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Opioid Use and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [March 12, 2019]
From the Document: "The prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD)--problematic opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress--among pregnant women has gradually increased as the nation's opioid epidemic has unfolded. This has led to increases in several adverse outcomes for infants, including neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Recent efforts by both Congress and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have focused on addressing the rising rate of NAS."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Green, Victoria R.
2019-03-12
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Thailand Set to Hold Long-Awaited Election [March 12, 2019]
From the Document: "Nearly five years after the Royal Thai Army seized power in a coup d'état in 2014, the Kingdom of Thailand is officially set to hold nationwide parliamentary elections on March 24, 2019 (see Figure 1). While the announcement comes as welcome news to many Thais, new elections may reignite political tensions and uncertainties that have been suppressed for the last four years under military rule. Thailand, a U.S. treaty ally, had emerged from the upheaval of the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis with a strongly democratic constitution and newly independent national institutions. However, political tensions between competing forces including the military, the monarchy, and a populist politician have exposed the weakness of the country's democratic institutions, resulting in a series of weak governments paralyzed by street demonstrations around Bangkok and ultimately overthrown by military coups in 2006 and 2014 that have shaken the bilateral alliance with the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Kirt
2019-03-12
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Landslide Hazards Legislation in the 116th Congress [Updated March 12, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that landslides kill an average of 25-50 people each year in the United States and account for $1-$2 billion annually in damages. Two nearly identical bills, S. 529 and H.R. 1261, titled the National Landslide Preparedness Act, would authorize a national landslide hazards reduction program within USGS. USGS currently operates, under its Organic Act of 1879 and other authorities, such as the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288), a Landslide Hazards Program (funding level of $3.5 million in FY2018) within its Natural Hazards Program. Both bills would broaden USGS's current activities and require coordination with other federal agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Folger, Peter (Peter Franklin)
2019-03-12
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Army's Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 21, 2019]
From the Document: "In June 2018, in part due to congressional concerns, the Army announced a new modernization strategy and designated the Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) as the program to replace the M-2 Bradley. In October 2018, Army leadership decided to redesignate the NGCV as the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) and to add additional vehicle programs to what would be called the NGCV Program. The M-2 Bradley, which has been in service since 1981, is an Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) used to transport infantry on the battlefield and provide fire support to dismounted troops and suppress or destroy enemy fighting vehicles. Updated numerous times since its introduction, the M-2 Bradley is widely considered to have reached the technological limits of its capacity to accommodate new electronics, armor, and defense systems. Two past efforts to replace the M-2 Bradley-- the Future Combat System (FCS) Program and the Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) Program-- were cancelled for programmatic and cost-associated reasons."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2019-03-21
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Special Counsel's Report: Can Congress Get it? [March 8, 2019]
From the Document: "Recent media reports suggest that Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III is close to concluding his investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election. As discussed in this separate Sidebar, Department of Justice (DOJ) regulations require the Special Counsel to deliver a confidential report (Special Counsel report) to Attorney General William Barr at the conclusion of the investigation, and the Attorney General must then notify Congress with 'an explanation' for the investigation's termination. But there appears to be no requirement in statute or regulation obligating the Attorney General to share the full Special Counsel report with Congress, and Mr. Barr has indicated that legal considerations might require him to withhold some or all of it. In response, some Members of Congress have suggested that a subpoena may be issued to compel disclosure of the full report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Foster, Michael A. (Legislative attorney); Garvey, Todd
2019-03-08
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'Huawei V. United States': The Bill of Attainder Clause and Huawei's Lawsuit Against the United States [March 14, 2019]
From the Document: "On March 6, 2019, Chinese electronics manufacturing and telecommunications giant Huawei Technologies Co. (Huawei) filed a lawsuit against the United States, challenging the constitutionality of a law that restricts federal agencies from doing business with the company. The law in question identifies Huawei and Chinese telecommunications company ZTE by name, prohibiting executive agencies from using Huawei's (or ZTE's) products and from contracting with entities that use such products. Although Huawei's complaint against the United States makes several arguments, they primarily argue that the law's restrictions amount to an unconstitutional 'bill of attainder.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Freeman, Wilson C.
2019-03-14
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Racial Gerrymandering: Past Cases and the Supreme Court's Upcoming Decision in 'Bethune-Hill II' [March 14, 2019]
From the Document: "On March 18, 2019, the Supreme Court is set to hear argument in 'Virginia House of Delegates v. BethuneHill (Bethune-Hill II)', a case raising the question of whether the Commonwealth of Virginia violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause by using race as the determinative factor in drawing its state legislative map. This case is not the Court's first encounter with Virginia's legislative map. Barely two years ago, the Court issued its decision in 'Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Board of Elections (BethuneHill I)', where it reviewed a district court's determination that all of the challenged districts passed constitutional muster. Holding that the lower court had applied an incorrect legal standard for all but one of the challenged districts, the Court remanded the case for reconsideration. During the March 18 argument, the Court will review the district court's second decision, which concluded that all of the challenged districts are unconstitutional racial gerrymanders. While 'Bethune-Hill II' only concerns Virginia's legislative map, it illustrates the challenges governments often face in determining the manner in which race may (or must) be taken into account in drawing district maps."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hayes, Benjamin
2019-03-14
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Algeria: In Focus [Updated March 18, 2019]
From the Document: "A sudden surge of large, peaceful protests opposing President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's bid for a fifth five-year term in office is bringing questions about Algeria's presidential succession and political future to the fore. President Bouteflika (82) is in evident ill health and has rarely appeared in public since suffering a stroke in 2013. On March 11, 2019, he announced in a written statement that he was rescinding his candidacy and that elections slated for April would be delayed indefinitely to allow a 'national conference' to draft a new constitution. Protests have since grown as many demonstrators have interpreted the announcement as unresponsive to their concerns and a de facto unilateral extension of Bouteflika's current term."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis
2019-03-18
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Special Counsel's Report: What Do Current DOJ Regulations Require? [March 7, 2019]
From the Document: "In light of media reports that Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III is close to concluding his investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election, the extent to which the findings and conclusions of the Special Counsel's investigation will be released to Congress and the public after being submitted to the Attorney General has attracted attention. [...] Some Members of Congress have proposed legislation to ensure that certain information related to the Special Counsel's investigation is made available to Congress and the public. This Sidebar examines the current legal obligations of the Special Counsel and Attorney General to report information relating to the investigation to Congress and the public. It also provides historical examples of reports issued for other such investigations. A companion Sidebar addresses potential legal issues that may arise if Congress seeks to compel release of information about the investigation, including issues involving executive privilege and the publication of grand jury information."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Cynthia
2019-03-07
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Attaching a Price to Greenhouse Gas Emissions with a Carbon Tax or Emissions Fee: Considerations and Potential Impacts [March 22, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Fourth National Climate Assessment, released in 2018, concluded that 'the impacts of global climate change are already being felt in the United States and are projected to intensify in the future--but the severity of future impacts will depend largely on actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions and to adapt to the changes that will occur.' Members of Congress and stakeholders articulate a wide range of perspectives over what to do, if anything, about GHG emissions, future climate change, and related impacts. If Congress were to consider establishing a program to reduce GHG emissions, one option would be to attach a price to GHG emissions with a carbon tax or GHG emissions fee. In the 115th Congress, Members introduced nine bills to establish a carbon tax or emissions fee program. However, many Members have expressed their opposition to such an approach. In particular, in the 115th Congress, the House passed a resolution 'expressing the sense of Congress that a carbon tax would be detrimental to the United States economy.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ramseur, Jonathan L.; Leggett, Jane A.
2019-03-22
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Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2019 [Updated March 15, 2019]
From the Document: "This report provides an overview and analysis of FY2019 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The primary focus of this report is on congressional direction and funding provided to DHS through the appropriations process. It includes an Appendix with definitions of key budget terms used throughout the suite of Congressional Research Service reports on homeland security appropriations. It also directs the reader to other reports providing context for specific component appropriations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.
2019-03-15
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Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress [Updated March 18, 2019]
From the Document: "Since the late 1700s, Congress has expressed public gratitude to individuals and groups by awarding medals and other similar decorations. The first Congressional Gold Medals were issued by the Continental Congress. Since that time, Congress has awarded gold medals to express public gratitude for distinguished contributions, dramatize the virtues of patriotism, and perpetuate the remembrance of great events. This tradition of authorizing individually struck gold medals bearing the portraits or actions of honorees is rich with history. Although Congress has approved legislation stipulating specific requirements for numerous other awards and decorations, there are no permanent statutory provisions specifically relating to the creation of Congressional Gold Medals. When such an award has been deemed appropriate, Congress has, by special action, provided for the creation of a personalized medal to be given in its name."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straus, Jacob R.
2019-03-18
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Defining 'Hemp': A Fact Sheet [Updated March 22, 2019]
From the Document: "Botanically, hemp and marijuana are from the same species of plant, 'Cannabis sativa', but from different varieties or cultivars. However, hemp and marijuana are genetically distinct forms of cannabis that are distinguished by their use and chemical composition as well as by differing cultivation practices in their production. While marijuana generally refers to the cultivated plant used as a psychotropic drug (whether used for medicinal or recreational purposes), hemp is cultivated for use in the production of a wide range of products, including foods and beverages, personal care products, nutritional supplements, fabrics and textiles, paper, construction materials, and other manufactured and industrial goods. 'Hemp and marijuana' also have separate statutory definitions in U.S. law."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Johnson, Renée
2019-03-22
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Department of State and Foreign Operations Appropriations: History of Legislation and Funding in Brief [Updated March 22, 2019]
"Congress currently appropriates most foreign affairs funding through annual Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations. Prior to FY2008, however, Congress provided funding for the Department of State, international broadcasting, and related programs within the Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies appropriations. In those years, Congress separately appropriated funding for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and foreign aid within the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs appropriations. The 110th Congress aligned the two foreign affairs appropriations into the SFOPS legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.
2019-03-22
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Comparing DHS Component Funding, FY2019: In Brief [Updated March 18, 2019]
From the Document: "Generally, the homeland security appropriations bill includes all annual appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), providing resources to every departmental component. This report reviews the budget authority provided to DHS for FY2018, requested by the Trump Administration for FY2019, as well as the funding levels proposed in Senate and House Appropriations Committee-reported legislation for FY2019 and enacted in P.L. 116-6, which included the FY2019 DHS Appropriations Act as Division A. It examines net discretionary annual appropriations for DHS--a perspective on the net impact of legislation funding DHS on congressionally tracked budget totals--and also provides a more inclusive look at the resources available to DHS components to perform their missions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.
2019-03-18
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Cyclone Disaster in Mozambique and Surrounding Region [March 22, 2019]
From the Document: "On March 14, a large and powerful tropical storm dubbed Cyclone Idai came ashore at Beira, a low-lying port city in central Mozambique, in southeastern Africa. It featured sustained winds as high as 120 miles per hour prior to making landfall and dumped torrents of rain over large parts of Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Madagascar. Its effects have been expansive and catastrophic--covering at least 1,200 square miles--and it is among the worst natural disasters ever to hit the region. Flooding has limited humanitarian response organizations' access to much of the affected region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cook, Nicolas
2019-03-22
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Guatemala: Political and Socioeconomic Conditions and U.S. Relations [Updated March 20, 2019]
From the Document: "Traditionally, the United States and Guatemala have had close relations, with friction at times over human rights and civil/military issues. Guatemala and the United States have significant trade and are part of the U.S.- Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR). Top priorities for U.S. bilateral assistance to Guatemala include improving security, governance, and justice for citizens; improving economic growth and food security; providing access to health services; promoting better educational outcomes; and providing opportunities for out-of-school youth to reduce their desire to migrate. The U.S. Strategy for Guatemala: Political and Socioeconomic Conditions and U.S. Relations Congressional Research Service Engagement in Central America is meant to spur development and reduce illegal emigration to the United States. The Trump Administration has proposed substantially cutting funds for Guatemala, and eliminating traditional food aid and the Inter-American Foundation in its FY2018-FY2020 budget requests. Congress rejected much of those cuts in the reports to and language in the Consolidated Appropriations Acts of 2018 (P.L. 115-141), and 2019 (P.L. 116-6). Tensions between Guatemala and much of the international community have arisen over Guatemalan efforts to oust CICIG [International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala] and to grant amnesty for human rights violations. The Trump Administration suspended military aid to Guatemala in March 2019 over its misuse of armored vehicles provided by the Department of Defense to combat drug trafficking."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Taft-Morales, Maureen
2019-03-20
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No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels (NOPEC) Act of 2019 [April 22, 2019]
From the Document: "Since the beginning of the oil industry, there have been multiple periods when a supply manager has influenced production and price levels. Generally, a supply manager has the capacity to adjust production rapidly in order to respond to changing market conditions. The limited ability of oil production and consumption to adjust in the short term, coupled with long development cycles for most oil production assets, a desire for price stability, and volatile price movements when the market is imbalanced by as little as 1% to 2% are some stated justifications for supply management. In the past, the Standard Oil Company, the Texas Railroad Commission, and international oil companies have functioned as supply managers. Today, the 14-member Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)--representing approximately 40% of the nearly 100 million barrels per day (mbpd) of world liquid fuels supply (see Figure 1)--makes crude oil production decisions that can affect global petroleum prices."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Phillip (Specialist in Energy Policy)
2019-04-22
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Palestinians: Overview and Key Issues for U.S. Policy [Updated April 26, 2019]
From the Document: "The Palestinians and their ongoing disputes and interactions with Israel raise significant issues for U.S. policy. U.S.- Palestinian tensions have risen in connection with Trump Administration actions on Israeli-Palestinian matters such as Jerusalem and aid (see 'Key U.S. Policy Issues' below). The Palestinians are an Arab people whose origins are in present-day Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip (Gaza). Fatah, an Arab nationalist faction, is the driving force within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which represents Palestinians internationally. The Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U.S.-designated terrorist organization) has not accepted PLO recognition of Israel and constitutes the main opposition to Fatah."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2019-04-26
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NPV--The National Popular Vote Initiative: Proposing Direct Election of the President Through an Interstate Compact [April 25, 2019]
From the Document: "NPV's [National Popular Vote] origins can be traced to the 2000 presidential election. In that contest, Republican nominee George W. Bush won the presidency with a majority of 271 electoral votes to his Democratic opponent Al Gore Jr.'s 266, but Gore received 537,209 more popular votes nationwide than his opponent. This outcome, sometimes referred to as an electoral college 'misfire,' particularly by opponents of the system, occurred because (1) the Constitution requires a majority of electoral votes, not popular votes, to win; and (2) most states award electoral votes on a 'winner-take-all' basis--the popular vote winner takes all the state's electoral votes, while none are allocated to the runner-up. It is therefore possible to win the presidency by winning in states that control an electoral vote majority, while the opposing candidate wins more popular votes nationwide, but fewer votes in the electoral college."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Neale, Thomas H.
2019-04-25
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Sri Lanka's 2019 Easter Bombings [April 24, 2019]
From the Document: "A series of Easter Sunday bombings in Sri Lanka claimed over 350 lives and left over 500 injured. At least 38 of the dead are foreigners, including four Americans. The bombings targeted churches in the capital Colombo, as well as Negombo, and Batticaloa. The Shangri-la, Cinnamon Grand, and Kingsbury Hotels in Colombo were also targeted. A planned attack on a fourth hotel failed and reportedly helped police identify the perpetrators of the attacks. The attacks were carried out by nine Sri Lankan suicide bombers and are the worst violence to strike Sri Lanka since the 2009 end of its civil war between government forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2019-04-24
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Europe's Energy Security: Options and Challenges to Natural Gas Supply Diversification [Updated November 5, 2015]
From the Summary: "This report focuses on potential approaches that Europe might employ to diversify its sources of natural gas supply, Russia's role in Europe's natural gas policies, and key factors that could hinder efforts to develop alternative suppliers of natural gas. The report assesses the potential suppliers of natural gas to Europe and the short-to medium-term obstacles to those suppliers becoming credible, long-term providers. The report looks at North Africa, potentially the most realistic supply alternative in the near term, but notes that the region faces political, economic, and security instability and problems in the internal structure of the natural gas industry. Central Asia, which may have the greatest amounts of natural gas of any of the alternatives to Russia, would need to construct lengthy pipelines through multiple countries to move its natural gas to Europe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ratner, Michael; Belkin, Paul; Nelson, Gabriel M. . . .
2015-11-05
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Addressing the Long-Run Deficit: A Comparison of Approaches [May 14, 2019]
From the Introduction: "The growth of the national debt, which is considered unsustainable under current policies, continues to be one of the central issues of domestic federal policy making. This report examines alternative approaches to reducing annual budget deficits and decisions about how to bring the national debt under control over the long term. To do this, the report first examines historical trends in federal spending and revenue policy to illustrate both the challenges and trade-offs inherent to making choices between (1) limiting the provision of defense and domestic public goods, (2) reducing transfers to persons including entitlements for the elderly and those with low income, (3) reducing support for state and local governments, and (4) raising taxes. Using projections of the debt and deficit, the report then addresses how limiting reliance on one source of deficit reduction creates pressure on other sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gravelle, Jane; Marples, Donald J.
2019-05-14
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Malaysia: Background and U.S. Relations [Updated May 18, 2017]
From the Introduction: "This report analyzes U.S.-Malaysia relations as well as Malaysia's domestic politics, economy, environment, external relations, and geopolitical context within Southeast Asia. Congress has expressed interest in a variety of issues with regard to Malaysia which are explored below. The report also provides background information on current events and policy debates related to Malaysia to assist Congressional decision-makers."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2017-05-18
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SBA Disaster Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated March 9, 2016]
From the Document: "This report responds to frequently asked questions about the Small Business Administration (SBA) Disaster Loan Program. The SBA Disaster Loan Program provides direct 'loans' to help businesses, nonprofit organizations, homeowners, and renters repair or replace property damaged or destroyed in a federally declared disaster. The program is also designed to help small agricultural cooperatives recover from economic injury resulting from a disaster. SBA disaster loans include (1) Home and Personal Property Disaster Loans, (2) Business Physical Disaster Loans, and (3) Economic Injury Disaster Loans (EIDL). Most direct disaster loans (approximately 80%) are awarded to individuals and households rather than small businesses. The program generally offers low-interest disaster loans at a fixed rate with loan maturities of up to 30 years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lindsay, Bruce R.
2016-03-09
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Army Corps of Engineers: FY2020 Appropriation [Updated May 16, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include planning and construction of water resource projects and operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE (e.g., navigation channels). For USACE civil works, President Trump requested $5.0 billion for FY2020, inclusive of a May 13, 2019, amendment to the President's request. As shown in Figure 1, Congress typically funds USACE above the President's request for the year (e.g., $7.0 billion for FY2019). This In Focus is a primer on the USACE appropriations process for FY2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T.
2019-05-16
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Army Corps of Engineers: Section 7001 Annual Report on Future Studies and Projects [May 16, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), through its civil works mission, undertakes water resource development studies and projects and other assistance activities that are specifically authorized by Congress. In Section 7001 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act (WRRDA) of 2014 (P.L. 113-121; 33 U.S.C. §2282d), Congress established an annual process for identifying proposals for site-specific studies and projects within USACE's water resource mission and authorities. The process includes a call for nonfederal proposals and concludes with a report by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works (ASACW) to USACE's congressional authorizing committees. Congress authorizes USACE studies and projects prior to appropriating funds and typically considers omnibus USACE water resource authorization bills biennially, typically titled as Water Resources Development Acts (WRDAs). Most project-specific authorizations in WRDAs fall into three categories: feasibility studies, construction projects, or modifications to existing authorizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2019-05-16
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Iran Sanctions [Updated May 21, 2019]
From the Overview and Objectives: "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. CRS [Congressional Research Service] has no way to independently corroborate whether any individual or other entity might be in violation of U.S. or international sanctions against Iran. The report tracks 'implementation' of the various U.S. laws and executive orders as designations and imposition of sanctions. Some sanctions require the blocking of U.S.-based property of sanctioned entities. CRS has not obtained information from the executive branch indicating that such property has been blocked, and it is possible that sanctioned entities do not have any U.S. assets that could be blocked."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2019-05-21
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Iran's Nuclear Program: Status [Updated May 10, 2019]
From the Summary: "Iran's nuclear program began during the 1950s. The United States has expressed concern since the mid-1970s that Tehran might develop nuclear weapons. Iran's construction of gas centrifuge uranium enrichment facilities is currently the main source of proliferation concern. Gas centrifuges can produce both low-enriched uranium (LEU), which can be used in nuclear power reactors, and weapons-grade highly enriched uranium (HEU), which is one of the two types of fissile material used in nuclear weapons."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kerr, Paul K.
2019-05-10
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Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies [Updated May 8, 2019]
From the Introduction: "Successive Administrations have identified Iran as a key national security challenge. The Trump Administration encapsulated its assessment of the threat posed by Iran in a late September 2018 State Department report entitled 'Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran's Destructive Activities.' It outlines Iran's malign activities as well as a litany of other activities the Administration terms 'the Iranian regime's destructive behavior at home and abroad.' The U.S. intelligence community testified in January 2019 that 'Iran's regional ambitions and improved military capabilities almost certainly will threaten U.S. interests in the coming year, driven by Tehran's perception of increasing U.S., Saudi, and Israeli hostility, as well as continuing border insecurity, and the influence of hardliners.' An annual Defense Department report on Iran's military power required by successive National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs), generally contain assessments similar to those presented publicly by the intelligence community."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2019-05-08
