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U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 24, 2019]
From the Summary: "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration's more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration's efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP). China's actions in the SCS in recent years--including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China's claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam--have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2019-09-24
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U.S.-India Trade Relations [Updated October 2, 2019]
From the Document: "The United States and India view one another as important strategic partners to advance common interests regionally and globally. [...] The Trump Administration, which views bilateral trade balances as an indicator of the health of a trading relationship, takes issue with the U.S. trade deficit with India, and has criticized India for a range of 'unfair' trading practices that restrict U.S. exports to and investment in India. Indian Prime Minister Modi's first term fell short of many observers' expectations, as India did not move forward with anticipated market-opening reforms, and instead increased tariffs and trade restrictions. Modi's strong electoral mandate may embolden the Indian government to press ahead with its reform agenda with greater vigor. Recent slowing economic growth in India raises concerns about India's business environment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias; Kronstadt, K. Alan
2019-10-02
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G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress [Updated October 4, 2019]
From the Summary: "The Group of Twenty (G-20) is a forum for advancing international cooperation and coordination among 20 major advanced and emerging-market economies. The G-20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union (EU). G-20 countries account for about 85% of global economic output, 75% of global exports, and two-thirds of the world's population. [...] G-20 meetings primarily focus on international economic and financial issues, although related topics are also discussed, including development, food security, and the environment, among others. Congress exercises oversight over the Administration's participation in the G-20, including the policy commitments that the Administration is making in the G-20 and the policies it is encouraging other G-20 countries to pursue. Additionally, legislative action may be required to implement certain commitments made by the Administration in the G-20 process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nelson, Rebecca M.
2019-10-04
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Federal Regulation of Tobacco: Legal Framework and Issues for the 116th Congress [September 30, 2019]
From the Document: "The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (TCA), P.L. 111-31, establishes the central federal regulatory regime for the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products. The statute aims to balance competing interests in protecting the public's health against the harmful effects of smoking and youth tobacco use, while preserving access to lawfully marketed tobacco products for adult consumers. The TCA largely amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) and grants the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 'primary Federal authority' over tobacco product regulation. This In Focus summarizes the TCA's legal framework and discusses key TCA-related issues in the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Staman, Jennifer A.
2019-09-30
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World Trade Organization [Updated October 1, 2019]
From the Overview: "The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995, following the ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements and today includes 164 members. [...] The WTO has three basic functions: (1) administers existing agreements; (2) serves as a negotiating forum for new trade liberalization; and (3) provides a mechanism to settle trade disputes among the parties. The multiple WTO Agreements cover trade in goods, services, and agriculture; remove tariff and nontariff barriers; and establish rules on government practices that directly relate to trade--for example, trade remedies, technical barriers to trade, customs valuation, intellectual property rights, and government procurement. The Agreements are based on the principles of nondiscrimination among countries, national treatment, and transparency of trade rules and regulations. Some exceptions, however, such as preferential treatment for developing countries and regional and bilateral free trade agreements, are allowed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fergusson, Ian F.; Fefer, Rachel F.
2019-10-01
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Wildfire Statistics [Updated October 3, 2019]
From the Document: "Wildfires are unplanned and unwanted fires, including lightning-caused fires, unauthorized human-caused fires, and escaped prescribed fire projects. States are responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on nonfederal (state, local, and private) lands, except for lands protected by federal agencies under cooperative agreements. The federal government is responsible for responding to wildfires that begin on federal lands. The Forest Service (FS)--within the U.S. Department of Agriculture--carries out wildfire management and response across the 193 million acres of the National Forest System. The Department of the Interior (DOI) manages wildfire response for more than 400 million acres of national parks, wildlife refuges and preserves, other public lands, and Indian reservations. Wildfire statistics help to illustrate past U.S. wildfire activity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoover, Katie; Hanson, Laura A.
2019-10-03
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Military Funding for Southwest Border Barriers [Updated September 27, 2019]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD, or the Department) has played a prominent role in the Trump Administration's border security strategy because of controversies related to $13.3 billion in defense funding it has sought to use for border barrier construction projects not otherwise authorized by Congress. These defense funds would comprise a complex mix of DOD program savings and unobligated military construction funds from past years ($6.1 billion), as well as a request for new appropriations in FY2020 ($7.2 billion). An additional $2 billion in non-DOD appropriations are often cited as part of the Administration's overall border funding plan. These include $1.375 billion in previously enacted FY2019 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations, and $601 million in contributions from a Treasury Forfeiture Fund (TFF) that manages seized assets. Altogether, these defense and non-defense funds would total $15.3 billion, of which 87% would be DOD funds."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.
2019-09-27
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Hurricane Dorian: FEMA and Additional Storm-Related Resources [Updated September 3, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This Insight provides a brief overview of emergency and major declarations and federal assistance programs potentially available to those affected by Hurricane Dorian. It also lists resources for forecast information, hurricane and flooding information, and selected CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports on federal emergency management policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Reese, Shawn; Horn, Diane P.; Lipiec, Eva
2019-09-03
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International Food Assistance: Food for Peace Nonemergency Programs [August 21, 2019]
From the Summary: "The U.S. government provides international food assistance to promote global food security, alleviate hunger, and address food crises among the world's most vulnerable populations. Congress authorizes this assistance through regular agriculture and international affairs legislation, and provides funding through annual appropriations legislation. The primary channel for this assistance is the Food for Peace program (FFP), administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Established in 1954, FFP has historically focused primarily on meeting the emergency food needs of the world's most vulnerable populations; however, it also manages a number of nonemergency programs. These lesser-known programs employ food to foster development aims, such as addressing the root causes of hunger and making communities more resilient to shocks, both natural and human-induced."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.
2019-08-21
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International Joint Commission (IJC) [Updated August 30, 2019]
From the Document: "The International Joint Commission (IJC) was established under the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty between the United States and Canada. The treaty directs the IJC to aid in the resolution and prevention of disputes concerning the waters that cross (transboundary) or form (boundary) the international border between the two countries, known collectively as 'boundary waters'. The watersheds of these boundary waters are illustrated in Figure 1. The IJC may be asked to consider issues related to drinking water, commercial shipping, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, industry, recreational boating, and shoreline property, among others. Congressional interest in the IJC often has focused on the IJC's scope of authority, its role in specific disputes, and funding for the U.S. portion of IJC activities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lipiec, Eva; Sheikh, Pervaze A.
2019-08-30
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China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 2, 2019]
From the Summary: "The U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China's naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD [anti-access/area-denial] forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China's naval modernization effort."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2019-10-02
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Obstruction of Justice As a Sidecar [October 8, 2019]
From the Introduction: "The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Second Circuit) recently vacated the sentence of an Air Force veteran convicted of providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization and of obstruction of justice. The Second Circuit concluded that the district court judge had not sufficiently explained his sentencing rationale and sent the case back for resentencing. A concurring member of the panel expressed concern over the expanded use of obstruction of justice charges."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Doyle, Charles
2019-10-08
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Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview [Updated October 9, 2019]
From the Summary: "The number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC, unaccompanied children) apprehended at the Southwest border between U.S. ports of entry while attempting to enter the United States without authorization has increased substantially in recent years: from 16,067 in FY2011 to 24,481 in FY2012 to 38,759 in FY2013. In FY2014, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Customs and Border Protection (CBP) apprehended 68,541 UAC, a record at that time. Since FY2014, UAC apprehensions have fluctuated considerably, declining to 39,970 in FY2015, increasing to 59,692 in FY2016, declining to 41,435 in FY2017, and increasing to 50,036 in FY2018. In the first 11 months of FY2019, they reached 72,873, a level that now exceeds the FY2014 peak."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kandel, William
2019-10-09
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What Happens If the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Lapses? [Updated October 8, 2019]
From the Document: "This Insight provides a short overview of what would happen if the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) were not to be reauthorized by November 21, 2019, and allowed to lapse."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.
2019-10-08
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U.S. Offshore Aquaculture Regulation and Development [October 10, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report examines issues and challenges related to the development of offshore aquaculture in federal waters. It introduces the topic with background information that covers aquaculture production and methods, federal agencies involved in aquaculture, and potential congressional interest in the topic. It then focuses on three of the main challenges faced by the industry, including the current regulatory framework, environmental concerns, and economic viability. The report concludes with issues related to regulatory and institutional development that have been identified by researchers and stakeholders, potential issues for Congress, and a summary of legislation that has been introduced in recent Congresses."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Upton, Harold F. (Harold Frank)
2019-10-10
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics [Updated September 24, 2019]
From the Summary: "This report provides U.S. war casualty statistics. It includes data tables containing the number of casualties among American military personnel who served in principal wars and combat operations from 1775 to the present. It also includes data on those wounded in action and information such as race and ethnicity, gender, branch of service, and cause of death. [...] Wars covered include the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam Conflict, and the Persian Gulf War. Military operations covered include the Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission; Lebanon Peacekeeping; Urgent Fury in Grenada; Just Cause in Panama; Desert Shield and Desert Storm; Restore Hope in Somalia; Uphold Democracy in Haiti; Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF); Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF); Operation New Dawn (OND); Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR); and Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeBruyne, Nese F.
2019-09-24
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Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated October 4, 2019]
From the Summary: "The Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program is a program to acquire three new heavy polar icebreakers, to be followed years from now by the acquisition of up to three new medium polar icebreakers. [...] Issues for Congress for the PSC program include, inter alia, whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's FY2020 procurement funding request for the program; whether to use a contract with options or a block buy contract to procure the ships; whether to continue providing at least some of the procurement funding for the PSC program through the Navy's shipbuilding account; technical, schedule, and cost risk in the PSC program; and whether to procure heavy and medium polar icebreakers to a common basic design."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2019-10-04
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Contraceptive Coverage Requirement and Legal Challenges Five Years After 'Hobby Lobby' [September 23, 2019]
From the Document: "When Congress enacted the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, it required employment-based health plans and health insurance issuers to cover certain preventive health services without cost sharing. Those services, because of agency guidelines and rules, would soon include contraception for women. The 'contraceptive coverage requirement,' or 'contraceptive mandate' as it came to be known, was heavily litigated in the years to follow. These challenges primarily concerned (1) what types of employers and institutions should be exempt from the requirement based on their religious or moral objections to contraception; (2) what procedures the government can require for an entity to invoke a religious-based accommodation; and (3) how much authority federal agencies have to create exceptions to the coverage requirement. As originally formulated, only houses of worship and similar entities were exempt from the requirement, but the government later added an accommodation process for certain religious nonprofit organizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Killion, Victoria L.
2019-09-23
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Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 27, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's programs for procuring 8 National Security Cutters (NSCs), 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and 58 Fast Response Cutters (FRCs). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2020 budget requests a total of $657 million in procurement funding for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Coast Guard's funding requests and acquisition strategies for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs. Congress's decisions on these three programs could substantially affect Coast Guard capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2019-09-27
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Cockpit Automation, Flight Systems Complexity, and Aircraft Certification: Background and Issues for Congress [October 3, 2019]
From the Document: "The increasing complexity and automation of flight control systems pose a challenge to federal policy regarding aircraft certification and pilot training. Despite significant commercial aviation safety improvements over the past two decades, flight control automation and aircraft complexity have been cited as contributing factors in a number of major airline accidents, including two high-profile crashes overseas involving the recently introduced Boeing 737 Max variant in 2018 and 2019. These crashes have directed attention to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) oversight of aircraft type certification and pilot training practices for transport category aircraft, particularly as they pertain to complex automated flight control systems. As aircraft systems have evolved over the past three decades to incorporate new technologies, Congress has mandated FAA to streamline certification processes, with the primary motivation being to facilitate the development of new safety-enhancing technologies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elias, Bartholomew
2019-10-03
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Impeachment Investigations: Law and Process [October 2, 2019]
From the Document: "Speaker Pelosi announced last week that the House 'is moving forward with an official impeachment inquiry.' Although the Speaker's statement did not address precisely how the House will proceed, it is noteworthy not only because the House has so rarely investigated a President for the purpose of impeachment, but also because an impeachment investigation has usually been an early step in a constitutional process that could ultimately result in the removal of the subject of the inquiry from office. This Sidebar identifies procedural options for the House as it proceeds with an impeachment investigation. The Sidebar also describes some of the ways in which an impeachment investigation, as compared to a more traditional investigation for legislative or oversight purposes, might bolster the House's ability to obtain, either voluntarily or through the courts, information from the executive branch. The Sidebar also briefly describes possible future steps that might follow an impeachment inquiry, including possible action by the Senate."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cole, Jared P.; Garvey, Todd
2019-10-02
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Green Climate Fund (GCF) [Updated October 2, 2019]
From the Document: "Many governments hold that environmental degradation and climate change pose international and transboundary risks to human populations, economies, and ecosystems. To confront these challenges, governments have negotiated various international agreements to protect the environment, reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable growth. While some observers call upon industrialized countries to take the lead in addressing these issues, many recognize that efforts are unlikely to be sufficient without similar measures being taken in lower-income countries. However, lower-income countries, which tend to focus on poverty reduction and economic growth, may not have the financial resources, technological know-how, and/or institutional capacity to deploy environmentally protective measures on their own. Therefore, international financial assistance, or foreign aid, has been a principal method for governments to support actions on global environmental problems in lower-income countries. Often, this assistance can serve as a cost-effective strategy for donor countries to provide greater market access for domestic goods and services abroad and increased environmental benefits at home."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lattannzio, Richard K.
2019-10-02
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Global Environment Facility (GEF) [Updated October 2, 2019]
From the Document: "Many governments hold that environmental degradation and climate change pose international and transboundary risks to human populations, economies, and ecosystems. To confront these challenges, governments have negotiated various international agreements to protect the environment, reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable growth. [...] The United States and other industrialized countries have committed to providing financial assistance for global environmental initiatives through a variety of multilateral agreements, including the Montreal Protocol (1987), the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), and the U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification (1994). International financial assistance takes many forms, from fiscal transfers to market transactions. It may include grants, loans, loan guarantees, export credits, insurance products, and private sector investment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lattanzio, Richard K.
2019-10-02
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EPA Repeals the Clean Power Plan and Finalizes Affordable Clean Energy Rule [Updated October 4, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its repeal of the Clean Power Plan (CPP) and promulgated new emissions guidelines in the Affordable Clean Energy (ACE) rule. EPA based these actions on its conclusion that the CPP exceeded Clean Air Act (CAA) authority by using measures that applied to the power sector as a whole rather than measures carried out within an individual facility. Among other things, the final ACE rule establishes efficiency improvements as the 'best system of emission reduction' (BSER) for existing coal-fired power plant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Stakeholder views range from agreement with EPA's interpretation of its CAA authority and its BSER determination to legal challenges of the rule. In August 2019, some states and nongovernmental organizations filed petitions challenging the rule in the D.C. Circuit. This Insight summarizes the rulemaking and discusses potential considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Shouse, Kate C.
2019-10-04
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Homeland Security Research and Development: Homeland Security Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated September 23, 2019]
From the Overview: "In the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) has primary responsibility for establishing, administering, and coordinating research and development (R&D) activities. The Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office (CWMDO) is responsible for R&D relating to detection of nuclear and radiological threats. Several other DHS components, such as the Coast Guard, also fund R&D and R&D-related activities associated with their missions. The Common Appropriations Structure that DHS introduced in its FY2017 budget includes an account titled Research and Development in seven different DHS components. Issues for DHS R&D in the 116th Congress may include coordination, organization, and impact."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgan, Daniel (Daniel L.)
2019-09-23
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Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protections [Updated September 23, 2019]
From the Document: "'Whistleblowing' can be defined as 'the act of reporting waste, fraud, abuse and corruption in a lawful manner to those who can correct the wrongdoing.' Intelligence community (IC) whistleblowers are those employees or contractors working in any of the 17 elements of the IC who reasonably believe there has been a violation of law, rule, or regulation; gross mismanagement; waste of resources; abuse of authority; or a substantial danger to public health and safety. The IC has publicly recognized the importance of whistleblowing, and supports protections for whistleblowers who conform to guidelines to protect classified information. [...] In early 2018, Congress passed legislation to address perceived gaps in protections for IC contractors. Separate legislation under Title 10 of the U.S. Code, along with DOD implementing guidance, provides protections for members of the Armed Forces, including those assigned to elements of the IC."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
DeVine, Michael E.
2019-09-23
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Military Suicide Prevention and Response [Updated October 2, 2019]
From the Background: "When a servicemember dies by suicide, those close to the member often experience shock, anger, guilt, and sorrow. As such, a servicemember's suicide may adversely impact the wellbeing of his or her family and friends. Further, it may affect the morale and readiness of his or her unit. The military's response to suicidal thoughts (ideation), attempts, and deaths involves coordinated efforts among command and unit leadership, medical professionals, counselors, and others across the military community. Under the authority given to Congress in Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, to raise and support armies; provide and maintain a navy; and provide for organizing, disciplining, and regulating them, Congress strives to understand the scope of this issue as it pertains to the military, the efforts previously taken to address it, and the considerations for confronting it in the future."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.
2019-10-02
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Military Space Reform: FY2020 NDAA Legislative Proposals [October 2, 2019]
From the Introduction: "At a National Space Council meeting on June 18, 2018, President Donald Trump said, 'I am hereby directing the Department of Defense and Pentagon to immediately begin the process necessary to establish a space force as the sixth branch of the armed forces.' One of the purposes for creating a separate military service for space is to protect American interest in outer space. On February 19, 2019, the President signed Space Policy Directive-4 (SPD-4) directing the Secretary of Defense to submit a legislative proposal that would establish a U.S. Space Force, if enacted by Congress. In alignment with the President's National Security Strategy and the National Strategy for Space, the Space Force is intended to secure the vital interest of unfettered access to and freedom to operate in space while expanding American dominance in the space domain. Subsequently, on February 28, 2019, the Department of Defense (DOD) submitted a legislative proposal to Congress to create the U.S. Space Force."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCall, Stephen M.
2019-10-02
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U.S. Farm Support: Compliance with WTO Commitments [October 4, 2019]
From the Document: "As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, the United States has committed to abide by WTO rules and disciplines, including those that govern domestic farm policy as spelled out in the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). Since establishment of the WTO on January 1, 1995, the United States has complied with its WTO spending limits on market-distorting types of farm program outlays (referred to as amber box spending). However, the addition of large, new trade assistance payments to producers in 2018 and 2019, on top of existing farm program support, has raised concerns by some U.S. trading partners, as well as market watchers and policymakers, that U.S. domestic farm subsidy outlays might exceed the annual spending limit of $19.1 billion agreed to as part of U.S. commitments to WTO member countries. CRS [Congressional Research Service] analysis indicates that the United States probably did not violate its WTO spending limit in 2018 but could potentially exceed it in 2019."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schnepf, Randall Dean, 1954-
2019-10-04
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Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues [November 5, 2019]
From the Document: "The construction of barriers on the U.S-Mexico borders to control unauthorized crossings has been a matter of significant debate since President Donald Trump made construction of a border wall a key element of his campaign for the presidency. This Insight provides a brief overview of the funding history for these barriers, and how the current administration is redirecting federal funds to support construction of additional mileage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mann, Christopher T.; Painter, William L.
2019-11-05
