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Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues [November 5, 2019]
From the Document: "The construction of barriers on the U.S-Mexico borders to control unauthorized crossings has been a matter of significant debate since President Donald Trump made construction of a border wall a key element of his campaign for the presidency. This Insight provides a brief overview of the funding history for these barriers, and how the current administration is redirecting federal funds to support construction of additional mileage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.; Painter, William L.
2019-11-05
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Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues [Updated January 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The construction of barriers on the U.S.-Mexico borders to control unauthorized crossings has been a matter of significant debate since President Donald Trump made construction of a border wall a key element of his campaign for the presidency. This Insight provides a brief overview of the funding history for these barriers and how the current administration is redirecting federal funds to support construction of additional mileage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Mann, Christopher T.
2020-01-03
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Military Funding for Southwest Border Barriers [Updated September 27, 2019]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD, or the Department) has played a prominent role in the Trump Administration's border security strategy because of controversies related to $13.3 billion in defense funding it has sought to use for border barrier construction projects not otherwise authorized by Congress. These defense funds would comprise a complex mix of DOD program savings and unobligated military construction funds from past years ($6.1 billion), as well as a request for new appropriations in FY2020 ($7.2 billion). An additional $2 billion in non-DOD appropriations are often cited as part of the Administration's overall border funding plan. These include $1.375 billion in previously enacted FY2019 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations, and $601 million in contributions from a Treasury Forfeiture Fund (TFF) that manages seized assets. Altogether, these defense and non-defense funds would total $15.3 billion, of which 87% would be DOD funds."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2019-09-27
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Possible Use of FY2020 Defense Funds for Border Barrier Construction: Context and Questions [January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "On January 13, 2020, the 'Washington Post' reported that the Trump Administration plans to reallocate $7.2 billion in Department of Defense (DOD) appropriations to construct barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border. Of this amount, $3.7 billion would reportedly come from deferring congressionally approved military construction (MILCON) projects. An additional $3.5 billion would be redirected through DOD's Drug Interdiction and Counter-Drug Activities account (hereafter 'counter-drug transfer account'). If the Administration were to carry out the actions as described by the 'Washington Post,' DOD would be using the same authorities it exercised in FY2019, when it transferred $6.1 billion in defense funds for border barriers. In this case, FY2019 and FY2020 defense funding for border barriers would total $13.3 billion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2020-01-16
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U.S. War Costs, Casualties, and Personnel Levels Since 9/11 [April 18, 2019]
From the Document: "Seventeen years have passed since the U.S. initiated major military operations following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. In the intervening period, operations first classified as 'Global War on Terror' (GWOT) and later 'Overseas Contingency Operations' (OCO) have varied in scope. Though primarily focused on locations in Afghanistan and Iraq, they have also included territories throughout Central and Southeastern Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. This In Focus summarizes major expenditures on U.S. war operations, reconstruction assistance, troop levels and casualties, and ongoing issues for Congress. This analysis narrowly defines war/non-war costs as 'OCO-designated appropriated funds' associated with overseas operations as designated in DOD's official 'Cost of War (CoW)' report. Other observers may define war operations or costs more broadly (see 'Issues for Congress' section)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2019-04-18
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Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC): Background and Issues for Congress [April 25, 2019]
From the Summary: "Since 1977, statutory thresholds have effectively constrained the President's ability to close or realign major military installations in the United States. Congress has instead periodically granted temporary authorities--known as a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)--that have established independent commissions for the review and approval of basing changes submitted by the Secretary of Defense. These unique and transient authorities last expired on April 16, 2006. There have been five rounds of base closures: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. [...] This report provides background on the development of BRAC, describes its major elements and milestones, and outlines issues frequently cited in the context of new rounds, such as potential savings."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2019-04-25
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Selected Authorities to Obtain DOD Personal Property [November 20, 2020]
From the Document: "Recent controversy in the United States over policing methods has focused attention on transfers of military equipment to police forces nationwide. Under certain circumstances, eligible federal, state, and local agencies may obtain Department of Defense (DOD) 'personal property' (e.g., equipment, clothing, vehicles, aircraft, weapons, ammunition) for use in law enforcement, counterdrug, counterterrorism, border security, and/or humanitarian activities. This In Focus describes statutory authorities that give these agencies the ability to obtain, either temporarily or permanently, DOD personal property."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Plagakis, Sofia; Blum, David A.; Mann, Christopher T.
2020-11-20
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FY2018 Military Construction Authorizations and Appropriations [June 6, 2018]
"On May 23, 2017, the Trump Administration delivered its first full budget proposal to the 115th Congress, a request that included $10.4 billion for military construction activities. Of this amount, the Administration requested $9.8 billion for military construction and family housing in the base budget, and $0.6 billion in Overseas Contingency Operations funds. House and Senate negotiations on the annual National Defense Authorization Act, which authorizes funding for military construction projects for the Department of Defense, concluded early in November 2017. The final bill, H.R. 2810, passed the House on November 14, 2017, and the Senate on November 16, 2017. The final legislation was sent to the President for his signature on November 30, 2017, and was signed two weeks later, on December 12, 2017."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2018-06-06
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Defense Acquisitions: How and Where DOD Spends Its Contracting Dollars [July 2, 2018]
"The Department of Defense (DOD) has long relied on contractors to provide the U.S. military with a wide range of goods and services, including weapons, vehicles, food, uniforms, and operational support. Without contractor support, the United States would not be able to arm and field an effective fighting force. Costs and trends associated with contractor support provide Congress more information upon which to make budget decisions and weigh the relative costs and benefits of different force structures and different military operations--including contingency operations and maintaining bases around the world. This report examines (1) how much money DOD obligates on contracts, (2) what DOD is buying, and (3) where that money is being spent. This report also examines the extent to which these data are sufficiently reliable to use as a factor when developing policy or analyzing government operations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Moshe; Sargent, John F., Jr.; Mann, Christopher T.
2018-07-02
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Recent Trends in Active-Duty Military Deaths [June 1, 2018]
"Since 2006--five years after the start of major combat operations in Afghanistan and three years after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq--a total of 15,851 active-duty personnel and mobilized reservists have died while serving in the U.S. armed forces. Seventy-two percent of these casualties occurred under circumstances unrelated to war, a category classified in this report as Non-Overseas Contingency Operations, or Non-OCO. Twenty-eight percent have died while serving in OCO operations--primarily within the territory of Iraq and Afghanistan--during periods of active combat operations. OCO operations related to Afghanistan primarily include Enduring Freedom and Freedom's Sentinel. For Iraq, OCO operations include Iraqi Freedom, New Dawn, and Inherent Resolve."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2018-06-01
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Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues [Updated April 7, 2021]
From the Document: "The construction of barriers on the U.S.-Mexico border to control unauthorized crossings has been a matter of significant debate since former President Donald Trump made construction of a border wall a key element of his campaign. This Insight provides a brief overview of the funding history for these barriers. On January 20, President Joe Biden issued a proclamation directing agencies to pause additional construction and obligation of funds pending collection of information and development of a plan to redirect some of the resources that had been dedicated to barrier construction, consistent with applicable appropriations law."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Mann, Christopher T.
2021-04-07
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Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues [Updated April 10, 2020]
From the Document: "The construction of barriers on the U.S.-Mexico border to control unauthorized crossings has been a matter of significant debate since President Donald Trump made construction of a border wall a key element of his campaign. This Insight provides a brief overview of the funding history for these barriers and how the current administration is redirecting federal funds to support construction."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Mann, Christopher T.
2020-04-10
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FY2020 Defense Reprogrammings for Wall Funding: Backgrounder [March 24, 2020]
From the Document: "On February 13, 2020, the Department of Defense (DOD) transferred $3.8 billion from defense procurement programs to the Army Operation and Maintenance account for use by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for the construction of 31 additional barrier projects along the southern border of the United States. The transfers repeated, in part, a process the Department undertook twice in 2019 in conjunction with additional emergency construction transfers detailed below."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2020-03-24
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Recent Trends in Active-Duty Military Deaths [Updated May 20, 2019]
From the Summary of Deaths: "Since 2006--five years after the start of major combat operations in Afghanistan and three years after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq--a total of 16,652 active-duty personnel and mobilized reservists have died while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces. Seventy-three percent of these casualties occurred under circumstances unrelated to war, a category classified in this report as 'Non-Overseas Contingency Operations', or 'Non-OCO'. Twenty-seven percent have died while serving in OCO operations--primarily within the territory of Iraq and Afghanistan--during periods of active combat operations. OCO operations related to Afghanistan primarily include Enduring Freedom and Freedom's Sentinel. For Iraq, OCO operations include Iraqi Freedom, New Dawn, and Inherent Resolve."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.; Fischer, Hannah
2019-05-20
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Trends in Active-Duty Military Deaths Since 2006 [Updated July 1, 2020]
From the Document: "Between 2006 and 2020, a total of 17,645 active-duty personnel have died while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces. (Throughout this In Focus, the designation 'active duty' refers to all active duty troops, including mobilized Reserve and Guard components.) Of those that died, 26% were killed while serving in OCO [Overseas Contingency Operations] operations--primarily within the territory of Iraq and Afghanistan. The remaining 74% died during operations classified in this In Focus as 'Non-Overseas Contingency Operations', or 'Non-OCO'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.; Fischer, Hannah
2020-07-01
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Trends in Active-Duty Military Deaths Since 2006 [Updated May 17, 2021]
From the Summary of Deaths: "Between 2006 and 2021, a total of 18,571 active-duty personnel have died while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces. (Throughout this In Focus, the designation 'active duty' refers to all active duty troops, including mobilized Reserve and Guard components.) Of those that died, 25% were killed while serving in OCO [Overseas Contingency Operations] operations--primarily within the territory of Iraq and Afghanistan. The remaining 75% died during operations classified in this In Focus as 'Non-Overseas Contingency Operations', or 'Non-OCO.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.; Fischer, Hannah
2021-05-17
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Update on Military Funding for the Border Wall [May 21, 2021]
From the Document: "In a proclamation [hyperlink] released on his first day in office, January 20, 2021, President Joseph Biden declared, 'Like every nation, the United States has a right and a duty to secure its borders and protect its people against threats. But building a massive wall that spans the entire southern border is not a serious policy solution…It shall be the policy of my Administration that no more American taxpayer dollars be diverted to construct a border wall.' The President's proclamation directed a series of steps designed to interrupt southern border barrier construction, and included [1] terminating the state of national emergency on the southern border, [2] pausing border barrier funding and construction activity, and [3] developing a plan for redirection of funds managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for border projects. (In a subsequent implementation memorandum, the USACE Commander was authorized to approve [hyperlink] exceptions to avert immediate physical dangers.)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2021-05-21
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