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Turkey: Counterterrorism and Justice
From the Summary: "Although from the mid-1980s until recently, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (known as the PKK) was the major insurgent opponent of the Turkish government, in past couple of years the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and small Marxist-Leninist groups have come to play a role in terrorist attacks in the country. Foreign fighters engaged in the Syrian civil war have also posed problems for national security in the last several years. Turkey has responded to terrorism not only by adopting more stringent laws, but also, among other measures, by creating a terrorist blacklist, enhancing antiterrorist international cooperation, using an outreach program to communities to prevent terrorist recruitment, and relying on Turkey's chief religious affairs body to counter violent extremist messaging."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Zeldin, Wendy I.
2015-09
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Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World
"This report surveys the legal and policy landscape surrounding cryptocurrencies around the world. While not dissimilar in form to the 2014 Law Library of Congress report on the same subject, which covered forty foreign jurisdictions and the European Union, this report is significantly more comprehensive, covering 130 countries as well as some regional organizations that have issued laws or policies on the subject. This expansive growth is primarily attributable to the fact that over the past four years cryptocurrencies have become ubiquitous, prompting more national and regional authorities to grapple with their regulation. The resulting availability of a broader set of information regarding how various jurisdictions are handling the fast-growing cryptocurrency market makes it possible to identify emerging patterns, some of which are described below. The country surveys are also organized regionally to allow for region-specific comparisons."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
2018-06
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Regulation of Cryptocurrency in Selected Jurisdictions
"This report summarizes the cryptocurrency policies and regulatory regimes in fourteen jurisdictions around the world. Among the key issues covered in the report are matters relating to the legality of cryptocurrency markets; the tax treatment of cryptocurrencies; and the applicability of anti-money laundering, anti-organized crime, and anti-terrorism-financing laws. [...] Many of the countries that permit cryptocurrency markets to operate have enacted laws subjecting organizations that participate in these markets to rules designed to prevent money-laundering, terrorism financing, and organized crime. These include Australia, Belarus, Canada, Gibraltar, Japan, Jersey, and Switzerland. While a bill that would have the same effect is working its way through the Brazilian legislative process, countries like Argentina, France, and Mexico have yet to follow suit."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
2018-06
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Crimes Against Humanity Statutes and Criminal Code Provisions in Selected Countries
This report covers statutes and Criminal Code Provisions in several countries concerning crimes against humanity.
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
2010-04
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Biometric Data Retention for Passport Applicants and Holders
"The following table compares the regulation of biometric data obtained in connection with passport applications and the preservation of such data in fifteen selected countries."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Levush, Ruth
2014-03
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Refugee Law and Policy In Selected Countries
From the Introduction: "This report describes the law and policy on refugees and other asylum seekers in twenty-two geographically dispersed countries and, at the supranational level, in the European Union (EU). The individual surveys cover such topics as participation in relevant international conventions; laws and regulations governing the admission of refugees and handling refugee claims; processes for handling refugees arriving at the border; procedures for evaluating whether an applicant is entitled to refugee status; the accommodations and assistance provided to refugees in the jurisdiction; requirements for naturalization; and whether asylum policy has been affected by international emergencies, such as the current refugee crisis in Europe. A bibliography of selected relevant English-language materials from recent years is included."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Acosta, Luis M.; Buchanan, Kelly (Kelly S.); Soares, Eduardo Alvares de Souza . . .
2016-03
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Training Related to Combating Human Trafficking in Selected Countries
From the Introduction: "This report, prepared by foreign law specialists, analysts, and consultants of the Law Library of Congress, describes the programs of eighteen countries and the European Union involving combating human trafficking, with a special focus on the training of personnel. Each survey provides a brief introduction to the jurisdiction's legal framework on human trafficking, describes the roles and responsibilities of particular government agencies in enforcing laws against human trafficking, and provides a description of training programs or initiatives that are conducted by and provided to government personnel."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Ahmad, Tariq; Acosta, Luis M.; Rodriguez-Ferrand, Graciela . . .
2016-02
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Foreign Intelligence Gathering Laws: European Union, United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Sweden [December 2014]
From the Introduction: "This report contains information on laws regulating the collection of intelligence in the European Union and selected European Union (EU) Member States. It begins with a comprehensive overview of applicable EU legislation. Because issues of national security are included in the jurisdiction of individual EU Member States and are regulated by domestic legislation, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, which are viewed as having mass surveillance operations, together with Portugal and Romania, are then surveyed to provide examples of how EU Members States control activities of their intelligence agencies and what restrictions are imposed on information collection. All EU Member States follow EU legislation on personal data protection, which is a part of the common European Union responsibility. It appears that all countries surveyed attempt to maintain a balance between law enforcement and national security needs on the one hand and rights to privacy and personal data protection on the other. In all of the countries, intelligence functions are divided among general intelligence and security services, military and financial intelligence, and the police. While in the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Portugal intelligence agencies work according to principles established by a comprehensive statute, in Sweden and Romania individual laws address issues specifically for individual intelligence agencies, and in France the work of these agencies is primarily based on varied executive decisions. This explains why most of the countries have no single legislative regime that applies to matters of surveillance, interception of communications, and privacy protection."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Roudik, Peter; Papademetriou, Theresa; Feikert-Ahalt, Clare . . .
2014-12
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United Kingdom: Pre-Charge Detention for Terrorist Suspects
"The United Kingdom has faced the issue of terrorism for several decades. It has more recently faced the issue of legislating against the terrorist threat whilst complying with the European Convention on Human Rights. One of the UK's anti-terrorism measures is the pre-charge detention of terrorist suspects for up to twenty eight days without charge. During the summer of 2008 the government attempted to further extend this period to forty two days, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The continued efforts of the government to protect the national security of the UK whilst protecting the civil liberties of its citizens is an ongoing struggle with no clear solution."
Library of Congress; Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Feikert-Ahalt, Clare
2008-10
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Authors, Attribution, and Integrity: Examining Moral Rights in the United States
From the Executive Summary: "Moral rights is not a topic that has generated significant policy focus within the United States until the past several years. Some may suggest this is a result of the United States' lack of strong protections in this area. Thus, the current Report represents the first comprehensive review of the United States' moral rights regime in three decades. It provides a much-needed and comprehensive overview of how the rights of attribution (the right to be credited as the author of one's work) and of integrity (the right to prevent prejudicial distortions of one's work) are protected in the United States through a patchwork of federal and state laws, as well as industry customs and other forms of private ordering. It also suggests some potential changes to the patchwork that could, if implemented, enhance moral rights protections for all types of authors."
Library of Congress. Copyright Office
2019-04
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Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998
"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was signed into law by President Clinton on October 28, 1998. The legislation implements two 1996 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaties: the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. The DMCA also addresses a number of other significant copyright-related issues."
Library of Congress. Copyright Office
1998-12
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Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?
"Why do some individuals decide to break with society and embark on a career in terrorism? Do terrorists share common traits or characteristics? Is there a terrorist personality or profile? Can a terrorist profile be developed that could reliably help security personnel to identify potential terrorists, whether they be would-be airplane hijackers, assassins, or suicide bombers? Do some terrorists have a psychotic (see Glossary) personality? Psychological factors relating to terrorism are of particular interest to psychologists, political scientists, and government officials, who would like to be able to predict and prevent the emergence of terrorist groups or to thwart the realization of terrorist actions. This study focuses on individual psychological and sociological characteristics of terrorists of different generations as well as their groups in an effort to determine how the terrorist profile may have changed in recent decades, or whether they share any common sociological attributes. This study is not about terrorism per se. Rather, it is concerned with the perpetrators of terrorism. Prepared from a social sciences perspective, it attempts to synthesize the results of psychological and sociological findings of studies on terrorists published in recent decades and provide a general assessment of what is presently known about the terrorist mind and mindset."
Library of Congress. Federal Research Division
Hudson, Rex A.
1999-09
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Media Interaction with the Public in Emergency Situations: Four Case Studies
"This report provides an analysis of media coverage of four major emergency situations in the United States and the impact of that coverage on the public. The situations analyzed are the Three Mile Island nuclear accident (1979), the Los Angeles riots (1992), the World Trade Center bombing (1993), and the Oklahoma City bombing (1995). Each study consists of a chronology of events followed by a discussion of the interaction of the media and the public in that particular situation. Emphasis is upon the initial hours or days of each event. Print and television coverage was analyzed in each study; radio coverage was analyzed in one instance. The conclusion discusses several themes that emerge from a comparison of the role of the media in these emergencies. Sources consulted appear in the bibliography at the end of the report."
Library of Congress. Federal Research Division
Berry, LaVerle Bennette, 1942-; Jones, Amanda; Powers, Terence
1999-08
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Internet Crimes against Children: A Matrix of Federal and Select State Laws
"This report provides, in tabular format, the major provisions of federal and select state (California, Connecticut, Florida, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania) laws that impose civil and criminal sanctions against persons convicted of Internet crimes against children. The states selected were chosen, in consultation with the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), because they have enacted major legislation. The report also summarizes the major provisions and status of proposed legislation currently pending before Congress and respective state legislatures. Pertinent laws are grouped into several subtopics: unwanted sexual solicitation, pornography (children as the subject), and harassment and bullying."
Library of Congress. Federal Research Division
Miller, Patrick
2009-10
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Russian Federation: Decriminalization of Domestic Violence
"Russia decriminalized nonaggravated battery in July of 2016 and made it an administrative offense punishable by a fine or detention. However, repeated battery and battery committed against close relatives remained punishable under the Criminal Code. Russia amended the Criminal Code once again in February of 2017 and removed the provision regarding assaulting close relatives from the article on nonaggravated battery. As a result, violence committed against family members has also been made an administrative offense. Only repeated instances of battery are now prosecuted as criminal offenses and punishable by criminal law. International and nongovernmental organizations have noted that the failure to adequately protect victims of domestic violence may be incompatible with Russia's international human rights obligations."
Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Isajanyan, Nerses
2017-06
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Israel: Law on Freezing Revenues Designated for the Palestinian Authority
From the Summary: "In accordance with the Paris Protocol and Israeli domestic implementing legislation, Israel has been transferring tax revenues to the Palestinian Authority (PA) on a monthly basis. The Israeli Defense Cabinet decided on February 17, 2019, to freeze that portion of these revenues equal to expenditures by the PA in the previous year for payments to families of people killed, injured, or imprisoned for attacks on Israel. The government's authority to deduct amounts paid by the PA to terrorism operators and their families from its revenue transfers derives from a July 8, 2018, legislation. A precondition for freezing revenues is the submission of a yearly report by the Minister of Defense on such PA payments to the Ministerial Committee for Matters of National Defense and the Committee's approval. The Law does not expressly authorize the use of frozen funds for enforcement of judgments against terrorist act perpetrators or for furthering antiterrorism projects."
Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Levush, Ruth
2019-03
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Cost-of-Living Adjustments for Federal Civil Service Annuities [October 16, 2017]
"Cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) for the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) are based on the rate of inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). COLAs for both CSRS and FERS are determined by the average monthly CPI-W during the third quarter (July to September) of the current calendar year and the third quarter of the base year, which is the last previous year in which a COLA was applied. The 'effective date' for COLAs is December, but they first appear in the benefits issued during the following January. All CSRS retirees and survivors receive COLAs. Under FERS, however, nondisabled retirees under the age of 62 do not receive COLAs. Survivors and disabled retirees are eligible for COLAs under FERS regardless of age. CSRS pays a COLA that is equal to the percentage change in the CPI-W during the measurement period, but COLAs under FERS are limited if the rate of inflation is greater than 2.0%. If the rate of inflation during the measurement period is between 2.0% and 3.0%, the COLA under FERS is 2.0%. If inflation is greater than 3.0%, then the COLA for FERS benefits is equal to the CPI-W minus one percentage point."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Isaacs, Katelin P., 1980-
2017-10-16
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Second Treasury Report on Regulatory Relief: Capital Markets [October 19, 2017]
"On October 6, 2017, the Department of the Treasury issued a report, 'A Financial System That Creates Economic Opportunities: Capital Markets,' that primarily examines the regulation of debt, equity, commodities, and derivatives markets. The report is the second of a series written in accordance with Executive Order (E.O.) 13772, which was issued by the President on February 3, 2017. The capital markets report provides 91 policy recommendations, the majority of which could be implemented by the primary regulators of U.S. capital markets: the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), state securities regulators, and Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs). Notwithstanding the nonbinding nature of the recommendations, both SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and CFTC Chairman J. Christopher Giancarlo have publicly applauded the report. The report states that nine of the 91 Treasury recommendations would require congressional action."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Su, Eva
2017-10-19
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Human Trafficking: New Global Estimates of Forced Labor and Modern Slavery [October 18, 2017]
"As part of long-standing congressional interest in global human trafficking, some Members have consistently sought greater fidelity in quantifying human trafficking's prevalence. In September, the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the advocacy organization Walk Free Foundation, in partnership with the International Organization of Migration (IOM), released a new report on the global prevalence of modern slavery (including forced marriage) and forced labor (including sex trafficking and government-imposed forced labor). The report estimated that 40.3 million people were victims of modern slavery in 2016--including 24.9 million people in forced labor and 15.4 million people in forced marriage [...]. The estimate was based on a new methodology, derived from multiple data sources, household surveys, probabilistic modeling, and analytic reviews of secondary sources. Using 2012-2016 as the reference period for the study, it concluded that some 89 million people had experienced modern slavery in the past five years. The report additionally stressed that its estimates are conservative, noting the lack of data due to underreporting--particularly in conflict zones (estimates of child soldiers, for example, were not included)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosen, Liana W.
2017-10-18
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DOE's Grid Resiliency Pricing Rule [October 13, 2017]
"In U.S. regions with competitive electricity markets, the market price of wholesale electricity has fallen in recent years due to decreased demand, and the increased availability of relatively low-priced natural gas as a fuel. The relatively higher cost of operating and maintaining older, less efficient coal and nuclear plants in particular make it difficult for them to compete with lower cost, more efficient natural gas-fired power plants, or with renewable electricity generation with lower operating costs (and in some cases, tax credits and state mandates). These coal and nuclear power plants may be increasingly faced with closure and eventual retirement if they cannot offer their generation at prices that allow them to sell their electricity into the competitive markets. Competitive electricity markets are administered by independent system operators (ISOs) and regional transmission organizations (RTOs), and account for 60% of the electricity supply in the United States. These entities are under the regulatory authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Campbell, Richard J.
2017-10-13
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Army's Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) Program [October 10, 2017]
From the Document: "The WIN-T [Warfighter Information Network-Tactical] program is the Army's high-speed, high-capacity tactical communications network to distribute classified and unclassified information through all echelons of Army command by means of voice, data, and real-time video. WIN-T was being developed and fielded in three increments."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2017-10-10
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Iran Policy and the European Union [October 18, 2017]
"On October 13, 2017, President Trump announced a new U.S. strategy on Iran. He stated that, under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (INARA; P.L. 114-17), he would not be certifying that continued Iran sanctions relief is proportionate to the measures taken by Iran to terminate its illicit nuclear program. That and other INARA certification requirements are related to, but separate from, Iran's nuclear obligations under the July 14, 2015, multilateral nuclear agreement (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA). The withholding of INARA certification does not automatically end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, which the UK, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and China negotiated with Iran. But the President linked continued U.S. participation to congressional and allied action to address deficiencies in the JCPOA that he identified in his October 13 statement [...]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.; Katzman, Kenneth
2017-10-18
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U.S. Withdrawal from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) [October 17, 2017]
"On October 12, 2017, the State Department announced that the United States will withdraw from the U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The department stated that the decision 'reflects U.S. concerns with mounting arrears ... the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias of UNESCO.' The United States seeks to 'remain engaged' as a nonmember observer. Generally, observers have participated in selected UNESCO meetings and activities but are not able to vote in some UNESCO bodies or hold leadership positions. Under the terms of the UNESCO constitution, the U.S. withdrawal is expected to take effect on December 31, 2018."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa
2017-10-17
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Gun Control: 'Bump-Fire' Stocks [October 10, 2017]
"Following the October 1, 2017, Las Vegas, NV, attack, there has been significant congressional interest in 'bump-fire' stocks that can assist a person in firing a semiautomatic rifle repeatedly, sometimes at rates usually associated with fully automatic machineguns. It has been reported that the assailant in this attack had 12 semiautomatic rifles outfitted with 'bump-fire' stocks. The terms 'bump-fire' and 'slide-fire' are often used interchangeably."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Krouse, William J.
2017-10-10
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Defense Primer: Military Pay Raise [October 10, 2017]
"The phrase 'military pay raise,' frequently used in discussions of military compensation, is almost always a reference to the annual increase in basic pay for members of the uniformed services. By law, basic pay is automatically increased at the start of each calendar year by an amount linked to the change in the Employment Cost Index (ECI), although the President or Congress may override this statutory adjustment. [...] The FY2018 President's Budget requested a 2.1% increase in basic pay, lower than the statutory formula of 2.4%. This was in keeping with the Department of Defense plan to limit increases in basic pay through FY2020. On August 31, 2017, President Trump sent a letter to congressional leaders invoking his authority under 37 U.S.C. 1009(e) to set the pay raise at 2.1%."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2017-10-10
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Congress Faces Calls to Address Expired Funds for Primary Care [October 18, 2017]
"The Affordable Care Act (ACA, P.L. 111-148, as amended), enacted in March 2010, appropriated billions of dollars of mandatory funds to support two programs that focus on expanding access to primary care services for populations that are typically underserved: the Health Centers program and the National Health Service Corps (NHSC). The Health Centers and NHSC programs are cornerstones of the federal government's efforts to expand access to primary care. The Health Centers program helps support more than 1,400 community-based health centers operating more than 10,400 delivery sites across the country. Health centers provide care to medically underserved populations regardless of their ability to pay. They provide care for more than 24 million people annually, or an average of 1 in 13 Americans. The NHSC program awards scholarships and loan repayment to certain health professionals who agree to practice in shortage areas, often at health centers. The NHSC estimates that the program's clinicians provide care to 11 million people."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-; Redhead, C. Stephen
2017-10-18
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Government Assistance for AIG: Summary and Cost [October 13, 2017]
"American International Group (AIG), one of the world's major insurers, was the largest recipient of government financial assistance during the 2007-2009 financial crisis. At the maximum, the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the Treasury committed approximately $182.3 billion in specific extraordinary assistance for AIG and another $15.2 billion through a more widely available lending facility. The amount actually disbursed to assist AIG reached a maximum of $141.8 billion in April 2009. In return, AIG paid interest and dividends on the funding and the U.S. Treasury ultimately received a 92% ownership share in the company. The government assistance for AIG ended in 2013. All Federal Reserve loans have been repaid and the Treasury has sold all of the financial holdings that resulted from the assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird
2017-10-13
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U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts [October 11, 2017]
"Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated 'periods of war,' dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans' pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for 'periods of war' found in Title 38 of the 'Code of Federal Regulations,' dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. The dates for the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq are included along with the official end date for Operation New Dawn in Iraq on December 15, 2011, and Operation Enduring Freedom on Afghanistan on December 28, 2014. This report will be updated when events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2017-10-11
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Who Earns Pass-Through Business Income? An Analysis of Individual Tax Return Data [October 24, 2017]
"Pass-through businesses--sole proprietorships, partnerships, and S corporations--generate more than half of all business income in the United States. Pass-through income is, in general, taxed only once at the individual income tax rates when it is distributed to its owners. In contrast, the income of C corporations is taxed twice; once at the corporate level according to corporate tax rates, and then a second time at the individual tax rates when shareholders receive dividend payments or realize capital gains. This leads to the so-called 'double taxation' of corporate profits. This report analyzes individual tax return data to determine who earns pass-through business income."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Keightley, Mark P.
2017-10-24
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EPA Proposes to Repeal the Clean Power Plan [October 25, 2017]
"On October 10, 2017, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a proposal to repeal the Obama Administration's 2015 rule, 'Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units (EGUs)' (commonly referred to as the Clean Power Plan (CPP) rule). [...] The CPP has not gone into effect because the Supreme Court in 2016 stayed the implementation of the rule until the lawsuit challenging its legality is resolved. Upon its review of the CPP and its 2015 legal justification, EPA has now determined that the CPP exceeds its statutory authority based on a change in the agency's legal interpretation of Section 111 of the Clean Air Act (CAA). The proposal formally starts a potentially lengthy process to repeal the CPP and raises questions about whether EPA will replace the CPP with another rule targeting CO2 emissions from existing power plants and how the repeal will affect existing legal challenges to the CPP. This Sidebar will explore these and other questions and the next steps in repealing the CPP."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Tsang, Linda
2017-10-25
