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Poland Designated into Visa Waiver Program [November 13, 2019]
From the Document: "On November 6, 2019, Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin K. McAleenan announced the designation of Poland into the Visa Waiver Program (VWP). The VWP allows citizens of designated countries to visit the United States without obtaining visas. Poland--one of five EU countries that until now had not been designated into the VWP--had been working with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for over a decade to meet the program's criteria (see list of criteria below). In FY2019, Poland met the requirement of having a nonimmigrant visa refusal rate below 3%. On October 4, 2019, President Trump announced that the Department of State formally nominated Poland for the VWP, and one month later DHS announced its designation into the program. Polish nationals will be able to apply online for travel authorization starting November 11, 2019."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.
2019-11-13
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Immigration: Public Charge [March 19, 2020]
From the Document: "Immigration law in the United States has long contained exclusion and removal provisions designed to limit government spending on indigent non-U.S. nationals ('aliens'). Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), an alien may be denied admission into the United States or lawful permanent resident (LPR) status if he or she is 'likely at any time to become a public charge' (8 U.S.C. §1182(a)(4)). An admitted alien may also be subject to removal from the United States based on a separate public charge ground of deportability, but this is rarely employed. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of State (DOS) have primary responsibility for implementing the public charge ground of inadmissibility. DHS makes public charge inadmissibility determinations for aliens seeking admission or 'adjustment' from a temporary status to LPR status. DOS consular officers make public charge inadmissibility determinations for aliens abroad applying for U.S. visas, based on guidance in the Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM). While this applies to both immigrant and nonimmigrant (i.e., temporary) visas, in practice it is rarely employed for nonimmigrant visas. Certain categories of aliens, such as refugees and asylees, are exempted from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. Moreover, it is not applicable to aliens who are applying for citizenship (i.e., naturalization)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.
2020-03-19
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'Sanctuary' Jurisdictions: Policy Overview [February 21, 2020]
From the Document: "Jurisdictions with 'sanctuary' policies have been controversial for decades, highlighting a tension between federal agencies charged with immigration enforcement, and states and localities (e.g., counties, cities) that limit their cooperation in this regard. The prominence of immigration enforcement for the Trump Administration, and the publicity surrounding certain crimes committed by some non-U.S. nationals (in statute, 'aliens'), particularly those without legal immigration status, have reignited debates over appropriate levels of immigration enforcement within the United States. In 2017, President Trump issued Executive Order 13768 (EO), which included provisions that aim to deter certain 'sanctuary' policies and promote cooperation with federal immigration enforcement agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kandel, William; Kolker, Abigail F.
2020-02-21
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Adding Countries to the Visa Waiver Program: Effects on National Security and Tourism [April 1, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The U.S. government's Visa Waiver Program (VWP) allows eligible nationals from 39 countries to enter the United States for stays of fewer than 90 days for tourism or business purposes without applying for a visa from a U.S. embassy or consulate. [...] This report offers an overview of the VWP. It discusses the potential effects on national security and considers the likely economic effects on the U.S. travel and tourism industries if more countries were to be added to the program. The report also reviews legislative proposals in the 116th Congress related to the expansion and implementation of the VWP, and legislation targeting U.S. travel promotion--namely the Brand USA program, which is partially funded by ESTA [Electronic System for Travel Authorization]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.; Platzer, Michaela D.
2020-04-01
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Noncitizens and Eligibility for the 2020 Recovery Rebates [May 1, 2020]
From the Document: "Some policymakers have expressed concern that certain individuals, including some immigrants (referred to as noncitizens, foreign nationals, or aliens in law and throughout this Insight), are ineligible for direct payments under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136). The statute refers to these payments as 2020 recovery rebates. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) refers to these payments issued in 2020 as Economic Impact Payments. [...] There are three main categories of individuals who are ineligible for these payments (not necessarily mutually exclusive): 1. children over 16 years old and adult dependents; 2. certain noncitizens who have individual taxpayer identification numbers (ITINs) or are nonresident aliens; and 3. higher-income taxpayers (generally with income over $99,000 if single, $198,000 if married, with higher thresholds for those with qualifying children). Generally, receipt of these payments in 2020 will be based on individuals' eligibility using information from 2019 (or, if unavailable, 2018). This Insight provides an overview of one category of individuals who are ineligible for the 2020 recovery rebates--certain noncitizens who have ITINs or are nonresident aliens."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crandall-Hollick, Margot L.; Kolker, Abigail F.
2020-05-01
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Unauthorized Immigrants' Eligibility for COVID-19 Relief Benefits: In Brief [Updated May 7, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Of the 44.4 million foreign-born individuals residing in the United States in 2017, about one-quarter (10.5 million) were estimated to be unauthorized immigrants. Nearly two-thirds of unauthorized immigrants have resided in the United States for over 10 years. The degree to which unauthorized immigrants should be accorded certain rights and privileges as a result of their residence in the United States has long been the subject of congressional interest, which has been heightened amidst the coronavirus pandemic and the congressional response to its impact on the economy. Prior to 1996, there was no uniform rule governing which categories of foreign nationals (i.e., 'aliens' ) residing in the United States were eligible for which government-provided benefits and services. Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193) established comprehensive restrictions on the eligibility of noncitizens for federal public benefits. These restrictions applied to the majority of non-naturalized (i.e., non-U.S. citizen) foreign-born persons, including lawful permanent residents (also known as green card holders), asylees and refugees, nonimmigrants, and unauthorized immigrants. This report focuses exclusively on the unauthorized population; it outlines their eligibility for federal benefits generally, and for benefits included in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA; P.L. 116-127) and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) specifically."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.
2020-05-07
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