -- decreasing violence, reduced levels of displacement, and a handful of returns in a few governorates -- the situation in general remains precarious and requires sustained attention. UNHCR estimates that the number of Iraqis displaced within Iraq who need food and shelter exceeds 1 million people."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sharp, Jeremy Maxwell; Margesson, Rhoda; Bruno, Andorra

  2008-08-15
• International Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance: U.S. Governmental Response [January 3, 2005]

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  "The President can provide emergency humanitarian assistance through several sources whose funding is authorized and appropriated by Congress. These are: funds appropriated to the Office of Foreign Disaster Administration (OFDA) in the Agency for International Development (USAID); U.S. Department of Agriculture food aid programs under P.L. 480 Food for Peace and section 416 (b) of the Agriculture Act of 1949; the State Department Emergency Refugee and Migration Account (ERMA) a contingency account which can contain as much as $100 million for assistance to refugees fleeing persecution; and funds appropriated to the Department of Defense, Overseas Humanitarian and Disaster and Civic Aid (OHDACA). These funds are also available for some non-emergency programs. In addition, the President has the authority to draw down defense equipment and direct military personnel to respond to disasters and provide space-available transportation on military aircraft and ships to private donors who wish to transport humanitarian goods and equipment in response to a disaster. Finally, the President can request other government agencies to assist within their capabilities. In FY2004 the United States contributed more than $2.4 billion to disaster relief worldwide."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda

  2005-01-03
• FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs [Updated April 22, 2008]

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  This CRS report details the FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs requested by the Bush Administration. "The Bush Administration has increasingly requested supplemental funds for international affairs budgets. Some budget experts and others have criticized the Administration for relying too heavily on supplementals, saying that many items have become routine, particularly relating to Iraq and Afghanistan, and should be incorporated into the regular appropriations cycle. The Administration counters that given the nature of rapidly changing overseas events and unforeseen emergencies, it is necessary to make supplemental requests for what it asserts are unexpected and non-recurring expenses. Some congressional leaders have said that an additional supplemental bill may be considered later in 2008. In the meantime, nearly $2.4 billion in international affairs funding requested in the supplemental was included in an omnibus FY2008 appropriations bill. H.R. 2764, the State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriation bill, was the vehicle used to accommodate 11 outstanding appropriations measures for both regular FY2008 and supplemental funding. The omnibus also included supplemental funding for military operations. For further information, see CRS Report RL34278 FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda; Tarnoff, Curt

  2008-04-22
• International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues [July 22, 2011]

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  "The International Criminal Court (ICC) has, to date, opened cases exclusively in Africa. Cases concerning 25 individuals are open before the Court, pertaining to crimes allegedly committed in six African states: Libya, Kenya, Sudan (Darfur), Uganda (the Lord's Resistance Army, LRA), the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic. A 26th case, against a Darfur rebel commander, was dismissed. The ICC Prosecutor has yet to secure any convictions. In addition, the Prosecutor has initiated preliminary examinations--a potential precursor to a full investigation--in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, and Nigeria, along with several countries outside of Africa, such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Georgia, Honduras, and the Republic of Korea. The Statute of the ICC, also known as the Rome Statute, entered into force on July 1, 2002, and established a permanent, independent Court to investigate and bring to justice individuals who commit war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. As of July 2011, 116 countries-- including 32 African countries, the largest regional block--were parties to the Statute. Tunisia was the latest country to have become a party, in June 2011. The United States is not a party. […] This report provides background on current ICC cases and examines issues raised by the ICC's actions in Africa. Further analysis can be found in CRS Report R41116, The International Criminal Court (ICC): Jurisdiction, Extradition, and U.S. Policy, by Emily C. Barbour and Matthew C. Weed, and CRS Report R41682, International Criminal Court and the Rome Statute: 2010 Review Conference, by Matthew C. Weed."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Arieff, Alexis; Margesson, Rhoda; Browne, Marjorie Ann . . .

  2011-07-22
• International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues [July 26, 2011]

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  "In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognized international violence against women (VAW) as a significant human rights and global health issue. VAW, which can include both random acts of violence as well as sustained abuse over time, can be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Studies have found that VAW occurs in all geographic regions, countries, cultures, and economic classes, with some research showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in developed countries. Many experts view VAW as a symptom of the historically unequal power relationship between men and women, and argue that over time this imbalance has led to pervasive cultural stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate a cycle of violence. U.S. policymakers have generally focused on specific types or circumstances of VAW rather than view it as a stand-alone issue. Congress has authorized and appropriated funds for international programs that address VAW, including human trafficking and female genital cutting. In addition, past and current Administrations have supported efforts to reduce international levels of VAW-- though many of these activities are implemented as components of broader foreign aid initiatives. There is no U.S. government-wide coordination of anti-VAW efforts. Most agencies and departments do not track the cost or number of programs with VAW components. Therefore, it is unclear how much money the U.S. government, or individual agencies, spend annually on VAWrelated programs. Some experts have suggested that the U.S. government should re-examine, and perhaps enhance, current U.S. anti-VAW activities."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Blanchfield, Luisa; Margesson, Rhoda; Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji . . .

  2011-07-26
• FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs [January 24, 2008]

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  "Congress approved an FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 2764) during the week of December 17, 2007, that included some emergency supplemental funding for international affairs requested by the White House. The President signed the spending measure on December 26 (P.L. 110-161). The White House had submitted emergency supplemental requests to Congress for military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and international affairs programs totaling $196.5 billion. The request was made in two installments -- an estimate of additional expenses was sent to Congress with the FY2008 regular budget request in February 2007, and a second amended request was made on October 22, 2007. Of the total, $6.897 billion consisted of international affairs spending, relating to State Department operations and foreign assistance programs, and included $350 million in Agriculture Department food aid appropriations. This report analyzes the international affairs portion of the request and tracks related legislative activity. […] The omnibus also included supplemental funding for military operations. For further information, see CRS Report RL34278 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes'. This report will be updated."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tarnoff, Curt; Margesson, Rhoda; Epstein, Susan B. . . .

  2008-01-24
• Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [June 25, 2008]

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  "On June 19, 2008, the House approved an amended version of H.R. 2642, a bill which makes supplemental appropriations for FY2008 and FY2009, extends unemployment payments, and expands veterans' educational benefits. The bill now passes to the Senate, which may clear the bill for the President if it makes no further amendments. The House-passed bill reflects compromises with the White House on key issues. It extends unemployment benefits for 13 weeks but not 26, allows veterans' educational benefits to be transferred to dependents, does not include an offsetting tax increase, limits the amount of other domestic spending, and delays implementation of six, rather than seven, new Medicaid rules. The House also dropped most Iraq-related policy provisions. In all, the bill provides $183.5 billion in supplemental funding, including $2.65 billion of newly added funds to respond to Midwest floods. Extended unemployment benefits are estimated to cost a net of $10 billion over ten years and enhanced veterans educational benefits $63 billion. […] During its first session, the 110th Congress approved FY2008 emergency supplemental appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs. This left unresolved Administration requests for $102.5 billion for defense and $5.4 billion for international affairs. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding through December 2007, see CRS Report RL34278, 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes', which will not be updated further. This CRS report, RL34451, will review congressional action on remaining FY2008 and additional FY2009 supplemental funding and will be updated regularly."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda . . .

  2008-06-25
• International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues [June 3, 2008]

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  "In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognized international violence against women (VAW) as a significant human rights and global health issue. VAW, which can include both random acts of violence as well as sustained abuse over time, can be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Studies have found that VAW occurs in all geographic regions, countries, cultures, and economic classes, with some surveys showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in developed countries. Many experts view VAW as a symptom of the historically unequal power relationship between men and women, and argue that over time this imbalance has led to pervasive cultural stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate a cycle of violence. […]This report addresses causes, prevalence, and consequences of violence against women. It provides examples of U.S. activities that address VAW directly or include anti-VAW components. It also outlines possible policy considerations for the 110th Congress, including the scope and effectiveness of U.S. programs; further integrating anti-VAW programs into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms; and strengthening U.S. government coordination of anti-VAW activities. Material relating to United Nations anti-VAW activities that previously appeared in this report is now published in CRS Report RL34518, United Nations System Efforts to Address Violence Against Women, by Luisa Blanchfield."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Serafino, Nina M.; Seelke, Clare Ribando; Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji . . .

  2008-06-03
• Horn of Africa: The Humanitarian Crisis and International Response [September 30, 2011]

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  "As a result of the worst drought in 60 years, regional conflicts, and conflict within states, a humanitarian emergency of massive proportion is unfolding in the Horn of Africa region with more than 13.3 million people affected, 750,000 of whom need food assistance in the near term to avoid death. Somalia has been hardest hit so far, creating population displacement within its borders and a refugee crisis of nearly 1 million people in the region, primarily in Kenya and Ethiopia. The international community is responding, and the humanitarian needs are expected to rise in the coming months and will likely demand sustained attention well into 2012. While life-saving assistance is the current priority, long-term responses may be needed to break the disaster cycle in the Horn. Though triggered by drought, the humanitarian emergency is further complicated by political and security pressures within, between, and among the various countries in the region. This report provides an overview of the current status of the crisis, a summary of the background on the region, a framework for the international and humanitarian response, and an analysis of some of the operational challenges."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Dagne, Theodore S.; Hanrahan, Charles

  2011-09-30
• Second FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes [April 15, 2008]

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  "During its first session, the 110th Congress provided emergency appropriations of $86.8 billion for the Department of Defense and $2.4 billion for international affairs, mainly for activities related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Of those amounts, $70 billion for defense and all of the $2.4 billion for international affairs were provided in the FY2008 consolidated appropriations bill, H.R. 2764, which the President signed into law, P.L. 110-161, on December 26, 2007. […] The bill may become a vehicle for a renewed debate about troop withdrawals from Iraq. Other issues may include whether to provide reconstruction assistance to Iraq as loans rather than grants and whether to require that military units be stationed at home for at least as long as they are deployed abroad. There may also be debate about unrequested funding for C-17, C-130, and F-22 aircraft, and perhaps for some other programs, that Congress may consider adding to the bill. It is also possible that the supplemental could become a vehicle for an economic stimulus package, including extended unemployment benefits and other measures. This CRS report will be updated regularly to report on congressional action on remaining supplemental appropriations. For congressional action on FY2008 supplemental funding provided through December 2007, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RL34278, 'FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations for Global War on Terror Military Operations, International Affairs, and Other Purposes', which will not be updated further."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Daggett, Stephen; Epstein, Susan B.; Margesson, Rhoda

  2008-04-15
• Horn of Africa Region: The Humanitarian Crisis and International Response [January 6, 2012]

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  "As a result of the worst drought in 60 years, regional conflicts, and conflict within states, a humanitarian emergency of massive proportion has unfolded over the past year in the Horn of Africa region. Current estimates suggest that more than 13.3 million people are currently affected, 250,000 of whom need food assistance in the near term to avoid death. Somalia has been hardest hit so far, creating population displacement within its borders and a refugee crisis of nearly 1 million people in the region, primarily in Kenya and Ethiopia. The international community continues to respond with a massive humanitarian operation that reached full strength in mid 2011. Although food security has begun to improve, the situation remains very fragile, particularly in southern Somalia, where conditions are considered among the worst in the world. Humanitarian needs are expected to demand sustained attention well into 2012. While life-saving assistance is the current priority, long-term responses may be needed to break the disaster cycle in the Horn. Though triggered by drought, the humanitarian emergency is complicated by political and security pressures within, between, and among the various countries in the region. The recent deterioration of security conditions along the Kenya-Somali border, security incidents within the Dadaab refugee camp complex in northeast Kenya, and increasing restrictions by Al Shabaab, an Islamist insurgency led by an Al Qaeda affiliate, on humanitarian access in Somalia all have had an impact on the relief effort. This report provides an overview of the current status of the crisis, summary background on the region, a framework for the international and humanitarian response, and an analysis of some of the operational challenges."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda; Dagne, Theodore S.; Hanrahan, Charles

  2012-01-06