Advanced search Help
Searching for terms: EXACT: "Library of Congress" in: publisher
Clear all search criteria
Only 2/3! You are seeing results from the Public Collection, not the complete Full Collection. Sign in to search everything (see eligibility).
-
Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) [Updated July 22, 2022]
From the Overview: "CAFTA-DR [Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement] is a free trade agreement (FTA) among the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. It eliminated on a reciprocal basis tariff and nontariff barriers on goods, services, and agriculture, building on U.S. unilateral trade preferences under the 1983 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). The agreement reinforces U.S. support for trade liberalization as a foundation of broader economic, political, and security policies in the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Villarreal, M. Angeles
2022-07-22
-
How the Lummis-Gillibrand Responsible Financial Innovation Act (S. 4356) Would Alter the Crypto Regulatory Landscape [July 22, 2022]
From the Document: "In June 2022, Senators Cynthia Lummis and Kirsten Gillibrand introduced S. 4356, the Lummis-Gillibrand Responsible Financial Innovation Act (RFIA). The Insight provides an overview of the bill, including its implications for digital assets under securities and commodities laws; oversight of digital-asset exchanges; and regulation of stablecoin issuers. Recent tumult in crypto markets underscores the relevance of the associated policy discussion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Andrew P.; Sykes, Jay B.; Su, Eva . . .
2022-07-22
-
Antitrust Law: An Introduction [Updated July 21, 2022]
From the Document: "Today, antitrust is principally concerned with preventing anticompetitive conduct that enables firms to exercise market power. However, the distinct effects of market power highlight a fissure in the debate over antitrust's more foundational goals. In a narrow subset of cases, efficiency and consumer welfare may pull in opposite directions. For example, some mergers may lower production costs, but also increase market power. Some commentators-- advocates of a 'total welfare' standard--maintain that antitrust should permit such transactions as long as the gains in productive efficiency outweigh the losses in allocative efficiency and consumer welfare. By contrast, defenders of the 'consumer welfare' standard advocate blocking such deals when they are likely to effectuate a wealth transfer from consumers to producers. Although the competition laws of some countries embrace the total-welfare standard, U.S. antitrust doctrine prioritizes consumer welfare and does not typically permit producer gains to offset downstream harms."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sykes, Jay B.
2022-07-21
-
Legal and Procedural Issues Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the House of Representatives [July 21, 2022]
From the Document: "On August 22, 2019, Cherokee Nation Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. announced his tribe's intention to nominate a delegate to a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives to represent the Cherokee Nation for the first time. This announcement invoked a provision of the 1835 Treaty of New Echota, a pact between the Eastern Cherokee Tribe of Georgia and the U.S. government. On August 29, 2019, the Council of the Cherokee Nation approved Chief Hoskin's nomination of Kimberly Teehee to serve as the Cherokee Delegate. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic reportedly delayed congressional considerations for seating Ms. Teehee, and as of June 2022, no decision had yet been announced. This report identifies and analyzes issues Congress may consider when evaluating the Cherokee Nation's nomination of a delegate to the House of Representatives. The relevant treaty language is subject to different interpretive principles, including the so-called Indian canons of construction. Use of similar language in other contemporaneous documents and available historical context may also aid in interpretation. In the event Congress chooses to take action to execute the delegate language in the Treaty, Congress may consider a few procedural options as well as potential objections to those actions. Congress may also wish to consider potential legal challenges that could arise if a Cherokee Delegate were seated, including whether such challenges would be justiciable in court."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Schwartz, Mainon A.; Novak, Whitney K.; Oleszek, Mark J.
2022-07-21
-
Resolutions of Inquiry in the House [Updated July 21, 2022]
From the Document: "On July 19, 2022, the House agreed to H.Res. 1232, a special rule reported by the House Committee on Rules. The adoption of the resolution means that temporary procedures previously in place during the 117th Congress (2021-2022) that 'paused' certain deadlines for committee action on resolutions of inquiry are no longer in force. Any resolution of inquiry submitted after the adoption of H.Res. 1232 is to be governed by the standing rules of the House, a development that could result in more such resolutions being introduced and referred to committee for consideration. A resolution of inquiry is a simple House resolution (H.Res.) making a direct request or demand of the President or the head of an executive department to provide specific factual information in the Administration's possession."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Davis, Christopher M., 1966-
2022-07-21
-
U.S. Employment-Based Immigration Policy [Updated July 21, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report begins by explaining the permanent employment-based immigration system, its numerical limits, and its processes. It next describes key employment-based immigration trends, including a brief review of relevant economic and demographic trends. The report then discusses several categories of nonimmigrant (temporary) workers that are intertwined with the permanent immigration system. It continues with a review of policy proposals for revising employment-based immigration, including the key findings of a 1997 congressional commission on immigration reform. The report then discusses key elements of prominent immigration reform bills introduced since 2000 that pertain to employment-based immigration. It ends with concluding observations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kandel, William; Wilson, Jill, 1974-; Donovan, Sarah A.
2022-07-21
-
Federal Crop Insurance Program Support for Natural Disasters [Updated July 21, 2022]
From the Document: "Natural disasters--events such as severe droughts, floods, and storms--can cause crop and animal production losses as well as other physical and financial losses for farm operations. The Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) offers farmers the opportunity to purchase insurance against financial losses caused by certain adverse growing and market conditions. By insuring against adverse growing conditions, FCIP policies may also indemnify farmers for financial losses caused by certain natural disaster events. The extent to which the FCIP indemnifies farmers for losses related to natural disasters depends on the type of disaster, the type of FCIP policy purchased, and the level of coverage selected by the producer."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosch, Stephanie
2022-07-21
-
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) [July 20, 2022]
From the Summary: "Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have become popular as unique and non-interchangeable units of data that signify ownership of associated digital items, such as images, music, or videos. Token 'ownership' is recorded and tracked on a blockchain (a digital database that records data on a decentralized network of computers without the use of a central authority). In the future, supporters believe NFTs will be used as digital representations of physical items, such as a deed to a house or title to a car. NFTs are commonly used to record and represent ownership of an item, verify authenticity, and enable exchange. However, they do not necessarily reflect the legal ownership of an asset or grant copyright to a digital or physical item. NFT owners purchase only the right to the NFT's blockchain metadata or 'token,' not the underlying asset, unless otherwise specified in external contracts or terms and conditions. NFTs share many similarities with cryptocurrencies, and they are commonly bought and traded using cryptocurrency. Both NFTs and cryptocurrencies are built and tracked on blockchains, and they share much of the same customer and community base. However, cryptocurrencies are fungible, meaning interchangeable, whereas NFTs are unique and therefore nonfungible. Most users create and buy NFTs on dedicated NFT marketplaces. For a typical NFT, it is created or 'minted' on a blockchain, auctioned off or sold at a fixed price on an NFT marketplace, and 'stored' in the buyer's digital wallet. Smart contracts (self-executing contracts or lines of computer code on a blockchain) can mint NFTs or transfer them from one owner to another. In combination, blockchains and smart contracts are the backbone of the NFT ecosystem."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Busch, Kristen E.
2022-07-20
-
Mental Health Funding in the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act [July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "On June 25, 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; P.L. 117-159) was signed into law. In addition to provisions addressing firearms, education, and Medicaid, the act included appropriations for several existing mental health-related grant programs. Division B, Title II of the act appropriated $800 million to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)--the federal agency primarily responsible for supporting community or school-based mental health treatment and prevention services. SAMHSA provides funding to states, local communities, and service providers through block grants and other formula and competitive grants. For more information on SAMHSA, see CRS Report R46426, 'Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Overview of the Agency and Major Programs' [hyperlink]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Duff, Johnathan H.
2022-07-20
-
Shinzo Abe's Assassination and the Impact on U.S.-Japan Relations [July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "On July 8, 2022, a gunman assassinated former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, arguably Japan's most powerful politician, jolting Japan just days before parliamentary elections. Abe, the longest serving prime minister in postwar Japan, was campaigning in the central Japanese city of Nara when he was shot with a home-made gun; he died shortly thereafter. The assassin, a 41-year old man, reportedly targeted Abe because of the former leader's support of a religious group that he claimed bankrupted his mother. The shooting stunned Japan, where gun violence is rare and restrictions on gun ownership are among the strictest in the world. From 2017 to 2021, Japan recorded 60 shootings and 14 total shooting deaths. Abe, 67, was poised to play a lasting role in Japanese politics as an elder statesman. As premier from 2012 through 2020 (in addition to a year-long term in 2006- 2007), he accelerated Japan's trend toward developing a more capable and flexible military force, passing major security legislation advancing these goals and centralizing Japan's national security bureaucracy. Abe also prioritized several domestic economic reforms and pursued generally expansionary economic policies as well as closer trade and economic ties with the United States. After resigning in 2020, he remained politically active, pushing for Japan to increase its defense spending, acquire more advanced military capabilities, and take a more assertive stance toward China, especially its threats to Taiwan--all moves widely supported by the U.S. government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Manyin, Mark E.
2022-07-20
-
High Court Limits Ability of Aliens Ordered Removed to Challenge Prolonged Detention [July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "Non-U.S. nationals ('aliens', as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [hyperlink] [INA]) ordered removed may be detained pending efforts to effectuate their transfer to a foreign country. In its 2001 decision in 'Zadvydas v. Davis' [hyperlink], the Supreme Court held that the indefinite detention of aliens awaiting removal would raise 'serious constitutional concerns.' The Court thus construed the statute [hyperlink] authorizing their detention as having an implicit temporal limitation of six months, after which an alien should generally be released absent a significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future. Recently, in 'Johnson v. Arteaga-Martinez' [hyperlink], the Court considered whether the statute should also be construed as requiring bond hearings for detained aliens. In a nearly unanimous opinion, the Court held that the statute does not require bond hearings for aliens ordered removed after six months of detention, or require the government to prove that any continued detention is warranted. In a related case, 'Garland v. Gonzalez' [hyperlink], the Court held that a separate statute [hyperlink] prohibited lower courts from issuing class-wide injunctions [hyperlink] requiring the government to provide bond hearings for detained aliens who have been ordered removed. This Legal Sidebar examines the Court's rulings in 'Arteaga-Martinez and Gonzalez'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2022-07-20
-
Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview [Updated July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "Since the early 1960s, when the United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, the centerpiece of U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted of economic sanctions aimed at isolating the Cuban government. The Obama Administration initiated a policy shift away from sanctions and toward engagement and the normalization of relations. Changes included the rescission of Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of international terrorism (May 2015); the restoration of diplomatic relations (July 2015); and eased restrictions on travel, remittances, trade, telecommunications, and banking and financial services (2015-2016). In contrast, the Trump Administration introduced new sanctions in 2017, including restrictions on transactions with companies controlled by the Cuban military. By 2019, the Trump Administration had largely abandoned engagement and significantly increased sanctions, particularly on travel and remittances. In its initial months, the Biden Administration announced it was conducting a review of policy toward Cuba, with human rights a core pillar, and would review policy decisions made by the prior Administration. In the aftermath of the Cuban government's harsh response to the July 11 protests, the Biden Administration criticized Cuba's repression and imposed targeted sanctions on those involved. In July and August 2021, the Treasury Department imposed four rounds of financial sanctions on three Cuban security entities and eight officials. Between November 2021 and July 2022, the State Department announced four rounds of visa restrictions against 50 individuals involved in repressing protesters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2022-07-20
-
Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 20, 2022]
From the Summary: "The United States has actively pursued the development of hypersonic weapons--maneuvering weapons that fly at speeds of at least Mach 5--as a part of its conventional prompt global strike program since the early 2000s. In recent years, the United States has focused such efforts on developing hypersonic glide vehicles, which are launched from a rocket before gliding to a target, and hypersonic cruise missiles, which are powered by high-speed, air-breathing engines during flight. As former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and former Commander of U.S. Strategic Command General John Hyten has stated, these weapons could enable 'responsive, long-range, strike options against distant, defended, and/or time-critical threats [such as road-mobile missiles] when other forces are unavailable, denied access, or not preferred.' Critics, on the other hand, contend that hypersonic weapons lack defined mission requirements, contribute little to U.S. military capability, and are unnecessary for deterrence. Funding for hypersonic weapons has been relatively restrained in the past; however, both the Pentagon and Congress have shown a growing interest in pursuing the development and near-term deployment of hypersonic systems. This is due, in part, to the advances in these technologies in Russia and China, both of which have a number of hypersonic weapons programs and have likely fielded operational hypersonic glide vehicles--potentially armed with nuclear warheads. Most U.S. hypersonic weapons, in contrast to those in Russia and China, are not being designed for use with a nuclear warhead. As a result, U.S. hypersonic weapons will likely require greater accuracy and will be more technically challenging to develop than nuclear-armed Chinese and Russian systems."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2022-07-20
-
Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated July 19, 2022]
From the Document: "On March 12, 2020, the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (P.L. 116-124 [hyperlink]) (Secure Networks Act) became law. The act addresses congressional concerns [hyperlink] with telecommunications equipment that may pose a national security threat to the United States. Section 2 requires the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to create a list of 'covered' telecommunications equipment posing such a threat. Section 4 requires the FCC to create the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program [hyperlink] (Reimbursement Program) for providers to replace covered equipment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gallagher, Jill C.
2022-07-19
-
Fertility Fraud: Federal Criminal Law Issues [July 19, 2022]
From the Document: "Recent media attention has focused on medical fertility specialists who have misrepresented the provenance of biological material--for example, inseminating patients with the specialists' own sperm. Often called 'fertility fraud,' this conduct is specifically covered by a number of state criminal laws. 'E.g.', Ark. Code Ann. § 5-13-212 ('Fertility treatment abuse'); Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.011(b)(12)('Sexual Assault'). At the federal level, no statute expressly criminalizes fertility fraud, but federal prosecutors have successfully used generally applicable federal criminal statutes to charge individuals for engaging in conduct connected with fertility fraud schemes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Berris, Peter G.
2022-07-19
-
President Forms Emergency Board to Resolve Rail Labor Dispute [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "Effective July 18, 2022, President Biden created a three-person Emergency Board [hyperlink] to resolve a labor dispute affecting six major railroads and many smaller ones. All three members are attorneys who have served on prior Emergency Boards. Depending on what actions the board and Congress take, and the ongoing bargaining between railroads and 12 unions, the dispute could still lead to a work stoppage later this summer. Negotiations have occurred against a backdrop of declining railroad employment, a trend that began well in advance of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since November 2018, railroad employment has shrunk by some 40,000 jobs, or by over 20%, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics [hyperlink]. Some of these job losses can be attributed to the decline in the transportation of coal, while others may have been due to new approaches to staffing and asset use within the rail industry."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Goldman, Ben
2022-07-18
-
Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resource development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations--one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction--as well as appropriations for both (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R45185, 'Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes'). Additionally, Congress has granted USACE programmatic authorities to undertake cost-shared projects of limited scope and cost without requiring project-specific congressional authorization. These programmatic USACE authorities are referred to as Continuing Authorities Programs (CAPs). Congress has consistently funded USACE CAPs above the President's request since FY2013."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2022-07-18
-
Benefits for Service-Disabled Veterans [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers programs and provides benefits to qualified former U.S. servicemembers with service-connected disabilities (i.e., service-disabled veterans). These benefits can compensate a veteran for an injury or provide assistance to enable a veteran to have a higher quality of life. To qualify for benefits discussed in this report, a veteran must have a physical or mental condition that was 'incurred or aggravated' in the line of military duty that resulted in a disability. Service-connected disabilities are rated on a scale from 0% to 100%, in 10% increments, using a VA Schedule for Rating Disabilities (VASRD). Disability ratings are used to determine eligibility for various types of benefits and the amount of disability compensation benefits a veteran can receive. This report describes major VA benefit programs that are limited to veterans with service-connected disabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salazar, Heather M.; Perl, Libby; Collins, Benjamin
2022-07-18
-
Citizenship and Immigration Statuses of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The U.S. foreign-born population consists of individuals living in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. In 2020--the most recent data from the American Community Survey (ACS)--an estimated 44.1 million foreign-born people resided in the United States, representing 13.5% of the total U.S. population. The ACS is a U.S. Census Bureau survey conducted each month with a sample of households in 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The proportion of foreign-born individuals among the total U.S. population has changed over time. The percentage of foreign-born persons in 1920 (13.2%) was similar to current levels. It then declined over the next five decades, reaching a low of 4.7% in 1970. Over the last five decades, the proportion has increased [...]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly
2022-07-18
-
Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Roles, Missions, and Future Concepts [July 18, 2022]
From the Summary: "Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have gained increased prominence in U.S. military operations. The Department of Defense (DOD) is currently developing advanced UAS, along with optionally crewed aircraft, as part of its modernization strategy. The roles and missions of UAS are relevant to Congress in authorizing, appropriating, and providing oversight to DOD and the military services for these systems. Over the past decades, military forces have used UAS to perform various tasks, including [1] intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; [2] close air support; [3] cargo and resupply; and [4] communications relay."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.; DeVine, Michael E.; Sayler, Kelley M.
2022-07-18
-
PFAS and Drinking Water: Selected EPA and Congressional Actions [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides an overview of EPA's [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency] actions to address PFAS [per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances] under SDWA [Safe Drinking Water Act] authorities, with particular focus on the statutory process for evaluating and regulating two PFAS--PFOA [perfluorooctanoic acid] and PFOS [perfluorooctane sulfonate]--in drinking water. This report does not address the status of scientific research on health effects that may be associated with exposure to one or more PFAS, nor does it discuss federal actions regarding other environmental statutes, such as the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humphreys, Elena H.
2022-07-18
-
Panama: An Overview [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "Panama's central location in the Americas (linking North and South America), large financial sector, use of the U.S. dollar as currency, and transportation infrastructure-- especially the Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans--make the country a global trade hub and a strategic partner for the United States. [...] Panama holds regular free and fair democratic elections and generally respects civil liberties and political rights, although corruption remains a challenge. Current President Laurentino 'Nito' Cortizo of the center-left Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) won a narrow victory in Panama's May 2019 elections, receiving 33% of the vote in a seven-candidate contest. Cortizo's PRD also won 35 seats in Panama's 71-seat National Assembly; it is working in coalition with the National Republican Liberal Movement (Molirena), which has five seats in the assembly, providing the government with a majority. The next national elections, both legislative and presidential, are scheduled for May 2024; the constitution prohibits immediate presidential reelection for two terms."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2022-07-18
-
Palestinians: Overview, Aid, and U.S. Policy Issues [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The Palestinians are an Arab people whose origins are in present-day Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. Their ongoing disputes and interactions with Israel raise significant issues for U.S. policy (see 'U.S. Policy Issues and Aid' below). After a serious rupture in U.S.-Palestinian relations during the Trump Administration, the Biden Administration has reengaged with the Palestinian people and their leaders in the West Bank-based Palestinian Authority (PA), and resumed some aid--with hopes of preserving the viability of a negotiated two-state solution. The Palestinians aspire to an independent state with East Jerusalem as its capital."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2022-07-18
-
World Bank [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The World Bank, the oldest and largest multilateral development bank, provides financial assistance to developing countries to promote economic development. Established in 1945, the Bank initially focused on providing financing for large infrastructure projects. During the past 75 years, its role has broadened to include poverty reduction efforts through social projects (such as education and health) and policy-based loans. Congress appropriates U.S. financial contributions to the World Bank and exercises oversight of U.S. participation in the Bank."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nelson, Rebecca M.
2022-07-18
-
Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Summary: "Federal law imposes a number of restrictions requiring federal agencies to acquire items that are produced or manufactured in the United States. The Buy American Act of 1933 (BAA), the first of the major domestic content restriction laws, requires federal agencies to apply a price preference for 'domestic end products' and use 'domestic construction materials' for covered contracts performed in the United States. Whether an end product (i.e., an article, material, or supply to be acquired for public use) is considered domestic for BAA purposes depends, in part, upon whether it is unmanufactured or manufactured and whether it 'consist[s] wholly or predominately of iron or steel.' Federal law establishes a number of 'exceptions' or circumstances in which an agency may purchase foreign end products or permit the use of foreign construction materials without violating the BAA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carpenter, David Hatcher; Murrill, Brandon J.
2022-07-18
-
China Primer: Illicit Fentanyl and China's Role [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "Addressing illicit fentanyl in the context of the ongoing opioid crisis in the United States is a domestic and foreign policy issue for the 117th Congress. In addressing the international dimensions of the problem, policymakers have endeavored to stop foreign-sourced fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances (i.e., analogues and precursor chemicals), and emerging synthetic opioids from entering the United States. U.S. counternarcotics policy has included a focus on reducing fentanyl and fentanyl precursor flows from the People's Republic of China (PRC, or China). Despite some early successes, cooperation with the PRC appears to have waned in recent years, consistent with an overall deterioration in U.S.-China relations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosen, Liana W.; Barrios, Ricardo; Lawrence, Susan V.
2022-07-18
-
Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Housing Programs [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The federal government has authorized and funds a variety of housing programs, including direct assistance for low-income renters; grants and other aid for states, localities, and nonprofits to meet local housing needs; and loans and loan guarantees for mortgage lending to support homeownership. The availability of these programs for noncitizens1 varies depending on the underlying laws that authorize or govern them, the federal agencies that administer them and the guidance they have issued, and the immigration status of a noncitizen and his or her household members. (While this report discusses policy implementation and the positions agencies have taken under the statutes, it does not provide a legal analysis of ambiguities in the statutes.) This report begins by introducing the range of federal housing programs and the range of immigration statuses of noncitizens. It continues with an overview of the relevant statutes governing noncitizen eligibility, followed by a discussion of policy implementation as applied to various programs. The report closes with a discussion of recent administrative actions relevant to federal housing programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarty, Maggie; Kolker, Abigail F.
2022-07-18
-
Navy Constellation (FFG-62) Class Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 15, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and discusses potential issues for Congress regarding the Navy's Constellation (FFG-62) class frigate program, a program to procure a new class of 20 guided-missile frigates (FFGs). The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests the procurement of the fourth ship in the program. The FFG-62 program presents several potential oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on the program could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-15
-
Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 15, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy wants to begin procuring a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN), called the Next-Generation Attack Submarine or SSN(X), in the mid-2030s. The SSN(X) would be the successor to the Virginia-class SSN design, which the Navy has been procuring since FY1998. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests $237.0 million in research and development funding for the SSN(X) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-15
-
Navy TAGOS-25 (Previously TAGOS[X]) Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 15, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The first of a planned class of seven new TAGOS [Tactical Auxiliary General Ocean Surveillance]-25 class ocean surveillance ships was procured in FY2022 at a cost of $434.4 million. The Navy wants to procure the second ship in FY2025. The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests no FY2023 procurement funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-15
