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Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [July 20, 2010]

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"The term 'Reserve Component' is used to refer collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the armed forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The purpose of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. 10102, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' During the cold war era, the reserve components were a manpower pool that was rarely tapped. For example, from 1945 to 1989, reservists were involuntarily activated by the federal government only four times, an average of less than once per decade. Since the end of the cold war, however, the nation has relied more heavily on the reserve components. Since 1990, reservists have been involuntarily activated by the federal government six times, an average of once every three years, including two large-scale mobilizations: for the Persian Gulf War (1990- 91) and in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks (2001-present). This increasing use of the reserves has led to greater congressional interest in various issues that bear on the vitality of the reserve components, such as funding, equipment, and personnel policy. This report is designed to provide an overview of key reserve component personnel issues."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2010-07-20
Role of the Department of Defense During A Flu Pandemic [June 4, 2009]

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"A flu pandemic is a worldwide epidemic of an influenza virus. As such, the United States' response to a flu pandemic would have both international and domestic components. Additionally, the domestic response effort would include contributions from every governmental level (local, state, tribal, and federal), non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. This report will focus largely on the role of the Department of Defense (DOD) in supporting the nation's domestic response effort, although it will also touch on DOD's international role. The Department of State would lead the federal government's international response efforts, while the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Health and Human Services would lead the federal government's domestic response. The Department of Defense would likely be called upon to support both the international and domestic efforts. An analysis of the tasks assigned by the National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Implementation Plan indicates that DOD's role during a flu pandemic would center on the following objectives: assisting in disease surveillance; assisting partner nations, particularly through military-to-military assistance; protecting and treating US forces and dependents; and providing support to civil authorities in the United States."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Jansen, Don J.

2009-06-04
Operations Enduring Freedom and Noble Eagle: Questions and Answers About U.S. Military Personnel, Compensation, and Force Structure [Updated September 16, 2004]

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"This report provides short answers to commonly asked questions about military personnel, compensation, and force structure issues related to Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). [...] The section on personnel addresses issues such as casualties, reserve mobilization, 'sole surviving son or daughter' status, conscientious objection, and 'stop-loss.' The section on compensation addresses issues related to the pay and benefits - including death benefits - provided to members of the U.S. military participating in OEF/ONE and their families. The section on force structure addresses issues related to how ONE/OEF/OIF might affect the number of personnel needed by the military, and responds to common questions about whether a return to conscription is likely under current circumstances."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2002-03-19
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade: Key Issues for the 108th Congress [January 3, 2003]

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This report provides background information on the issues most likely to be taken up in the first session, analyzes the congressional role in shaping U.S. policy on these key issues, and lists congressional research service (CRS) products that provide more detailed discussion and analysis. Of particular concern to Congress will be the progress of the ongoing war on terrorism, a possible war with Iraq, the unfolding crisis with North Korea, and dealing with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles. Moreover, this CRS report describes foreign policy tools that the 108th Congress will consider in dealing with a wide range of foreign policy challenges affecting U.S. interests around the globe. It discusses major foreign economic and security assistance programs which Congress may consider funding, including the Millennium Challenge Account, global HIV/AIDS programs, humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, counter-terrorism activities in Southeast Asia and Africa, and possible reconstruction and humanitarian assistance in Iraq. It examines how U.S. relations with NATO and policies toward countries such as Iraq, Iran, North Korea, China, Russia, and Pakistan may affect U.S. counter-terrorism and non-proliferation efforts. Other issues covered include potential global flash points - such as the Israel- Palestinian conflict, China-Taiwan relations, and the Balkans - and U.S. concerns in Latin America, such as drug trafficking.

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Lum, Thomas G. (Thomas Gong), 1961-

2003-01-03
FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Policy Issues [June 20, 2011]

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"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. Ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, along with the operational role of the Reserve Components, further heighten interest in a wide range of military personnel policies and issues. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has selected a number of the military personnel issues considered in deliberations on the House and Senate versions of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2012. This report provides a brief synopsis of sections that pertain to personnel policy. These include end strengths, pay raises, health care issues, and language affecting the repeal of the 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' policy, as well as congressional concerns over the handling of sexual assaults in the military. […] Where appropriate, related CRS products are identified to provide more detailed background information and analysis of the issue. For each issue, a CRS analyst is identified and contact information is provided. This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, veterans' affairs, tax implications of policy choices, or any discussion of separately introduced legislation."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Burrelli, David F., 1958-; Henning, Charles A. . . .

2011-06-20
FY2010 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Policy Issues [November 10, 2009]

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"This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include appropriations, veterans' affairs, tax implications of policy choices or any discussion of separately introduced legislation. […] The Congressional Research Service (CRS) selected a number of the military personnel issues considered in deliberations on the House-passed and Senate passed-versions of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2010 (P.L. 111-84). This report provides a brief synopsis of sections that pertain to personnel policy. It includes background information and a discussion of the issue, along with a table that contains a comparison of the bill (H.R. 2647) passed by the House on June 25, 2009, the version of this bill passed by Senate on July 23, 2009, and the version signed into law on October 28, 2009."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Burrelli, David F., 1958-; Jansen, Don J.

2009-11-10
Homeland Emergency Preparedness and the National Exercise Program: Background, Policy Implications, and Issues for Congress [November 10, 2008]

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"This report, which will be updated as warranted, provides an overview of emergency preparedness authorities and guidance; development and management of the NEP; and current exercise planning, scheduling, and evaluation processes. Additionally, it provides analysis of national preparedness policy issues and exercise operations issues that Congress might wish to consider. […] An emergency preparedness and response program provides resources and support to individuals and communities that might be affected by a broad range of disruptive incidents. These incidents may be caused by natural phenomena such as severe weather, fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, or disease outbreaks. Incidents might result from human activity as well, and could include accidents, criminal acts, terrorism, or other attacks. Concerns have been raised whether current preparedness and response policies and capacities are sufficient. The effectiveness of preparedness doctrine may be demonstrated through responses to real incidents, or through exercises that practice and refine responses to a variety of potential disruptions. Exercises might demonstrate that responders have the capacity to respond effectively to an incident, or identify areas in which improvement is necessary. […] Current homeland emergency preparedness exercises, carried out through authorities that created the National Exercise Program (NEP), evaluate and adapt an integrated, interagency federal, state, territorial, local, and private sector capability to prevent terrorist attacks, and to rapidly and effectively respond to, and recover from, any terrorist attack or major disaster that occurs."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Peterman, David Randall; Lindsay, Bruce R.

2008-11-10
Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [Updated March 14, 2008]

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"The term 'Reserve Component' is used to refer collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the armed forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The purpose of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. 10102, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' […] This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers: how many people are in different categories of the reserve component (question 3); how reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); how reserve component personnel have been and may be utilized (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); how reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); the type of legal protections that exist for reserve component personnel (question 12); recent changes in reserve component pay and benefits made by Congress (question 13); and reserve component personnel issues that might be of particular interest in the second session of the 110th Congress (question 14)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2008-03-14
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2010 and FY2011 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel [March 30, 2012]

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"Congress has historically been quite interested in recruiting and retention of personnel in the nation's Armed Forces, since maintaining a fully manned and capable workforce is a key component of military readiness. This report provides a brief overview of the recruiting and retention results for Active and Reserve Component enlisted personnel during FY2010 [Fiscal Year] and FY2011. Both years were considered very strong for recruiting and retention in the Active and Reserve Components."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2012-03-30
Operations Enduring Freedom and Noble Eagle: Questions and Answers About U.S. Military Personnel, Compensation, and Force Structure [March 19, 2002]

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"This report provides short answers to commonly asked questions about military personnel, compensation, and force structure issues related to Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), the ongoing war against terrorism, and Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), the name given to military operations related to homeland security and support to federal, state, and local agencies in the wake of the September 11th attacks. The section on personnel addresses issues such as casualties, reserve mobilization, 'sole surviving son or daughter' status, conscientious objection, and 'stop-loss.' The section on compensation addresses issues related to the pay and benefits -- including death benefits -- provided to members of the U.S. military participating inOEF/ONEand their families. The section on force structure addresses issues related to how OEF/ONE might affect the number and type of personnel needed by the military, and answers common questions about whether or not a return to conscription is likely under current circumstances."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2002-03-19
Hurricane Katrina: DOD Disaster Response [Updated October 6, 2005]

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"The issue that has received the most attention in post-Katrina discussions is the speed of rescue and relief operations. The Department of Defense's (DOD's) Northern Command began its alert and coordination procedures before Katrina's landfall; however, many deployments did not reach the affected area until days later. An examination of the timeline of DOD's response and the decision points along that timeline could provide insight into whether the response could have been accelerated given the intensity of the storm and the extent of the destruction. Both the National Response Plan and DOD's own Homeland Security Doctrine lay out extensive procedures and specific decision points in an attempt to ensure an organized response to catastrophic incidents. It may now be necessary to examine those procedures and the actions of responsible authorities to determine whether procedural obstacles, administrative failures, or both delayed the arrival of needed resources in the affected area. The traditional assumption that the Department of Defense is the resource of last resort may also require re-examination."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Belasco, Amy; Kapp, Lawrence; Bowman, Steve

2005-10-06
Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [Updated January 18, 2006]

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"The term Reserve Component is often used to refer collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the armed forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The role of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. 10102, is to provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever...more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components'...This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers: how many people are in different categories of the reserve component (question 3); how reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); how reserve component personnel have been and may be utilized (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); how reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); the type of legal protections that reserve component personnel enjoy (question 12); recent changes in reserve component pay and benefits made by Congress (question 13); and reserve component personnel issues that might be of particular interest to the 109th Congress (question 14)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2006-01-18
Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom: Questions and Answers About U.S. Military Personnel, Compensation, and Force Structure [Updated January 27, 2006]

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"This report provides short answers to commonly asked questions about military personnel, compensation, and force structure issues related to Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Operation Noble Eagle is the name given to military operations related to homeland security and support to federal, state, and local agencies in the wake of the September 11th attacks. Operation Enduring Freedom includes ongoing operations in Afghanistan, operations against terrorists in other countries, and training assistance to foreign militaries which are conducting operations against terrorists. Operation Iraqi Freedom includes the invasion of Iraq, the defeat of Saddam Hussein's regime, and the subsequent rebuilding and counter-insurgency operations in Iraq. The questions are grouped into three major thematic areas: personnel, compensation and force structure. The section on personnel addresses issues such as casualties, reserve mobilization, sole surviving son or daughter status, conscientious objection, and stop-loss. The section on compensation addresses issues related to the pay and benefits 'including casualty and death benefits' provided to members of the U.S. military participating in ONE/OEF/OIF and their families. The section on force structure addresses issues related to how ONE/OEF/OIF might affect the number of personnel needed by the military, and responds to common questions about whether a return to conscription is likely under current circumstances. This report will be updated as needed."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2006-01-27
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2005 and FY2006 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel [Updated January 20, 2006]

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"This report provides a brief overview of the recruiting and retention rates for Active and Reserve Component enlisted personnel during FY2005 and the first three months of FY2006. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has launched several major military operations which have dramatically increased the operations tempo of the military services, required the large scale mobilization of reservists, and resulted in significant battle casualties. These factors have been particularly applicable to the Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard, which have shouldered the bulk of the manpower burden associated with the occupation of Iraq. The Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve have also been heavily involved in Iraq. Many observers have expressed concern that these factors might lead to lower recruiting and retention rates, thereby jeopardizing the vitality of today's all-volunteer military. Recruiting and retention results for FY2005 and FY2006 to date are summarized below. This report will be updated as necessary."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2006-01-20
Recruiting and Retention: A Brief Overview of FY2004 Results for Active Component Personnel [December 30, 2004]

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"This report provides a brief overview of the FY2004 recruiting and retention rates for active component personnel. This report does not cover recruiting and retention rates for reserve component personnel. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has launched three major military operations: Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), which covers military operations related to homeland security; Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), which includes ongoing military operations in Afghanistan and certain other countries; and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), which includes ongoing military operations in Iraq. ONE, OEF, and OIF have dramatically increased the operations tempo of the military services, and especially of the Army, which has shouldered the bulk of the manpower burden associated with the occupation of Iraq. Additionally, more military personnel have been killed or wounded in Iraq than in any other conflict since the Vietnam war. Many observers have expressed concern that the current operations tempo, and the level of casualties in Iraq, might lead to lower recruiting and retention rates, thereby jeopardizing the vitality of today's all-volunteer military. To date, recruiting and retention rates for active component officer and enlisted personnel have remained generally strong. There are, however, some areas of concern. Most importantly, the Army will face significant recruiting and retention challenges in the coming year due to its increased recruiting and retention goals for FY2005, coupled with the relatively small number of people in the its 'delayed entry pool'(which consists of individuals who have signed a contract to join the military at a future date). This report will be updated as necessary."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2004-12-30
Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom: Questions and Answers About U.S. Military Personnel, Compensation, and Force Structure [Updated February 16, 2005]

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"This report provides short answers to commonly asked questions about military personnel, compensation, and force structure issues related to Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Operation Noble Eagle is the name given to military operations related to homeland security and support to federal, state, and local agencies in the wake of the September 11th attacks. Operation Enduring Freedom includes ongoing operations in Afghanistan, operations against terrorists in other countries, and training assistance to foreign militaries which are conducting operations against terrorists. Operation Iraqi Freedom includes the invasion of Iraq, the defeat of Saddam Hussein's regime, and the subsequent peacekeeping, rebuilding, and counter-insurgency operations in Iraq."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2005-02-16
Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [Updated January 10, 2005]

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"The term 'Reserve Component' is often used to refer collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the armed forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Naval Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The role of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. 10102, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever...more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers: how many people are in different categories of the reserve component (question 3); how reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); how reserve component personnel have been and may be utilized (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); how reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); the type of legal protections that reserve component personnel enjoy (question 12); and reserve component personnel issues that might be of particular interest to the 109th Congress (question 13)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2005-01-10
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2004 and FY2005 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel [June 22, 2005]

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"This report provides a brief overview of the recruiting and retention rates for Active and Reserve Component enlisted personnel during FY2004 and the first eight months of FY2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has launched several major military operations which have dramatically increased the operations tempo of the military services, required the large scale mobilization of reservists, and resulted in significant battle casualties. These factors have been particularly applicable to the Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard which have shouldered the bulk of the manpower burden associated with the occupation of Iraq. The Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve have also been heavily involved in Iraq. Many observers have expressed concern that these factors might lead to lower recruiting and retention rates, thereby jeopardizing the vitality of today's all-volunteer military. Recruiting and retention results for FY2004 and FY2005 to date are summarized below. This report will be updated as necessary."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2005-06-22
Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [Updated January 26, 2007]

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"The term 'Reserve Component' is often used to refer collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the armed forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The role of these seven reserve components, as codified in law at 10 U.S.C. 10102, is to 'provide trained units and qualified persons available for active duty in the armed forces, in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require, to fill the needs of the armed forces whenever...more units and persons are needed than are in the regular components.' […] This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers: how many people are in different categories of the reserve component (question 3); how reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); how reserve component personnel have been and may be utilized (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); how reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); the type of legal protections that reserve component personnel enjoy (question 12); recent changes in reserve component pay and benefits made by Congress (question 13); and reserve component personnel issues that might be of particular interest to the 110th Congress (question 14)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2007-01-26
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2005 and FY2006 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel [Updated January 26, 2007]

Show summary Open resource [pdf] (open full abstract)
"This report provides a brief overview of the recruiting and retention rates for Active and Reserve Component enlisted personnel during FY2005 and FY2006. Since the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has launched several major military operations which have dramatically increased the operations tempo of the military services, required the large scale mobilization of reservists, and resulted in significant battle casualties. These factors have been particularly applicable to the Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard, which have shouldered the bulk of the manpower burden associated with the occupation of Iraq. The Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve have also been heavily involved in Iraq. Many observers have expressed concern that these factors might lead to lower recruiting and retention rates, thereby jeopardizing the vitality of today's all-volunteer military. Recruiting and retention results for FY2005 and FY2006 are summarized below. This report will be updated as necessary."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2007-01-26
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2005 and FY2006 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel [Updated July 18, 2006]

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"This report provides a brief overview of the recruiting and retention rates for Active and Reserve Component enlisted personnel during FY2005 and the first nine months of FY2006. Since the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has launched several major military operations which have dramatically increased the operations tempo of the military services, required the large scale mobilization of reservists, and resulted in significant battle casualties. These factors have been particularly applicable to the Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard, which have shouldered the bulk of the manpower burden associated with the occupation of Iraq. The Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve have also been heavily involved in Iraq. Many observers have expressed concern that these factors might lead to lower recruiting and retention rates, thereby jeopardizing the vitality of today's all-volunteer military. Recruiting and retention results for FY2005 and FY2006 to date are summarized below."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2006-07-18
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2006 and FY2007 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel [Updated February 7, 2008]

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"This report provides a brief overview of the recruiting and retention rates for Active and Reserve Component enlisted personnel during FY2006 and FY2007. Since the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has launched several major military operations which have dramatically increased the operations tempo of the military services, required the large scale mobilization of reservists, and resulted in significant battle casualties. These factors have been particularly applicable to the Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard, which have shouldered the bulk of the manpower burden associated with the occupation of Iraq. The Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve have also been heavily involved in Iraq. Many observers have expressed concern that these factors might lead to lower recruiting and retention rates, thereby jeopardizing the vitality of today's all-volunteer military. Recruiting and retention results for FY2006 and FY2007 are summarized below. This report will be updated as necessary."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Henning, Charles A.

2008-02-07
Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [January 26, 2012]

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"The strength of our nation's armed forces, including the reserve components, has historically been an area of keen interest to the Congress. The increasing use of the reserves since the end of the cold war has led to greater congressional interest in various issues that bear on the vitality of the reserve components, such as funding, equipment, and personnel policy. This report is designed to provide an overview of key reserve component personnel issues. […] This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers which address: 1) How reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); 2) How many people are in each of the different categories of the reserve component (question 3); 3) How reserve component personnel have been and may be used (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); 4) How reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); 5) The type of legal protections that exist for reserve component personnel (question 12); and, 6) Recent changes in reserve component pay and benefits made by Congress (question 13)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2012-01-26
Reserve Component Personnel Issues: Questions and Answers [February 10, 2009]

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"The term 'Reserve Component' is used to refer collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the armed forces: the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. [...]. Since 1990, reservists have been involuntarily activated by the federal government six times, an average of once every three years, including two large-scale mobilizations: for the Persian Gulf War (1990- 91) and in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks (2001-present) . This increasing use of the reserves has led to greater congressional interest in various issues that bear on the vitality of the reserve components, such as funding, equipment, and personnel policy. This report is designed to provide an overview of key reserve component personnel issues. This report provides insight to reserve component personnel issues through a series of questions and answers: how many people are in different categories of the reserve component (question 3); how reserve component personnel are organized (questions 2 and 4); how reserve component personnel have been and may be utilized (questions 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11); how reserve component personnel are compensated (questions 8 and 10); the type of legal protections that exist for reserve component personnel (question 12); recent changes in reserve component pay and benefits made by Congress (question 13). This report will be updated as needed."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2009-02-10
Hurricane Katrina: DOD Disaster Response [September 19, 2005]

Show summary Open resource [pdf] (open full abstract)
"The issue that has received the most attention in post-Katrina discussions is the speed of rescue and relief operations. The Department of Defense's (DOD's) Northern Command began its alert and coordination procedures before Katrina's landfall; however, many deployments did not reach the affected area until days later. An examination of the timeline of DOD's response and the decision points along that timeline could provide insight into whether the response could have been accelerated given the intensity of the storm and the extent of the destruction. Both the National Response Plan and DOD's own Homeland Security Doctrine lay out extensive procedures and specific decision points in an attempt to ensure an organized response to catastrophic incidents. It may now be necessary to examine those procedures and the actions of responsible authorities to determine whether procedural obstacles, administrative failures, or both delayed the arrival of needed resources in the affected area. The traditional assumption that the Department of Defense is the resource of last resort may also require re-examination."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Belasco, Amy; Kapp, Lawrence; Bowman, Steve

2005-09-19
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2004 and FY2005 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel [Updated June 30, 2005]

Show summary Open resource [pdf] (open full abstract)
"This report provides a brief overview of the recruiting and retention rates for Active and Reserve Component enlisted personnel during FY2004 and the first eight months of FY2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has launched several major military operations which have dramatically increased the operations tempo of the military services, required the large scale mobilization of reservists, and resulted in significant battle casualties. These factors have been particularly applicable to the Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard which have shouldered the bulk of the manpower burden associated with the occupation of Iraq. The Marine Corps and Marine Corps Reserve have also been heavily involved in Iraq. Many observers have expressed concern that these factors might lead to lower recruiting and retention rates, thereby jeopardizing the vitality of today's all-volunteer military. Recruiting and retention results for FY2004 and FY2005 to date are summarized below. This report will be updated as necessary."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence

2005-06-30
FY2009 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Policy Issues [July 21, 2008]

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"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. Ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in support of what the Bush Administration terms the Global War on Terror, along with the emerging operational role of the Reserve Components, further heighten interest and support for a wide range of military personnel policies and issues. CRS [Congressional Research Service] selected a number of issues considered by Congress as it considers a National Defense Authorization Act for FY2009. In each case, a brief synopsis is provided that includes background information, a comparison of the House passed provisions (H.R. 5658) and the provisions reported by the Senate Armed Services Committee (S. 3001), if any, and a brief discussion of the issue. Where appropriate, other CRS products are identified to provide more detailed background information and analysis of the issue. For each issue, a CRS analyst is identified and contact information is provided. Note: some issues were addressed in the FY2008 National Defense Authorization Act and discussed in CRS Report RL34169 concerning that legislation. Those issues that were previously considered in CRS Report RL34169 are designated with a '*' in the relevant section titles of this report. This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include appropriations, veterans' affairs, tax implications of policy choices or any discussion of separately introduced legislation. It is anticipated that this report will be updated."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Burrelli, David F., 1958-; Henning, Charles A.

2008-07-21
FY2009 Defense Budget: Issues for Congress

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This Congressional Research Service presentation focuses on the projected fiscal year 2009 defense budget and provides data and statistics on past years' budgets as well as the to-date status of the U.S. military regarding personnel and spending projects.

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Daggett, Stephen; O'Rourke, Ronald; Kapp, Lawrence

2008-02-11
FY2015 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues [December 11, 2014]

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"Military personnel issues typically generate significant interest from many Members of Congress and their staffs. Ongoing operations in Afghanistan, along with the regular use of the reserve component personnel for operational missions, further heighten interest in a wide range of military personnel policies and issues. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has selected a number of the military personnel issues considered in deliberations on H.R. 4435, the initial House-passed version of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2015; S. 2410, the version of the NDAA reported by the Senate Committee on Armed Services (S.Rept. 113-176) but not considered by the full Senate; and H.R. 3979, the proposed final version. This report provides a brief synopsis of sections in each bill that pertain to selected personnel policy. These include end strengths, compensation, health care, and sexual assault, as well as less prominent issues that nonetheless generate significant public interest. This report focuses exclusively on the annual defense authorization process. It does not include language concerning appropriations, veterans' affairs, tax implications of policy choices, or any discussion of separately introduced legislation, topics which are addressed in other CRS products. Some issues were addressed in the FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act and discussed in CRS Report R43184, 'FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues' coordinated by Don J. Jansen. Those issues that were considered previously are designated with a '*' in the relevant section titles of this report."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Jansen, Don J.; Torreon, Barbara Salazar

2014-12-11
Military Pay: Key Questions and Answers [January 20, 2015]

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"The military compensation system is complex and includes an array of cash compensation elements, non-cash compensation (benefits), deferred compensation (retirement pay and benefits), and tax advantages. This report focuses primarily on the cash compensation provided to members of the active component armed forces. Other CRS reports cover military retirement and health care. Military compensation is a critical tool for sustaining recruiting, retention and the overall quality of the force. Over the years of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, particularly during times of major combat operations, robust compensation has been an important mechanism by which Congress helped the services, and particularly the Army, meet their recruiting and retention goals. Today, the average cost to compensate an active duty servicemember--to include cash, benefits, and contributions to retirement programs--is estimated at about $90,000- $100,000 per year, although some estimates are higher (methodologies vary). As a result, some analysts believe that the military compensation is now too high and is impeding efforts to modernize equipment and sustain readiness, particularly given the budgetary limits imposed by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25). Others argue that robust compensation is essential to maintaining a high-quality force that is vigorous, well-trained, experienced, and able to function effectively in austere and volatile environments. The availability of additional funding to prosecute wars in Iraq and Afghanistan mitigated the pressure to trade-off personnel and equipment costs for many years, but the current budgetary environment appears to have brought these trade-offs to the fore again."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kapp, Lawrence; Torreon, Barbara Salazar

2015-01-20

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