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• Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress [May 26, 2010]

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  "Taiwan, which its government formally calls the Republic of China (ROC), is a success story for U.S. interests in the promotion of universal freedoms and democracy. Taiwan's people and their leaders transformed politics from rule imposed from the outside with authoritarian abuses to the relatively peaceful achievement of self-government, human rights, and democracy. The purpose of this CRS report is to succinctly discuss Taiwan's transformation and current concerns, paying particular attention to the role of Congress and implications and options for U.S. policy. Taiwan's people did not fully enjoy democratic self-government until the first direct presidential election in 1996. The opposition Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), formed in 1986, and its candidate Chen Shui-bian won the presidential election in 2000, ending Taiwan's 55 years of rule by the Kuomintang (KMT), or Nationalist Party of China. Taiwan enjoyed a second democratic transfer of power in 2008, when the KMT's Ma Ying-jeou won the election for president. After two democratic transfers of power, Taiwan has an unfinished story in promoting rule of law and maintaining a strong multi-party system, with implications for U.S. security, economic, and political interests. U.S. policy has played important roles in Taiwan's transition to democracy, by decreasing Taiwan's sense of insecurity through continued arms sales and other contacts after the end of the mutual defense treaty with and diplomatic recognition of the ROC in 1979, by continuing business ties that have provided for prosperity, and by pressing the KMT to end authoritarian abuses of power in favor of freedoms for all Taiwan's people, including the majority Taiwanese."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2010-05-26
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments [May 22. 2009]

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  "The U.S. military has been building up forces on the U.S. territory of Guam to increase deterrence and power projection for possible responses to crises and disasters, counter-terrorism, and contingencies in support of South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, or elsewhere in Asia. But the defense buildup on Guam is moderate. China has concerns about the defense buildup. Guam's role has increased with plans to withdraw some U.S. forces from Japan and South Korea. In 2006, the United States and Japan agreed on a 'Roadmap' to strengthen their alliance, including a buildup on Guam to cost $10.3 billion, with Japan contributing 60%. The goals are to start the related construction on Guam by 2010 and to complete relocation of 8,000 Marines and their 9,000 dependents from Okinawa to Guam by 2014. On February 17, 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Tokyo and signed the bilateral 'Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan Concerning the Implementation of the Relocation of the III Marine Expeditionary Force Personnel and Their Dependents From Okinawa to Guam' that reaffirmed the 'Roadmap' of May 1, 2006. […]. On May 7, 2009, days before Japan's Diet ratified the relocation agreement with the United States, Defense Secretary Gates submitted to Congress the proposed defense budget for FY2010. As part of the realignment of the Global Defense Posture, he requested $378 million to start construction in Guam to support the relocation of 8,000 Marines from Japan in order to strengthen the U.S.-Japan alliance. This amount would contribute to the total U.S. cost of $4.18 billion for the relocation."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Niksch, Larry A.; Kan, Shirley

  2009-05-22
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated April 5, 2005]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whetherU.S. policy advances theU.S.interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in theproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran, North Korea, and Libya. This CRS Report discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. A table summarizes the U.S. sanctions imposed on PRC entities for weapons proliferation. This CRS Report will be updated as warranted. Since 1991, China has taken some steps to mollify concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies fromChina have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported, China remains a 'key supplier' of weapons technology -- particularly missile or chemical technology."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2003-04-05
• European Union's Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy [April 15, 2005]

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  From the Document: "The European Union (EU) is considering lifting its arms embargo on China, which was imposed in response to the June 1989 Tiananmen Crackdown. France, Germany, and other EU members claim that the embargo hinders the development of a "strategic partnership" with China. The Bush Administration and Members of Congress strongly oppose an end to the EU's arms embargo and urge stronger arms export controls. The United States contends that engagement with China need not send the wrong signals on China's human rights record and military buildup that threatens a peaceful resolution of Taiwan and other Asian issues."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Grimmett, Richard F.; Kan, Shirley; Archick, Kristin

  2005-04-15
• China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers from U.S. Satellite Export Policy - Background and Chronology [Updated August 13, 1998]

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  "Members of Congress are concerned about whether U.S. firms have provided technology or expertise to China for use in its ballistic missile program and whether a series of decisions by the Clinton Administration on satellite exports have facilitated legal or illegal transfers of missile-related technology to China. The New York Times reported in April 1998 that the Justice Department is conducting an ongoing criminal investigation into whether Loral Space and Communications (of New York), and Hughes Electronics (of Los Angeles) violated export control laws. The firms are alleged to have shared their findings with China on the cause of a Chinese rocket's explosion while launching a U.S.-origin satellite in February 1996. In sharing their conclusions, the companies are said to have provided expertise that China could use to improve its ballistic missiles, including their guidance systems. This CRS report provides detailed background information, significant Congressional action, and a comprehensive chronology. The events summarized here, based on various open sources and interviews, pertain to various aspects of U.S. foreign and security policy. This report may be updated if there are significant developments."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  1998-08-13
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated October 5, 2005]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported to Congress, China remains a 'key supplier' of weapons technology, particularly missile or chemical technology."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2005-10-05
• China: Suspected Acquisition of U.S. Nuclear Weapon Secrets [Updated December 20, 2000]

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  "This CRS Report discusses China's suspected acquisition of U.S. nuclear weapon secrets, including that on the W88, the newest U.S. nuclear warhead, since the late 1970s. This current controversy, began in early 1999, raises policy issues about whether U.S. security is further threatened by the PRC's suspected use of U.S. nuclear weapon secrets in its development of nuclear forces, as well as whether the Administrations response to the security problems is effective or mishandled and whether it fairly used or abused its investigative and prosecuting authority. The Clinton Administration acknowledged that improved security was needed at the weapon labs but says that it has taken actions in response to indications in 1995 that China may have obtained U.S. nuclear weapon secrets. Critics in Congress and elsewhere argued that the Administration was slow to respond to security concerns, mishandled the too narrow investigation, downplayed information potentially unfavorable to China and the labs, and failed to notify Congress fully."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2000-12-20
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated February 8, 2006]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported to Congress, China remains a 'key supplier' of weapons technology, particularly missile or chemical technology."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2006-02-08
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated January 31, 2006]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported to Congress, China remains a key supplier of weapons technology, particularly missile or chemical technology."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2006-01-31
• China: Suspected Acquisition of U.S. Nuclear Weapon Secrets [Updated February 1, 2006]

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  "This CRS Report discusses China's suspected acquisition of U.S. nuclear weapon secrets, including that on the W88, the newest U.S. nuclear warhead, since the late 1970s. This current controversy, began in early 1999, raises policy issues about whether U.S. security is further threatened by the PRC's suspected use of U.S. nuclear weapon secrets in its development of nuclear forces, as well as whether the Administrations response to the security problems is effective or mishandled and whether it fairly used or abused its investigative and prosecuting authority. The Clinton Administration acknowledged that improved security was needed at the weapon labs but says that it has taken actions in response to indications in 1995 that China may have obtained U.S. nuclear weapon secrets. Critics in Congress and elsewhere argued that the Administration was slow to respond to security concerns, mishandled the too narrow investigation, downplayed information potentially unfavorable to China and the labs, and failed to notify Congress fully."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2006-02-01
• European Unions Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy [Updated May 27, 2005]

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  From the Document: "The European Union (EU) is considering lifting its arms embargo on China, which was imposed in response to the June 1989 Tiananmen Crackdown. France, Germany, and other EU members claim that the embargo hinders the development of a 'strategic partnership' with China. The Bush Administration and Members of Congress strongly oppose an end to the EU's arms embargo and urge stronger arms export controls. The United States contends that engagement with China need not send the wrong signals on China's human rights record and military buildup that threatens a peaceful resolution of Taiwan and other Asian issues [...] Overall, there are two sets of questions for Congress in examining U.S. policy toward the fate of the EU's arms embargo on China. What are the implications for U.S. interests in trans-Atlantic relations and China? If U.S. interests are adversely affected, what are some options for Congress to discourage the EU from lifting its arms embargo on China and, if it is lifted, to protect U.S. national security interests in both Asia and Europe? Issues raised by these questions are the subject of this CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report. This report will be updated as warranted."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Grimmett, Richard F.; Kan, Shirley; Archick, Kristin

  2005-05-27
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated January 5, 2006]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported to Congress, China remains a 'key supplier' of weapons technology, particularly missile or chemical technology."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2006-01-05
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated February 22, 2005]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This report discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. This report will be updated as warranted. Since 1991, China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported to Congress, China remains a 'key supplier' of weapons technology - particularly missile or chemical technology."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2005-02-22
• China's Foreign Conventional Arms Acquisitions: Background and Analysis [Updated November 6, 2001]

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  "This CRS Report examines the major, foreign conventional weapon systems that China has acquired or has committed to acquire since 1990, with particular attention to implications for U.S. security concerns. It is not the assumption of this report that China's military, the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), will engage in conflict with other forces in Asia. Nonetheless, since the mid-1990s, there has been increasing concern about China's assertiveness in Asia and military buildup against Taiwan."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Bolkcom, Christopher C.; O'Rourke, Ronald; Kan, Shirley

  2001-11-06
• China's Foreign Conventional Arms Acquisitions: Background and Analysis [October 10, 2000]

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  This report examines the major, foreign conventional weapon systems that China has acquired or has committed to acquire since 1990, with particular attention to implications for U.S. security concerns. Since the mid-1990s, there has been increasing concern about China's assertiveness in Asia and greater threats against Taiwan. One factor for this concern has been the gradual modernization and sophistication of Chinese military apparatus, including: Mi-17 helicopters, Il-76 transports, Su-27 fighters, S-300 surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems, Kilo submarines, Tor-M1 SAM systems, Sovremenny destroyers (armed with the Sunburn anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM)), airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft (not yet delivered), and Su-30 fighters (not yet delivered). If well-maintained and proficiently-operated, the PLA Navy's Kilo-class submarines can launch attacks against ships and submarines operating in the region. China has made some significant qualitative upgrades through foreign acquisitions, but it remains to be seen how these acquisitions will be expanded and linked to other PLA improvements.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Bolkcom, Christopher C.; O'Rourke, Ronald; Kan, Shirley

  2000-10-10
• China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers from U.S. Satellite Export Policy- Actions and Chronology [Updated January 11, 2002]

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  "Congress has been concerned about whether U.S. firms, in exporting satellites, provided expertise to China for use in its ballistic missile and space programs and whether the Administration's policies might facilitate transfers of military-related technology to China. This CRS Report discusses security concerns, policy changes, congressional action, and a chronology of major developments since 1988. Some critics opposed satellite exports to China, while others were concerned that the Clinton Administration relaxed export controls and monitoring of commercial satellites in moving the licensing authority from the State Department to Commerce in 1996. A range of concerns were prompted by 'New York Times' reports in April 1998 that the Justice Department began a criminal investigation into whether Loral Space and Communications Ltd. and Hughes Electronics Corp. violated export control laws. The companies are said to have provided expertise that China could use to improve the accuracy and reliability of its future ballistic missiles, including their guidance systems. At least three classified studies reportedly found that U.S. national security was harmed. Congress and the Justice Department have also investigated Hughes' review of China's launch failure on January 26, 1995. Congress may watch for any new Presidential waivers or licenses for exports of satellites and any review of U.S. policy to export satellites to China."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2002-01-11
• U.S. - China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress [July 22, 2010]

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  "This CRS report, updated as warranted, discusses policy issues regarding military-to-military (mil-to-mil) contacts with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and provides a record of major contacts and crises since 1993. The United States suspended military contacts with China and imposed sanctions on arms sales in response to the Tiananmen Crackdown in 1989. In 1993, the Clinton Administration re-engaged with the top PRC leadership, including China's military, the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Renewed military exchanges with the PLA have not regained the closeness reached in the 1980s, when U.S.-PRC strategic cooperation against the Soviet Union included U.S. arms sales to China. Improvements and deteriorations in overall bilateral relations have affected military contacts, which were close in 1997-1998 and 2000, but marred by the 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait crisis, mistaken NATO bombing of a PRC embassy in 1999, the EP- 3 aircraft collision crisis in 2001, and aggressive naval confrontations (including in 2009). In 2001, President Bush continued the policy of engagement with China, but the Pentagon skeptically reviewed and cautiously resumed mil-to-mil contacts. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, in 2002, resumed the Defense Consultative Talks (DCT) with the PLA (first held in 1997) and, in 2003, hosted General Cao Gangchuan, a Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) and Defense Minister. General Richard Myers, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, visited China in January 2004, as the highest ranking U.S. military officer to do so since November 2000. Rumsfeld visited China in 2005, the first visit by a defense secretary since William Cohen's visit in 2000. In 2006, a CMC Vice Chairman, General Guo Boxiong, made the first visit to the United States by the highest ranking PLA commander after 1998."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2010-07-22
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated February 6, 2008]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid- 1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. According to unclassified reports to Congress by the intelligence community, China has been a 'key supplier' of weapons technology, particularly missile or chemical technology. […] Skeptics question whether China's cooperation in weapons nonproliferation has warranted President Bush's pursuit of closer bilateral ties. Some observers say that President Bush has not forcefully pressed PRC leaders on weapons nonproliferation as a priority issue, even while imposing numerous U.S. sanctions. Moreover, sanctions target 'entities' but not the PRC government. The 110th Congress passed P.L. 110-53 with language that urged China's participation in the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). Since 2002, Bush has relied on China's 'considerable Influence' on North Korea to dismantle its nuclear weapons, but Beijing has hosted the Six-Party Talks with limited leverage and results. China has evolved to vote for some U.N. Security Council sanctions against nuclear proliferation but at times has pursued balanced and patient positions on North Korea and Iran."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2008-02-06
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments [July 18, 2012]

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  "Since 2000, the U.S. military has been building up forward-deployed forces on the westernmost U.S. territory of Guam to increase U.S. presence, deterrence, and power projection for potential responses to crises and disasters, counterterrorism, and contingencies in support of South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, or elsewhere in Asia. Since 2006, three joint exercises based at Guam called 'Valiant Shield' have boosted U.S. military readiness in the Asian-Pacific region. The defense buildup on Guam has been moderate. China still has concerns about Guam's buildup, suspecting it to be directed against China. There has been concern that China and North Korea could target Guam with missiles. Still, Guam's role increased in engaging with China's military. In 2006, the United States and Japan agreed on a Realignment Roadmap to strengthen their alliance, including a buildup on Guam to cost $10.3 billion, with Japan contributing 60%. Goals were to start the related construction on Guam by 2010 and to complete relocation of about 8,000 marines from Okinawa to Guam by 2014. In Tokyo on February 17, 2009, the Secretary of State signed the bilateral 'Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan Concerning the Implementation of the Relocation of the III Marine Expeditionary Force Personnel and Their Dependents From Okinawa to Guam' that reaffirmed the 'Roadmap' of May 1, 2006."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2012-07-18
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments [August 16, 2012]

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  "Since 2000, the U.S. military has been building up forward-deployed forces on the westernmost U.S. territory of Guam to increase U.S. presence, deterrence, and power projection for potential responses to crises and disasters, counterterrorism, and contingencies in support of South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, or elsewhere in Asia. Since 2006, three joint exercises based at Guam called 'Valiant Shield' have boosted U.S. military readiness in the Asian-Pacific region. The defense buildup on Guam has been moderate. China still has concerns about Guam's buildup, suspecting it to be directed against China. There has been concern that China and North Korea could target Guam with missiles. Still, Guam's role increased in engaging with China's military. In 2006, the United States and Japan agreed on a Realignment Roadmap to strengthen their alliance, including a buildup on Guam to cost $10.3 billion, with Japan contributing 60%. Goals were to start the related construction on Guam by 2010 and to complete relocation of about 8,000 marines from Okinawa to Guam by 2014. In Tokyo on February 17, 2009, the Secretary of State signed the bilateral 'Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan Concerning the Implementation of the Relocation of the III Marine Expeditionary Force Personnel and Their Dependents From Okinawa to Guam' that reaffirmed the 'Roadmap' of May 1, 2006."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2012-08-16
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments [October 25, 2012]

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  "Guam is a U.S. territory long valued as strategically significant to U.S. forward deployments in the Western Pacific. Historically, the United States acquired Guam from Spain in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. In the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii is about 2,400 miles west of California, and Guam is about 3,800 miles further west of Hawaii. Guam has two important U.S. military bases: Apra Naval Base and Andersen Air Force Base. The island, three times the size of Washington, DC, is home to about 160,000 people, according to the 2010 Census. As the Defense Department faced increased tension on the Korean peninsula and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Pacific Command (PACOM) began in 2000 to build up air and naval forces on Guam to boost U.S. deterrence and power projection in Asia. Concerns include crisis response, counterterrorism, and contingencies in the Pacific. The defense buildup on Guam has been moderate. [...] The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued strategic guidance for 2011 that placed priority on U.S. security interests in the Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Still, he declared a sharper focus on the Asian-Pacific region in balancing risks from an aggressive North Korea and a more assertive China and in defending international freedom of navigation. With the U.S. military's drawdown from Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. defense strategy of January 2012 declared a 'rebalancing' toward a strengthened presence in the Pacific. Guam is critical to enhancing the forward presence, strengthening alliances, and shaping China's rise."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2012-10-25
• China's Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Current Policy Issues [Updated May 21, 2002]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about challenges to U.S. security posed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, like Iran, North Korea, and Libya. Policy issues have concerned summits, sanctions, and satellite exports. […] Nonetheless, as the Director of Central Intelligence reports, the PRC remains a 'key supplier' of technology inconsistent with nonproliferation goals -- particularly missile or chemical technology transfers. China has aggravated trends that result in more ambiguous technical assistance, more indigenous capabilities, longer range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. […] Successive Administrations have pursued a policy of 'engagement' with Beijing, while some have argued that the policy needs a tougher approach to advance non-proliferation interests. In 1998, President Clinton issued certifications to implement the 1985 Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. The Clinton Administration encouraged the PRC to join the MTCR [Missile Technology Control Regime] and proposed to allow more PRC satellite launches. In November 2000, the State Department agreed to waive sanctions and consider new satellite exports in return for a missile non-proliferation pledge from China."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2002-05-21
• China's Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Current Policy Issues [Updated July 1, 2002]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about challenges to U.S. security posed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, like Iran, North Korea, and Libya. Policy issues have concerned summits, sanctions, and satellite exports. […] Nonetheless, as the Director of Central Intelligence reports, the PRC remains a 'key supplier' of technology inconsistent with nonproliferation goals -- particularly missile or chemical technology transfers. China has aggravated trends that result in more ambiguous technical assistance, more indigenous capabilities, longer range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. […] China is not in the MTCR, Nuclear Suppliers Group, nor Australia Group. Successive Administrations have pursued a policy of 'engagement' with Beijing, while some have argued that the policy needs a tougher approach to advance non-proliferation interests. In 1998, President Clinton issued certifications to implement the 1985 Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. The Clinton Administration encouraged the PRC to join the MTCR [Missile Technology Control Regime] and proposed to allow more PRC satellite launches. In November 2000, the State Department agreed to waive sanctions and consider new satellite exports in return for a missile non-proliferation pledge from China."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2002-07-01
• Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia: Issues for Congress [January 30, 2013]

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  "Tensions surrounding numerous maritime territorial disputes in East Asia have become a pressing challenge for U.S. foreign policymakers. Beginning around 2005-2006, long-disputed waters in the South China Sea and, more recently, the East China Sea have become the site of increasingly aggressive behavior from nations trying to strengthen claims to disputed areas or to explore and develop offshore energy and fishery resources. Rising tensions in these waters raise a number of important issues for the 113th Congress. The tensions have been fed by a series of aggressive actions by maritime authorities, including harassing vessels, destroying equipment, and blockading islets and shoals. The increasing frequency of such events raises the possibility of miscalculations that could lead to overt conflict at sea. It also poses complex questions about security and U.S. diplomacy in the region, and represents one of the most complicated challenges for the Obama Administration's strategy of 'rebalancing' foreign policy priorities towards the Asia-Pacific. The territorial disputes at the heart of these tensions are decades old, and incidents between the parties to the disputes have been ongoing for many years."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Dolven, Ben; Kan, Shirley; Manyin, Mark E.

  2013-01-30
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments [September 16, 2011]

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  "Since 2000, the U.S. military has been building up forward-deployed forces on the westernmost U.S. territory of Guam to increase U.S. presence, deterrence, and power projection for possible responses to crises and disasters, counterterrorism, and contingencies in support of South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, or elsewhere in Asia. Since 2006, three joint exercises based at Guam called 'Valiant Shield' have boosted U.S. military readiness in the Asian-Pacific region. The defense buildup on Guam has been moderate. China still has concerns about Guam's buildup, suspecting it to be directed against China. There has been concern that China and North Korea could target Guam with missiles. Still, Guam's role increased in engaging China's military. In 2006, the United States and Japan agreed on a 'Roadmap' to strengthen their alliance, including a buildup on Guam to cost $10.3 billion, with Japan contributing 60%. Primary goals were to start the related construction on Guam by 2010 and to complete relocation of about 8,000 marines from Okinawa to Guam by 2014. In Tokyo on February 17, 2009, the Secretary of State signed the bilateral 'Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan Concerning the Implementation of the Relocation of the III Marine Expeditionary Force Personnel and Their Dependents From Okinawa to Guam' that reaffirmed the 'Roadmap' of May 1, 2006. The two governments agreed that of the estimated $10.27 billion cost of the facilities and infrastructure development for the relocation, Japan will provide $6.09 billion, including up to $2.8 billion in direct cash contributions (in FY2008 dollars). The United States committed to fund $3.18 billion plus $1 billion for a road for a total of $4.18 billion. [...] In 2011, some Members, including Senator Jim Webb and Guam's Delegate Madeleine Bordallo, have urged more attention to concerns that include expanded costs and the delay in the realignment as the U.S military presence and readiness remain critical."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2011-09-16
• Security Implications of Taiwan's Presidential Election of March 2008 [April 4, 2008]

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  "This CRS Report analyzes the security implications of Taiwan's presidential election of March 22, 2008. This analysis draws in part from direct information gained through a visit to Taiwan to observe the election and to discuss views with a number of interlocutors, including those advising or aligned with President Chen Shui-bian and President-elect Ma Ying-jeou. This CRS Report will discuss the results of Taiwan's presidential election and symbolic yet sensitive referendums on U.N. membership, outlook for Taiwan's stability and policies, implications for U.S. security interests, and options for U.S. policymakers in a window of opportunity."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2008-04-04
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments [February 13, 2012]

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  "Since 2000, the U.S. military has been building up forward-deployed forces on the westernmost U.S. territory of Guam to increase U.S. presence, deterrence, and power projection for potential responses to crises and disasters, counterterrorism, and contingencies in support of South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, or elsewhere in Asia. Since 2006, three joint exercises based at Guam called 'Valiant Shield' have boosted U.S. military readiness in the Asian-Pacific region. The defense buildup on Guam has been moderate. China still has concerns about Guam's buildup, suspecting it to be directed against China. There has been concern that China and North Korea could target Guam with missiles. Still, Guam's role increased in engaging with China's military."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2012-02-13
• China's Military and Security Developments [January 20, 2011]

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  This Memorandum was produced by Congressional Research Service in response to a request by the office of U.S. Representative Randy Forbes "for a comprehensive chronological compilation of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s significant military and security developments from 1990 to the present. The scope covers the areas of conventional military modernization, missile buildup, cyber capability, space weapons, and demonstrations of influence (soft power from diplomacy or aid), as well as crises or confrontations. While the PRC has issued indicators in its official media or policy statements that threatened to use force and raised tension, especially against Taiwan, this memo focuses on actions and acquisitions. This memo succinctly summarized select developments and is not exhaustive. Other related developments include: (1) full coverage of China's numerous satellite and other space launches; (2) PRC arms sales and missile and other weapons proliferation to nations like Iran, for which the United States has imposed sanctions since 1991 on PRC state-owned entities but not the PRC government, as well as weapons nonproliferation cooperation (see CRS Report RL31555); (3) PRC acquisitions of U.S. restricted military and dual-use data or technology through espionage or other illegal means; and (4) exercises of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) internally and with foreign militaries."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2011-01-20
• China's Defense White Paper [April 5, 2011]

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  This Memorandum was prepared by Congressional Research Service in response to a request by U.S. Representative Randy Forbes "for succinct analysis, with stress on new elements, of the Defense White Paper for 2010 that was expected since late 2010 and issued by the People's Republic of China (PRC) on March 31, 2011." It provides analysis of the Defense White Paper and insight into possible intentions of the PRC and the People's Liberation Army (PLA).

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2011-04-05
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments [March 29, 2012]

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  "Since 2000, the U.S. military has been building up forward-deployed forces on the westernmost U.S. territory of Guam to increase U.S. presence, deterrence, and power projection for potential responses to crises and disasters, counterterrorism, and contingencies in support of South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, or elsewhere in Asia. Since 2006, three joint exercises based at Guam called 'Valiant Shield' have boosted U.S. military readiness in the Asian-Pacific region. The defense buildup on Guam has been moderate. China still has concerns about Guam's buildup, suspecting it to be directed against China. There has been concern that China and North Korea could target Guam with missiles. Still, Guam's role increased in engaging with China's military. […] By 2011, some Members urged attention to concerns that included Japan's impasse, expanded costs, and the delay in the realignment even as the U.S. military presence and readiness remain critical. On May 11, 2011, Senators Carl Levin, John McCain, and Jim Webb called for a review of plans to restructure military forces in South Korea, Japan, and Guam. Meanwhile, President Obama issued in January 2012 a new strategy of rebalancing priorities more to the Pacific. Finally, on February 8, the United States and Japan agreed to 'adjust' the Roadmap and separate the move of marines from the plan for the FRF [Futenma Replacement Facility], in order to make progress separately. According to news reports, of 8,000 marines to transfer from Okinawa, only 4,700 could move to Guam. Legislation includes the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2012, P.L. 112-81. Updated as warranted, this CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report discusses major developments and policy issues related to the defense buildup."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2012-03-29