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• Violence Against Members of Congress and Their Staff: Selected Examples and Congressional Responses [January 25, 2011]

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  "Questions about the personal security and safety of members of Congress and their staffs have arisen in the aftermath of a recent attack in Tucson, Arizona, and following reports of an increase in the number of threats made against members of Congress. Two measures have been introduced in the 112th Congress to address issues related to violence against members and congressional staff. On January 19, 2011, Representative Robert A. Brady of Pennsylvania introduced H.R. 318 to amend title 18, United States Code, to punish threats to commit violent crimes against members of Congress. On January 20, 2011, Representative Laura Richardson introduced H.R. 367, the Freedom to Serve Without Fear Act of 2011, which would prohibit the knowing possession of a firearm near a venue at which a member of Congress is performing official duties or campaigning for public office. Since 1789, available information from official and private sources suggests that there have been at least 21 instances of attacks involving 24 members who were targeted by assailants. There have been 12,013 individuals who have served as Representatives or Senators since 1789. In 11 instances, the attacks were thwarted, or resulted in no serious injuries to members. Another three incidents resulted in wounds to seven members. Finally, seven instances resulted in the deaths of seven members. It appears that five of the incidents of attacks on members also affected some congressional staff. Four of the incidents resulted in the wounding of congressional staff. Two incidents, a 1998 event in which a gunman entered the Capitol, and the Tucson shooting on January 8, 2011, resulted in fatalities to two congressional law enforcement personnel and one civilian employee of the House, respectively."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Petersen, R. Eric; Manning, Jennifer E.; Hemlin, Erin

  2011-01-25
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011 [August 12, 2011]

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  "Ninety-three women currently serve in the 112th Congress: 76 in the House (52 Democrats and 24 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (12 Democrats and 5 Republicans). Ninety-two women were initially sworn in to the 112th Congress, but one Democratic House Member has since resigned, and two others have been elected. This number (92) is lower than the record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 276 women have served in Congress, 176 Democrats and 100 Republicans. Of these women, 237 (151 Democrats, 86 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 31 (19 Democrats, 12 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 8 (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. […] Eighteen women in the House, and 10 women in the Senate, have chaired committees. In the 112th Congress, one woman chairs a House committee, and five women chair Senate committees, with one female Senator chairing two committees. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) was the first woman to serve as Speaker of the House, in the 110th and 111th Congresses. This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 276 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2011-08-12
• Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government [August 16, 2011]

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  "The federal government offers many opportunities for internships, fellowships, and work experiences. However, there is no single centralized source for finding information on every opportunity. This report describes the major and most popular Internet resources for such opportunities and gives applicants a place to begin their search. The Internet resources provided are not exhaustive. Telephone numbers for programs are provided if available. Applying for an internship or fellowship is similar to applying for admission to a college or university. The application process takes time and effort, often requiring essays and interviews. Applicants should begin their search early and explore what best suits their interests and career goals. Application deadlines and program durations vary from agency to agency. Because competition is stiff in many internship and fellowship programs, with applicants often far exceeding the number of positions available, one should apply to more than one program. Opportunities are generally available in the spring, summer, and fall, with summer positions being the most popular and the most competitive. […] Some programs or universities that offer academic credit may require the intern/fellow to produce a report on the work experience and obtain evaluations from program supervisors. In addition, some programs lead to federal job placement. Recruitment programs like Presidential Management Fellows and the Congressional Research Service Graduate Recruit Program may offer permanent employment after the successful completion of program requirements. Because program details vary from agency to agency, it is best to consult the appropriate website or to contact the program office directly."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.

  2011-08-16
• Legislative Procedure in Congress: Basic Sources for Congressional Staff [July 27, 2011]

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  From the Document: "Written for congressional staff, this report identifies and provides details on how to obtain official government sources of information on the legislative process and the rules and procedure of the House and Senate. References to selected CRS products are also provided, as well as a listing of selected titles for supplementary reading. Information is offered on the CRS legislative institutes. This report will be updated as new information is available."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.

  2011-07-27
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011 [October 31, 2011]

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  "Ninety-three women currently serve in the 112th Congress: 76 in the House (52 Democrats and 24 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (12 Democrats and 5 Republicans). Ninety-two women were initially sworn in to the 112th Congress, but one Democratic House Member has since resigned, and two others have been elected. This number (92) is lower than the record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 276 women have served in Congress, 176 Democrats and 100 Republicans. […] A total of 31 African American or black women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 30 in the House), including the 15 serving in the 112th Congress. Eight Hispanic women have been elected to the House; seven serve in the 112th Congress. Six Asian American women have served in the House, including four in the 112th Congress. Eighteen women in the House, and 10 women in the Senate, have chaired committees. In the 112th Congress, one woman chairs a House committee, and five women chair Senate committees, with one female Senator chairing two committees. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) was the first woman to serve as Speaker of the House, in the 110th and 111th Congresses. This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 276 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2011-10-31
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012 [November 26, 2012]

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  "Ninety-four women currently serve in the 112th Congress: 77 in the House (53 Democrats and 24 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (12 Democrats and 5 Republicans). Ninety-two women were initially sworn in to the 112th Congress, two women Democratic House Members have since resigned, and four others have been elected. This number (94) is lower than the record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 278 women have served in Congress, 178 Democrats and 100 Republicans. Of these women, 239 (153 Democrats, 86 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 31 (19 Democrats, 12 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 8 (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include one non-voting Delegate each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. […] This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 278 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2012-11-26
• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2012 [November 26, 2012]

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  "There are 43 African American Members serving in the 112th Congress, all in the House of Representatives. There have been 133 African American Members of Congress: 127 have been elected to the House; 5 have been elected to the Senate; and 1 has been appointed to the Senate. There have been 104 Democrats, 101 in the House and 3 in the Senate; and 29 Republicans, 26 in the House and 3 in the Senate. The number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African Americans entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 44 serving at any one time. […] This report will be updated as needed."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2012-11-26
• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2011 [April 8, 2011]

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  "There are 44 African American Members serving in the 112th Congress, all in the House of Representatives. There have been 132 African American Members of Congress: 126 have been elected to the House; five have been elected to the Senate; and one has been appointed to the Senate. There have been 103 Democrats, 100 in the House and 3 in the Senate; and 29 Republicans, 26 in the House and 3 in the Senate. The number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African Americans entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 44 serving at any one time. [...] Twenty African Americans have served as committee chairs, 19 in the House and one in the Senate. The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), whose origins date back to 1969, currently has 43 members. Over its 40-year history, the CBC has been one of the most influential caucuses in Congress. This report will be updated as needed."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2011-04-08
• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2009 [February 2, 2010]

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  "There are 42 African American Members serving in the 111th Congress, 41 in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate. President Barack Obama served in the Senate until he resigned on November 16, 2008. There have been 125 African American Members of Congress: 119 have been elected to the House; five have been elected to the Senate; and one has been appointed to the Senate. There have been 98 Democrats: 95 in the House, three in the Senate; and 27 Republicans: 24 in the House, three in the Senate. The number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African Americans entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 43 serving at any one time. [...] Twenty African Americans have served as committee chairs, 19 in the House and one in the Senate. The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), whose origins date back to 1969, currently has 42 members. Over its 40-year history, the CBC has been one of the most influential caucuses in Congress. This report will be updated as needed."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2010-02-02
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2009 [December 23, 2009]

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  "This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) districts of the 260 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2009-12-23
• Leaving Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Departures Data Since 1989 [September 24, 2010]

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  From the Document: "Members of Congress leave the House or Senate for a variety of reasons; these may include resignation, death, or chamber action during a Congress, and retirement, electoral defeat, or pursuit of another office at the end of a Congress. In the 101st Congress (1989-1990) through September 2010 of the 111th Congress (2009-2010), on average, two Senators and eight Members of the House of Representatives have left before the conclusion of a Congress. Over the same period, on average, 10 Senators and 55 Members of the House left Congress upon expiration of their terms of office. These figures include those Members who have announced an intention to retire at the completion of the 111th Congress. The data provided here may offer insight concerning the turnover of membership in each chamber, but any such conclusions should be drawn with care, as there appears to be no pattern to Member departures. This may be due in part to the individualized nature of congressional careers, which might include numerous events or actions that could affect Members' decisions to end their congressional service. This report will be updated at the conclusion of the 111th Congress. Detailed information regarding 111th Congress departures is available at http://crs.gov/resources/Pages/ Congress_111_departures.aspx."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Reynolds, Parker H.; Petersen, R. Eric

  2010-09-24
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011 [September 27, 2011]

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  "This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 276 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2011-09-27
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012 [January 27, 2012]

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  "This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 276 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2012-01-27
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011 [March 18, 2011]

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  "This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 274 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Smelcer, Susan Navarro; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2011-03-18
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011 [February 24, 2011]

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  "This report identifies the names, committee assignments, dates of service, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 274 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Smelcer, Susan Navarro

  2011-02-24
• First-Term Members of the House of Representatives and Senate, 64th - 113th Congresses [January 25, 2013]

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  "This report provides summary data on the number of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives who first entered Congress between the 64th Congress (1915-1917) and the 113th Congress (2013-2014). First-term membership is divided into two broad categories in each chamber: Members chosen prior to the convening of a Congress, and those chosen after a Congress convenes. The resulting data, combining pre-convening and post-convening first-term Members, provide a count of all Members who served a first term in the House or Senate. Since the convening of the 64th Congress, 4,126 individuals have entered the House of Representatives for their first, or 'freshman,' terms as Representatives. An additional 26 have begun service as Delegates or Resident Commissioners. During the same period, 825 individuals began their first terms in the Senate."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Petersen, R. Eric

  2013-01-25
• Members of Congress Who Die in Office: Historic and Current Practices [March 9, 2012]

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  "Since 1973, 84 Members of Congress--69 Representatives, and 15 Senators--have died in office. When a sitting Member dies, the House and Senate carry out a number of actions based on chamber rules, statutes, and longstanding practices. Some observances, such as adjourning briefly as a mark of respect to the deceased, appointing Member delegations to attend funerals of deceased colleagues, or paying the costs of a funeral from public funds, were initially observed in the earliest Congresses, or predate the national legislature established under the Constitution. It appears that contemporary congressional response to the death of a sitting Member is affected by a number of external factors including the following: circumstances of the Member's death, preferences of the deceased Member or the Member's family regarding funeral services, whether Congress is in session when the Member dies, pending congressional business at the time of the Member's death, and events external to Congress at the time. Congressional response to the death of a sitting Member could be characterized as a broad set of actions that are determined in detail at or around the time of the death, in response to a wide array of factors. Broadly, these actions fall into five categories, including announcement or acknowledgment on the House or Senate floor; consideration of resolutions of condolence; a funeral or other rites; issues related to the deceased Member's office, staff, and survivor benefits; and publication of memorials."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Petersen, R. Eric

  2012-03-09
• Members of Congress Who Die in Office: Historic and Current Practices [April 25, 2012]

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  "Since 1973, 84 Members of Congress--69 Representatives and 15 Senators--have died in office. When a sitting Member dies, the House and Senate carry out a number of actions based on chamber rules, statutes, and long-standing practices. Some observances, such as adjourning briefly as a mark of respect to the deceased, appointing Member delegations to attend funerals of deceased colleagues, or paying the costs of a funeral from public funds, were initially observed in the earliest Congresses, or predate the national legislature established under the Constitution. It appears that contemporary congressional response to the death of a sitting Member is affected by a number of external factors including the following: circumstances of the Member's death, preferences of the deceased Member or the Member's family regarding funeral services, whether Congress is in session when the Member dies, pending congressional business at the time of the Member's death, and events external to Congress at the time. Congressional response to the death of a sitting Member could be characterized as a broad set of actions that are determined in detail at or around the time of the death, in response to a wide array of factors. Broadly, these actions fall into five categories, including announcement or acknowledgment on the House or Senate floor; consideration of resolutions of condolence; a funeral or other rites; issues related to the deceased Member's office, staff, and survivor benefits; and publication of memorials."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Petersen, R. Eric; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2012-04-25
• Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government [January 5, 2012]

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  "This report describes Internet resources on major internship, fellowship, and work experience programs within the federal government. It is intended as a selective guide for students of all levels: high school, undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate. This report will be updated annually."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.

  2012-01-05
• Federal Depository Library Program: Issues for Congress [March 29, 2012]

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  "Congress established the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) to provide free public access to federal government information. The program's origins date to 1813; the current structure of the program was established in 1962 and is overseen by the Government Printing Office (GPO). Access to government information is provided through a network of depository libraries across the United States. In the past half-century, information creation, distribution, retention, and preservation has expanded from a tangible, paper-based process to include digital processes managed largely through computerized information technologies. The transition to digital information raises a number of issues of possible interest to Congress. This report discusses those possible concerns as they affect FDLP. These issues, which are in some cases interrelated, may not only affect FDLP, but also extend beyond the program to a variety of contexts related to the management of government information in tangible and digital forms. Issues include the following: maintenance and availability of the FDLP tangible collection; retention and preservation of digital information; access to FDLP resources; authenticity and accuracy of digital material; robustness of the FDLP Electronic Collection; and the costs of FDLP and other government information distribution initiatives."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Petersen, R. Eric; Manning, Jennifer E.; Bailey, Christina M.

  2012-03-29
• Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2012 [March 21, 2012]

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  "Two hundred seventy-seven women have been elected or appointed to the U.S. Congress. Jeannette Rankin (R-MT) has the distinction of being the first woman elected to serve in Congress. On November 9, 1916, she was elected to the House of Representatives as Montana's Representative-at-Large to the 65th Congress (1917-1919). Since Rankin's election, 276 additional women have served in Congress. These 277 women include 177 Democrats and 100 Republicans. Two hundred thirty-eight (152 Democrats, 86 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 31 (19 Democrats, 12 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and eight (6 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. Of those in the House, four (3 Democrats, 1 Republican) have been Delegates to Congress. Ninety-three women serve in the 112th Congress: 76 in the House (52 Democrats and 24 Republicans) and 17 in the Senate (12 Democrats and 5 Republicans). Three of the women who serve in the House are Delegates, representing the District of Columbia, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands; all are Democrats. Excluding Delegates, women currently hold 73 (16.8%) seats in the House of Representatives and 17 (17%) seats in the Senate, totaling 90 (16.8%) of the 535 voting seats in the 112th Congress. Including Delegates, women currently hold 76 seats in the House of Representatives, and 17 in the Senate, totaling 93 seats (17.2%) in the entire Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2012-03-21
• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870-2012 [March 6, 2012]

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  "One hundred thirty-two African Americans have served in the U.S. Congress: 126 in the House and 6 in the Senate. Of these, 31 have been women. A record 43 African American Members (all in the House, including two delegates) serve in the 112th Congress. All but 2 are Democrats and 15 are women. No African Americans have served in both houses of Congress. The majority of African American Members of Congress (103) have been Democrats; 29 have been Republicans. Five others, all Democrats, have served as Delegates to the House. All of the Democrats have been elected in the 20th and 21st centuries. Twenty-two African American Republicans served in the 19th century House, five in the 20th century (four in the House and one in the Senate), and one was reelected to a single term in the 21st century before retiring. Two others have been elected to the House in the 21st century."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-

  2012-03-06
• Legislative Procedure in Congress: Basic Sources for Congressional Staff [October 6, 2014]

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  From the Document: "Written for congressional staff, this report identifies and provides details on how to obtain official government sources of information on the legislative process and the rules and procedure of the House and Senate. The report provides references to selected CRS [Congressional Research Service] products and offers information on the CRS legislative institutes. A listing of selected supplementary materials is also provided. This report will be updated as new information is available."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Greene, Michael

  2014-10-06
• Legislative Support Resources: Offices and Websites for Congressional Staff [September 26, 2014]

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  From the Document: "This report, one of a series of reports on the legislative process, provides a brief list of telephone numbers, room numbers, and Internet addresses of use to new congressional staffers who work with legislative procedures and conduct legislative research. Internet access restrictions are noted. Some of the websites listed are available only to congressional offices; other sites are restricted further and are only available to House or Senate offices. This report is intended for congressional use only and will be updated annually."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Greene, Michael

  2014-09-26
• Women in the United States Congress, 1917-2013: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress [September 26, 2013]

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  "One hundred one women currently serve in the 113th Congress: 81 in the House (62 Democrats and 19 Republicans) and 20 in the Senate (16 Democrats and 4 Republicans). One hundred one women were initially sworn in to the 113th Congress, one female Republican House Member has since resigned, and one Democratic House Member has been elected. This is higher than the previous record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (R-MT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. A total of 297 women have served in Congress, 193 Democrats and 104 Republicans. Of these women, 253 (163 Democrats, 90 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 34 (21 Democrats, 13 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 10 (8 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include four non-voting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the 44 women who have served in the Senate, 14 were first appointed and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms. […] This report includes biographical information, including the names, committee assignments, dates of service, listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 297 women who have served in Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-09-26
• Women in the United States Congress: Historical Overview, Tables, and Discussion [September 26, 2013]

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  "(1) The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (RMT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. Hattie Caraway (D-AR, 1931-1945) was the first Senator to succeed her husband and the first woman elected to a six-year Senate term. A total of 297 women have served in Congress, 193 Democrats and 104 Republicans. […] (2) A total of 33 African American women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 32 in the House), including 17 serving in the 113th Congress. Ten Hispanic women have been elected to the House; nine serve in the 113th Congress. Nine Asian Pacific American women have served in Congress (8 in the House, 1 in both the House and Senate), including seven in the 113th Congress. […] This report includes a discussion of the impact of women in Congress as well as historical information, including the number and percentage of women in Congress over time, means of entry to Congress, comparisons to international and state legislatures, records for tenure, firsts for women in Congress, women in leadership, and African American and Asian Pacific American women in Congress. The report may reflect data at the beginning or end of each Congress, or changes during a Congress. See the notes throughout the report for information on the currency of the data."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2013-09-26
• Women in the United States Congress: Historical Overview, Tables, and Discussion [February 18, 2014]

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  "A record 102 women currently serve in the 113th Congress: 82 in the House (63 Democrats and 19 Republicans) and 20 in the Senate (16 Democrats and 4 Republicans). One hundred one women were initially sworn in to the 113th Congress--1 female Republican House Member has since resigned, and 2 Democratic House Members have been elected. This is higher than the previous record number of 95 women who were initially elected to the 111th Congress. (1) The first woman elected to Congress was Representative Jeannette Rankin (RMT, 1917-1919, 1941-1943). The first woman to serve in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA). She was appointed in 1922 and served for only one day. Hattie Caraway (D-AR, 1931-1945) was the first Senator to succeed her husband and the first woman elected to a six-year Senate term. (2) A total of 298 women have served in Congress, 194 Democrats and 104 Republicans. Of these women, 254 (165 Democrats, 89 Republicans) have served only in the House of Representatives; 34 (21 Democrats, 13 Republicans) have served only in the Senate; and 10 (8 Democrats, 2 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include 4 non-voting Delegates, 1 each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. (3) A total of 33 African American women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 32 in the House), including 17 serving in the 113th Congress. Ten Hispanic women have been elected to the House; nine serve in the 113th Congress. Nine Asian Pacific American women have served in Congress (8 in the House, 1 in both the House and Senate), including seven in the 113th Congress. (4)Nineteen women in the House, and 13 women in the Senate, have chaired committees. In the 113th Congress, 1 woman chairs a House committee, and 7 women chair Senate committees, with 1 female Senator chairing two committees."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Shogan, Colleen J., 1975-; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2014-02-18
• Representatives and Senators: Trends in Member Characteristics Since 1945 [January 27, 2014]

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  "Questions about the characteristics of Members of Congress, including their age, education, previous occupations, and other descriptors, are of ongoing interest to Members, congressional staff, and constituents. Some of these questions may be asked in the context of representation, in efforts to evaluate the extent to which Members of Congress reflect their constituencies and the nation at large. In other instances, questions arise about how the characteristics of Members have changed over time, which may speak in part to the history of Congress. This report provides profiles of Senators and Representatives in selected Congresses since 1945. It includes data based on Representatives and Senators serving on the first day of the 79th -- 113th Congresses for several demographic characteristics. The characteristics discussed include age, including the oldest and youngest Members of the House and Senate; sex; previous occupation; race and ethnicity; education; religion; and military service. Following summaries of each characteristic, the report provides a number of tables that present the detailed data by the category on which the summaries are based. All data tables appear in the 'Member Characteristics Data Tables' section."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Brudnick, Ida A.; Garrett, R. Sam, 1977-; Manning, Jennifer E. . . .

  2014-01-27
• Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government, September 30, 2016

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  "While there are many opportunities in the federal government for internships, fellowships, and other work experience, there is no comprehensive source to assist in locating these opportunities. This report describes Internet resources for prominent and popular opportunities for internship, fellowship, and work experience programs within the federal government. The report is intended as a selective guide for students of all levels: high school, undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate. It provides information on legislative, executive, and judicial branch opportunities and links to several aggregators of jobs data. The introduction provides a number of insights to assist applicants on understanding terminology, timing applications, and expectations for types of work involved."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Bailey, Christina M.; Manning, Jennifer E.

  2016-09-30
• Women in Congress, 1917-2016: Biographical and Committee Assignment Information, and Listings by State and Congress [November 7, 2016]

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  "A total of 313 women have been elected or appointed to Congress, 202 Democrats and 111 Republicans. Of these women, 267 (173 Democrats, 94 Republicans) have been elected only to the House of Representatives; 35 (21 Democrats, 14 Republicans) have been elected or appointed only to the Senate; and 11 (8 Democrats, 3 Republicans) have served in both houses. These figures include six non-voting Delegates, one each from Guam, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, and American Samoa, and two from the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the 46 women who have been elected or appointed to the Senate, 14 were first appointed and 5 were first elected to fill unexpired terms. A total of 38 African American women have served in Congress (1 in the Senate, 37 in the House), including 20 serving in the 114th Congress. Eleven Hispanic women have been elected to the House; nine serve in the 114th Congress. Ten Asian Pacific American women have served in Congress (nine in the House, one in both the House and Senate), including seven in the 114th Congress. In the 114th Congress, one woman chairs a House committee, one woman chairs a Senate standing committee, and one woman chairs a Senate select committee. This report includes biographical information, including the names, committee assignments, dates of service, listings by Congress and state, and (for Representatives) congressional districts of the 313 women who have been elected or appointed to Congress. It will be updated when there are relevant changes in the makeup of Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A.

  2016-11-07