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Defense Primer: Military Pay Raise [October 10, 2017]
"The phrase 'military pay raise,' frequently used in discussions of military compensation, is almost always a reference to the annual increase in basic pay for members of the uniformed services. By law, basic pay is automatically increased at the start of each calendar year by an amount linked to the change in the Employment Cost Index (ECI), although the President or Congress may override this statutory adjustment. [...] The FY2018 President's Budget requested a 2.1% increase in basic pay, lower than the statutory formula of 2.4%. This was in keeping with the Department of Defense plan to limit increases in basic pay through FY2020. On August 31, 2017, President Trump sent a letter to congressional leaders invoking his authority under 37 U.S.C. 1009(e) to set the pay raise at 2.1%."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2017-10-10
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FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [August 22, 2017]
"Each year, the House and Senate armed services committees take up national defense authorization bills. The House of Representatives passed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (H.R. 2810) on July 14, 2017. The Senate Armed Services Committee reported its version of the NDAA (S. 1519) on July 10, 2017. These bills contain numerous provisions that affect military personnel, retirees, and their family members. Provisions in one version are sometimes not included in the other, are treated differently, or are identical in both versions. Following passage of each chamber's bill, a conference committee typically convenes to resolve the differences between the respective chambers' versions of the bill. This report is intended to highlight selected personnel-related issues that may generate high levels of congressional and constituent interest. CRS will update this report to reflect enacted legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2017-08-22
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FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [October 16, 2018]
"Each year, the House and Senate armed services committees take up national defense authorization bills. The House of Representatives passed the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA; H.R. 5515) on May 24, 2018. The Senate passed its version of the NDAA (H.R. 5515) on June 18, 2018. These bills contain numerous provisions that affect military personnel, retirees, and their family members. Provisions in one version are sometimes not included in the other, are treated differently, or are identical in both versions. Following passage of each chamber's bill, a conference committee typically convenes to resolve the differences between the respective chambers' versions of the bill. The FY2019 NDAA conference report was passed by the House on July 26, 2018, and the Senate on August 1, 2018. On August 13, 2018, President Donald J. Trump signed the bill into law (P.L. 115-232)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.; Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2018-10-16
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Defense Primer: Active Duty Enlisted Retention [July 26, 2019]
From the Document: "The term 'retention' refers to the rate at which military personnel voluntarily choose to stay in the military after their obligated term of service has ended (as determined by their enlistment contract). Imbalances in the retention rate can cause problems within the military personnel system. A common retention concern is that too few people will stay in, thereby creating a shortage of experienced leaders, decreasing military efficiency, and lowering job satisfaction. This was a particular concern from 2004 to 2009, as the stress of major combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan raised concerns about the willingness of military personnel to continue serving. The opposite concern may also occur at times, particularly during force drawdowns: that too many people will stay in, thereby decreasing promotion opportunities and possibly requiring involuntarily separations to prevent the organization from becoming 'top heavy' with middle- and upper-level leaders or to comply with end-strength limitations. Each of these imbalances can also have a negative impact on recruiting by making the military a less attractive career option."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2019-07-26
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FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [Updated February 25, 2020]
From the Document: "Each year, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) provides authorization of appropriations for a range of Department of Defense (DOD) and national security programs and related activities. New or clarified defense policies, organizational reform, and directed reports to Congress are often included. For FY2020, the NDAA (P.L. 116-92) addresses or attempts to resolve high-profile military personnel issues. Some are required annual authorizations (e.g., end-strengths); some are updates or modifications to existing programs; and some are issues identified in certain military personnel programs. In the FY2020 NDAA, Congress authorized end-strengths identical to the Administration's FY2020 budget proposal. The authorized active duty end-strength increased by about 1% to 1,339,500. The authorized Selected Reserves end-strength decreased by about 2% to 807,800. A 3.1% increase in basic military pay took effect on January 1, 2020. This increase is identical to the Administration's FY2020 budget proposal and equal to the automatic annual adjustment amount directed by statutory formula (37 U.S.C. §1009)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.; Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2020-02-25
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Defense Primer: Defense Support of Civil Authorities [October 2, 2019]
From the Introduction: "The U.S. military has a long history of providing support to civil authorities, particularly in response to disasters, but for other purposes as well. The Defense Department currently defines 'defense support of civil authorities' as 'Support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, DOD civilians, DOD contract personnel, DOD Component assets, and National Guard forces (when the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Governors of the affected States, elects and requests to use those forces in title 32, U.S.C., status) in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special event.' (DOD Directive 3025.18)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Litynski, Amelia
2019-10-02
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Defense Primer: Reserve Forces [Updated December 12, 2018]
From the Document: "The term 'reserve component' (RC) refers collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the Armed Forces. Congress exercises authority over the reserve components under its constitutional authority 'to raise and support Armies,' 'to provide and maintain a Navy,' and 'to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia....' (Article I, Section 8) There are seven reserve components: [1] Army National Guard; [2] Army Reserve; [3] Navy Reserve; [4] Marine Corps Reserve; [5] Air National Guard; [6] Air Force Reserve; [and 7] Coast Guard Reserve. The purpose of these seven reserve components, as codified in law, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' (10 U.S.C. 10102)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2018-12-12
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Defense Primer: Regular Military Compensation [Updated December 17, 2018]
From the Document: "Congress sets compensation levels for members of the armed forces through statutory authorizations and appropriations. When people talk about military pay, they are often only referring to 'basic pay.' Although basic pay is normally the largest component of cash compensation that a servicemember receives, there are other types of military pay and allowances that add significantly to it, and tax benefits as well. 'Regular Military Compensation' (RMC) is a statutorily defined measure of the cash or in-kind compensation elements which all servicemembers receive every payday. It is widely used as a basic measure of military cash compensation levels and for comparisons with civilian salary levels."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2018-12-17
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Defense Primer: Regular Military Compensation [Updated December 26, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress sets compensation levels for members of the armed forces through statutory authorizations and appropriations. When people talk about military pay, they are often only referring to 'basic pay.' Although basic pay is normally the largest component of cash compensation that a servicemember receives, there are other types of military pay and allowances that add significantly to it, and tax benefits as well. 'Regular Military Compensation' (RMC) is a statutorily defined measure of the cash or in-kind compensation elements which all servicemembers receive every payday. It is widely used as a basic measure of military cash compensation levels and for comparisons with civilian salary levels. For 2019, a mid-grade enlisted servicemember (E-5) received an annual average of $35,785 in basic pay, but an average of $64,544 in RMC."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2019-12-26
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Defense Primer: Military Enlisted Personnel [Updated December 26, 2019]
From the Document: "The armed forces are hierarchical organizations with clearly defined levels of authority. These different levels are called 'grades', while 'rank' refers to the order of precedence among those in different grades and within the same grade (e.g., someone who has been a Sergeant for three years outranks someone who has been a Sergeant for two years). However, it is common for the term rank to be used as a synonym for grade. Pay grade is an administrative classification that determines certain rates of pay, but it is sometimes used to indicate grade as well. For example, a Staff Sergeant in the Army may also be referred to as an E-6."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2019-12-26
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Defense Primer: Reserve Forces [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The term 'reserve component' (RC) refers collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the Armed Forces. Congress exercises authority over the reserve components under its constitutional authority 'to raise and support Armies,' 'to provide and maintain a Navy,' and 'to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia.... ' (Article I, Section 8) There are seven reserve components: [1] Army National Guard; [2] Army Reserve; [3] Navy Reserve; [4] Marine Corps Reserve; [5] Air National Guard; [6] Air Force; Reserve; [7] Coast Guard Reserve."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-06
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Defense Primer: Military Pay Raise [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The phrase 'military pay raise,' frequently used in discussions of military compensation, almost always refers to the annual increase in 'basic pay' for members of the uniformed services. By law, basic pay is automatically increased at the start of each calendar year by an amount linked to the change in the Employment Cost Index (ECI), although the President or Congress may override this statutory adjustment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-06
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Defense Primer: Active Duty Enlisted Retention [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "The term 'retention' refers to the rate at which military personnel voluntarily choose to stay in the military after their obligated term of service has ended (as determined by their enlistment contract). Imbalances in the retention rate can cause problems within the military personnel system. A common retention concern is that too few people will stay in, thereby creating a shortage of experienced leaders, decreasing military efficiency, and lowering job satisfaction. This was a particular concern from 2004 to 2009, as the stress of major combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan raised concerns about the willingness of military personnel to continue serving. The opposite concern may also occur at times, particularly during force drawdowns: that too many people will stay in, thereby decreasing promotion opportunities and possibly requiring involuntarily separations to prevent the organization from becoming 'top heavy' with middle- and upper-level leaders or to comply with end-strength limitations. Each of these imbalances can also have a negative impact on recruiting by making the military a less-attractive career option."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-16
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Defense Primer: Active Duty Enlisted Recruiting [Updated January 16, 2020]
From the Document: "The Constitution provides Congress with broad powers over the Armed Forces, including the power 'To raise and support Armies' and 'To provide and maintain a Navy.' In the exercise of this authority, Congress has historically shown great interest in military recruiting, which is critical to maintaining a fully manned and capable military workforce. Congress exercises a powerful influence on recruiting through its establishment of personnel end-strength levels for the Active Components and Reserve Components. Higher end-strengths generally require a greater number of new recruits, higher rates of retention among current servicemembers, or some combination of the two. Through its oversight powers, Congress monitors the performance of the executive branch in managing the size and quality of the military workforce."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-16
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Defense Primer: Military Pay Raise [August 1, 2018]
From the Document: "The phrase 'military pay raise,' frequently used in discussions of military compensation, almost always refers to the annual increase in basic pay for members of the uniformed services. By law, basic pay is automatically increased at the start of each calendar year by an amount linked to the change in the Employment Cost Index (ECI), although the President or Congress may override this statutory adjustment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2018-08-01
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History of Use of U.S. Military Bases to House Immigrants and Refugees [July 26, 2018]
"On June 20, 2018, President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order that states 'It is also the policy of this Administration to maintain family unity, including by detaining alien families together where appropriate and consistent with law and available resources' and that directs the Secretary of Defense to 'take all legally available measures to provide to the Secretary [of Homeland Security], upon request, any existing facilities available for the housing and care of alien families, and shall construct such facilities if necessary and consistent with law.' On June 24, Secretary of Defense James Mattis confirmed that Goodfellow Air Force Base and Fort Bliss, both in Texas, would be used to 'provide whatever support the Department of Homeland Security needs to house the people that they have under their custody.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2018-07-26
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FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [November 22, 2017]
"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. This report provides a brief synopsis of selected sections in the National Defense Authorization Act [NDAA] for FY2018 (H.R. 2810), as passed by the House on July 14, 2017, and the Senate on September 18, 2017. The FY2018 NDAA Conference report was passed by the House on November 14, 2017, and the Senate on November 16, 2017. Issues include military end-strengths, pay and benefits, and other personnel policy issues. This report focuses exclusively on the NDAA legislative process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, or tax implications of policy choices, topics that are addressed in other CRS [Congressional Research Service] products. Issues that have been discussed in the previous year's defense personnel reports are designated with an asterisk in the relevant section titles of this report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2017-11-22
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Defense Primer: Active Duty Enlisted Recruiting [March 25, 2019]
From the Document: "The Constitution provides Congress with broad powers over the Armed Forces, including the power 'To raise and support Armies' and 'To provide and maintain a Navy.' In the exercise of this authority, Congress has historically shown great interest in military recruiting, which is critical to maintaining a fully manned and capable military workforce. Congress exercises a powerful influence on recruiting through its establishment of personnel end-strength levels for the Active Components and Reserve Components. Higher end-strengths generally require a greater number of new recruits, higher rates of retention among current servicemembers, or some combination of the two. Through its oversight powers, Congress monitors the performance of the executive branch in managing the size and quality of the military workforce."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2019-03-25
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General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress [Updated February 1, 2019]
"In the exercise of its constitutional authority over the Armed Forces, Congress has enacted an array of laws which govern important aspects of military officer personnel management, including appointments, assignments, grade structure, promotions, and separations. Some of these laws are directed specifically at the most senior military officers, known as general and flag officers (GFOs). Congress periodically reviews these laws and considers changes as it deems appropriate. Areas of congressional interest have included the number of GFOs authorized, the proportion of GFOs to the total force, compensation levels of GFOs, and duties and grades of certain GFOs. [...] This report provides an overview of active duty GFOs in the United States Armed Forces-- including authorizations, duties, and compensation--historical trends in the proportion of GFOs relative to the total force, criticisms and justifications of GFO to total force proportions, and statutory controls. National Guard and Reserve GFOs are not addressed in this report, unless they are serving on active duty in a manner that counts against the active duty caps on GFOs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2019-02-01
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Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom: Questions and Answers About U.S. Military Personnel, Compensation, and Force Structure [Updated January 27, 2006]
"This report provides short answers to commonly asked questions about military personnel, compensation, and force structure issues related to Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Operation Noble Eagle is the name given to military operations related to homeland security and support to federal, state, and local agencies in the wake of the September 11th attacks. Operation Enduring Freedom includes ongoing operations in Afghanistan, operations against terrorists in other countries, and training assistance to foreign militaries which are conducting operations against terrorists. Operation Iraqi Freedom includes the invasion of Iraq, the defeat of Saddam Hussein's regime, and the subsequent rebuilding and counter-insurgency operations in Iraq. The questions are grouped into three major thematic areas: personnel, compensation and force structure. The section on personnel addresses issues such as casualties, reserve mobilization, sole surviving son or daughter status, conscientious objection, and stop-loss. The section on compensation addresses issues related to the pay and benefits 'including casualty and death benefits' provided to members of the U.S. military participating in ONE/OEF/OIF and their families. The section on force structure addresses issues related to how ONE/OEF/OIF might affect the number of personnel needed by the military, and responds to common questions about whether a return to conscription is likely under current circumstances. This report will be updated as needed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2006-01-27
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FY2016 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [December 17, 2015]
"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. Ongoing operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, along with the regular use of the reserve component personnel for operational missions, further heighten interest in a wide range of military personnel policies and issues. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has selected a number of the military personnel issues considered in deliberations on H.R. 1735 as passed by the House and by the Senate and the final bill, S. 1356, as enacted (P.L. 114-92). This report provides a brief synopsis of sections in each bill that pertain to selected personnel policy. These include major military retirement reforms, end strengths, compensation, health care, and sexual assault, as well as less prominent issues that nonetheless generate significant public interest. This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, or tax implications of policy choices, topics which are addressed in other CRS products."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jansen, Don J.; Kamarck, Kristy N.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2015-12-17
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Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [Updated June 15, 2020]
From the Summary: " This report is designed to provide an overview of key reserve component personnel issues. The term 'Reserve Component' refers collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the Armed Forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The purpose of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. §10102, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' [...] This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers that address [1] How reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); [2] How many people are in each of the different categories of the reserve component (question 3); [3] How reserve component personnel have been and may be used (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); [4] How reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); [5] The types of legal protections that exist for reserve component personnel (question 12); and [6] Recent changes in reserve component pay and benefits made by Congress (question 13)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar
2020-06-15
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FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [Updated September 18, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Each year, the House and Senate armed services committees take up national defense authorization bills. The House of Representatives passed its version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (NDAA; H.R. 2500) on July 12, 2019. The Senate passed its version of the NDAA (S. 1790) on June 27, 2019. These bills contain numerous provisions that affect military personnel, retirees, and their family members. Provisions in one version may not be included in the other, may be treated differently, or may be identical to those in the other versions. Following passage of each chamber's bill, a conference committee typically convenes to resolve the differences between the respective chambers' versions of the bill. The House passed the FY2020 NDAA conference report on December 11, 2019, and the Senate passed the report on December 17, 2019. On December 20, 2019, President Donald J. Trump signed the bill into law (P.L. 116-92). This report highlights selected personnel-related issues that may generate high levels of congressional and constituent interest. Related CRS [Congressional Research Service] products are identified in each section to provide more detailed background information and analysis of the issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.; Ott, Alan; Kamarck, Kristy N. . . .
2020-09-18
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Defense Primer: Defense Support of Civil Authorities [Updated December 8, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The U.S. military has a long history of providing support to civil authorities, particularly in response to disasters, but for other purposes as well. The Defense Department currently defines 'defense support of civil authorities' as 'Support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, DOD civilians, DOD contract personnel, DOD Component assets, and National Guard forces (when the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Governors of the affected States, elects and requests to use those forces in Title 32, U.S.C., status) in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special event.' (DOD Directive 3025.18). Defense support of civil authorities in response to disasters is typically carried out in accordance with the National Response Framework (NRF), which is a structure of preparedness that guides the nation in responding to domestic disasters and emergencies. The NRF is always in effect and its structures, roles, and responsibilities can be partially or fully implemented in response to a threat or hazard. It aims to produce a scaled response with appropriate coordination. Under the NRF framework, local and state governments are expected to put forth their best effort during incidents within their jurisdiction. They should only request federal assistance when their resources are overwhelmed. At that point, DOD may provide support in response to the Request for Assistance (RFA), typically as part of a broader federal response."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-12-08
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Defense Primer: A Guide for New Members [March 7, 2018]
From the Summary: "The Constitution provides Congress with broad powers over the Armed Forces, including the power 'to raise and support Armies,' 'to provide and maintain a Navy,' 'to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces,' and 'to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States.... ' CRS has developed a series of short primers to give Members of Congress an overview of key aspects of the Department of Defense and how Congress exercises authority over it. A consolidated list of these primers is contained in this report, along with links to each document."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2018-03-07
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Defense Primer: Reserve Forces [December 9, 2016]
From the Document: "The term 'reserve component' (RC) refers collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the Armed Forces. Congress exercises authority over the reserve components under its constitutional authority 'to raise and support Armies,' 'to provide and maintain a Navy,' and 'to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia....' (Article I, Section 8) There are seven reserve components. [...] The purpose of these seven reserve components, as codified in law, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' The Army National Guard and the Air National Guard also have an important role under state authority, responding to various emergencies such as disasters and civil disorders."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2016-12-09
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Military Enlisted Personnel [July 3, 2017]
"The armed forces are hierarchical organizations with clearly defined levels of authority. These different levels are called grades, while rank refers to the order of precedence among those in different grades and within the same grade (e.g., someone who has been a Sergeant for three years outranks someone who has been a Sergeant for two years). However, it is common for the term rank to be used as a synonym for grade. Pay grade is an administrative classification that determines certain rates of pay, but it is sometimes used to indicate grade as well."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Cucchiara, Adam J.
2017-07-03
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Military Officers [July 03, 2017]
"The armed forces are hierarchical organizations with clearly defined levels of authority. The different levels for officers are defined in law and called grades, while rank refers to the order of precedence among those in different grades and within the same grade (e.g., someone who has been a Major for three years outranks someone who has been a Major for two years; see 10 U.S.C. §741). However, it is common for the term rank to be used as a synonym for grade. Pay grade is an administrative classification that determines certain rates of pay, but it is sometimes used to indicate grade as well. For example, a Lieutenant Commander in the Navy may be referred to as an O-4."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence; Cucchiara, Adam J.
2017-07-03
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Defense Primer: A Guide for New Members [February 6, 2017]
From the Summary: "The Constitution provides Congress with broad powers over the armed forces, including the power to 'to raise and support Armies,' 'to provide and maintain a Navy,' 'to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces' and 'to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States.' CRS [Congressional Research Service] has developed a series of short primers to give Members of Congress an overview of key aspects of the Department of Defense and how Congress exercises authority over it. A consolidated list of these primers is contained in this report, along with links to each document."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2017-02-06
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Expedited Citizenship Through Military Service [May 11, 2018]
"Current law allows certain noncitizens who serve in the U.S. military to acquire expedited U.S. citizenship. Recent media reports have described situations in which noncitizen U.S. veterans who served in and were honorably discharged from the U.S. military, failed to petition for their citizenship for a variety of reasons, subsequently committed crimes that made them removable, and were then deported to their countries of origin. Although advocacy groups claim that there may be thousands of deported U.S. veterans outside of the United States, no reliable estimates have been produced for this population. In the 115th Congress, several legislative proposals have been introduced to address this issue."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kandel, William A.; Kapp, Lawrence
2018-05-11
