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Intelligence in the Rum War at Sea, 1920-1933
"The lessons of history are important tools in formulating the strategy, policy, and tactics to protect our national interests. The lessons learned from the use of intelligence in the Rum War at Sea are totally applicable to today's War on Drugs. Over 95 percent of the drugs that reach our borders originate from source countries that rely on maritime smuggling routes. The value of intelligence as a force multiplier in the Drug War, like that chronicled by the author for the Rum War, cannot be overestimated. Still, these lessons had to be learned anew in the Drug War. In 1988 intelligence was a factor in approximately 15 percent of drug interdictions. By 1988, it was the essential factor responsible for over 85 percent of all interdictions. It is disappointing to know that it took over a decade to convince the Intelligence Community, as well as other responsible agencies, that all-source, fused intelligence was the most important element of our maritime strategy, both for illegal drugs as well as illegal migration. All of the elements described by the author -- interagency cooperation, all-source intelligence, counterintelligence, operational security, communications security, as well as HUMINT, COMINT, and Imagery -- have direct parallels to today's maritime interdiction operations. In this respect, the book is a valuable primer for any intelligence strategist."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Ensign, Eric S.
2008
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Intelligence Essentials for Everyone
"In this paper, the author has articulated clearly the fundamentals of sound intelligence practice and has identified some guidelines that can lead toward creation of a solid intelligence infrastructure. These signposts apply both to government intelligence and to business. Good intelligence should always be based on validated requirements, but it may be derived from a wide variety of sources, not all of which are reliable. Understanding the needs of the consumer and the sources available enable an analyst to choose the correct methodology to arrive at useful answers. The author has laid out in clear, concise language a logical approach to creating an infrastructure for government and business. Every system will have flaws but this discussion should help the reader minimize those weaknesses. It is an important contribution to the education of government and business intelligence professionals."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Krizan, Lisa
1999-06
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Out of Bounds: Innovation and Change in Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysis
"Since 9/11, national security agencies and law enforcement agencies are seeking to build unprecedented partnerships. The urgent need to identify and prevent potentially destructive actions by those who threaten to harm us as a nation on our own territory demands new alliances. The challenge of combining the "eyes and ears" on our streets, or local level law enforcement, with the resources of federal law enforcement agencies and national security entities is great. The London suicide bombings in July 2005 emphasize the need for local-level knowledge to address future threats of terrorism. New ways of thinking to achieve a more secure homeland are not only desirable, but also essential to our continued survival. This book explores analytical capabilities in law enforcement, with a focus on local applications. Along with those in the political and media arenas, the 9/11 Commission has not recognized that intelligence analytical capacities exist in state and local law enforcement, and little mention of this emerging resource exists in the literature of the war on terrorism, or the Long War."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Osborne, Deborah
2006-03
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Global War on Terrorism: Analyzing the Strategic Threat
"Islam generally divides the world into two 'houses,' the 'house of Islam' and the 'house of war.' Although not of its own choice, the U.S. as the sole remaining superpower, and a non-Muslim state, is the modern leader of the 'house of war.' The context of Islam's duality and the unavoidable threat it poses to U.S. national security can be understood through the lens of lifelong scholars. The Intelligence Community must orient itself to this menace. Generally, Islam is peaceful within the 'house of Islam'; however, it is prepared to extend itself into the 'house of war' by force or 'Jihad' (extensively discussed later). 'This bipartite division of the world into an abode of peace and an abode of war finds a parallel in the communistic theory of Soviet Russia.' Historically, there have been periods when Islam has abandoned forceful expansion, or has made accommodations that, at least temporarily, provide a middle ground between the two 'houses.' Generally, when Islam is on the advance, Jihad accelerates, and when the spread of Islam is on the decline, it stops. Given the undesirability of a conflict between the U.S. and Islam, it is imperative that U.S. policymakers understand the threat that comes with leading the 'house of war,' while maintaining awareness of the historical middle-ground."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
2004-11
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Intelligence Warning Terminology
"This warning lexicon is a compilation of the terms and concepts associated with such areas as intelligence readiness, threat and crisis management, and indications and warning analysis. It seeks to highlight the concept of warning as a distinct activity within the intelligence profession. [...] The words for this handbook were chosen for their relevancy and common usage inside and outside of the military and Intelligence Communities. [...] Additionally, the numerous books in the annotated bibliography focus specifically on strategic warning and threat management. Some may argue that all intelligence books are related to warning. However, including all intelligence books would only reinforce the notion that warning is a subset of the intelligence production process. The books briefly reviewed here can enlighten the reader about how intelligence was used either by analysts or policymakers specifically for the act of warning (or in some books, the failure to warn or to respond to the warning.) Nearly all of the concepts and words noted in the glossary section are revisited in these books. The final section of this handbook briefly reviews some of the theses written at the Joint Military Intelligence College that have addressed strategic warning and threat management. Some theses review intelligence episodes from which warning lessons can be learned. Other, evaluative studies seek to improve warning methods and institutional development."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
2001-10
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Bringing Intelligence About: Practitioners Reflect on Best Practices
"This volume helps us move down the long and difficult road of helping identify how to produce good or better intelligence--by which I mean intelligence that is of use to policymakers and is better than other intelligence by being so used. The authors have--across a range of areas of interest--identified some of the practices that work best to produce--or, more aptly, 'to bring about'--good intelligence. Note that the preceding sentence said 'some of the practices.' Few books could expect to identify all of the practices that work and, as the authors of each chapter would undoubtedly concede, there will always be some variables and intangibles at work in intelligence: vagaries of time to perform collection and analysis; the quality of sources; the quality of the analysts; the nature and personality of the policymakers. Still, it is possible to identify the practices that work and the practices that have to be altered over time as conditions change."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Swenson, Russell George
2003-05
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Creation of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency: Congress's Role as Overseer
"In October 2000, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) celebrated its fourth anniversary. That occasion marked a significant milestone for the newest member of the Intelligence Community. In the previous four years the leaders and people of NIMA had established an identity and culture for the agency and had defined and refined its vision and strategy. That is not to say that there are no more challenges for this organization. Like all government agencies, NIMA faces issues of downsizing and outsourcing, modernization, transformation and integration. However, in view of the agency's customer-sensitive plans for meeting these challenges, at the Agency's fourth annual customer conference General Henry H. Shelton, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, remarked, 'NIMA has established itself as a key component in arming decision makers and operators with superior information and knowledge... NIMA's customer focus is the big reason that you've been such a success story in the four short years of your existence as a separate agency.' During the spring and summer of 1995, I served as executive secretary of what was then known as the NIA (National Imagery Agency) Steering Group, as well as coordinator of various NIA Working Groups. I was in a unique position to observe the processes and politics that led to the decision to establish NIMA. Thereafter, I led the Integration Team during the implementation period from December 1995 until NIMA stand-up in October 1996. NIMA was formed from eight different agencies from throughout the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community. At the outset, NIMA leadership decided that above all else, the quality and timeliness of service to customers would not fail during transition."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Miles, Anne Daugherty
2002-04
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Experiences to Go: Teaching with Intelligence Case Studies
"The use of case studies as a basis for teaching in the intelligence profession requires a body of well-crafted cases and case studies that are relevant to the needs of students and faculty. There are a number of prospective sources for such material. External sources include civilian academic institutions such as the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. The JFK School's catalog includes several dozen cases and case studies that may be appropriate for classroom use. This is particularly true for courses that feature the relationship between intelligence and national security policy; about a dozen JFK School cases examine this relationship in detail. Most of this material was created under a contract between the JFK School and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s Center for the Study of Intelligence. JFK School cases and case studies explore strategic issues, whereas CIA material addresses the tactical or operational levels of war, where many if not most JMIC graduates will spend their intelligence careers."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Shreeve, Thomas W.
2004-09
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Shakespeare for Analysts: Literature and Intelligence
"Intelligence analysis is often the 'art' of credible prediction on the basis all-tooincomplete evidence. Understanding the essence of human nature, especially as it operates in cultures foreign to our own, plays a most important role in compensating for insufficient evidence. White reminds us that the tribal and religiously animated England of the 15th and 16th centuries was a society akin to many of the societies and countries that preoccupy intelligence analysts today. We can learn a lot from knowing about that era, and White's perspective is that Shakespeare is the best window we have into that age. One doesn't have to know Shakespeare to appreciate this essay, but I assure you it will draw a reader closer to Shakespeare and perhaps make him or her an improved intelligence analyst in the process. It would not be surprising if readers became regular devotees of the Folger Theater as a consequence."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
White, Jeffrey (Jeffrey B.)
2003-07
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Intelligence Analysis in Theater Joint Intelligence Centers: An Experiment in Applying Structured Methods
"In clear, articulate, unmistakable language, Master Sergeant Folker's learned thesis sets forth the key opposing arguments in the long-standing controversy over the role of structuring in intelligence analysis. The controversy is largely one-sided, because proponents of intuitive analysis see no purpose in debating the issue, as they are completely satisfied with the status quo. It is only the structuring enthusiasts who see a need for drastic change in the way analysis is conducted. Because, as Folker points out, supporters of the status quo include not only most analysts but most commanders as well, the structuring enthusiasts have never made progress in reforming the other side. And they won't make any progress until the superiority of structured analysis over intuitive analysis is proved, which Folker has taken a first giant step in doing. And it is precisely on this point that Folker challenges the Intelligence Community-- indeed the entire U.S. government and the private sector as well--to design and conduct reliable tests to demonstrate which analytic approach is superior: structured or intuitive. Given the wide range of available structuring techniques, each one should be tested in competition with intuition."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
2000-01
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Intelligence Archipelago: The Community's Struggle to Reform in the Globalized Era
"In her research project, The Intelligence Archipelago: The Community's Struggle to Reform in the Globalized era , Ms. Melanie Gutjahr has made a significant contribution to our understanding of how Intelligence is conducted, the future implications for our national security if changes do not occur, and the role the recently enacted 'Intelligence and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004' will play in helping to determine the future of U.S. Intelligence. Her diligent research combined with her personal knowledge of the arcane and esoteric world of intelligence provides the basis for her clear analysis and strong conclusions. This is an excellent body of work, worthy of study by anyone interested in U.S. Intelligence and interested in making a world class Intelligence Community even more effective than it is today. Her description of the history of the U.S. Intelligence Community and efforts to reform it since World War II provides the necessary context for understanding the Community's current organization and the public and private calls for change. She describes in detail the most significant attempts to reform U.S. Intelligence and the responses of career Intelligence officers. Her descriptions show recurring themes throughout the period suggesting that important shortcomings have repeatedly not been addressed. It is this repetitive resistance to change that makes her historical narrative both troubling and sad."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Gutjahr, Melanie M. H.
2005-05
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Courting a Reluctant Ally: An Evaluation of U.S./UK Naval Intelligence Cooperation, 1935-1941
"Since World War II, the United States and the United Kingdom have mutually benefited from an unprecedented 'special relationship' with regard to intelligence sharing and cooperation. What were the origins of that relationship and what lessons can be derived from its development? While it may seem obvious that the common Axis threat drove both countries to increased levels of intelligence sharing, the extent of the cooperation eventually attained would have surprised many on both sides of the Atlantic prior to World War II. Despite a brief period as allies during World War I, the U.S. and the UK quickly reverted to their traditional roles as strategic competitors following the conclusion of the Great War. A highly visible aspect of that competition was in the area of naval forces, in which both countries invested considerable diplomatic, economic, and military resources. Notwithstanding this rivalry, their naval intelligence cooperation during World War II is often cited as one of the most successful in history. How did this 'special relationship' develop, given the contentiousness that existed between these two countries in the interwar period? An analysis of this period indicates one significant factor was the aggressive pursuit of naval intelligence cooperation by the British as part of their larger strategy to secure U.S. entry into the war. The tactics the British employed to secure this cooperation are of interest, as history has shown the British were able to overcome significant distrust on the part of American officials, who were extremely wary of British intentions."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Florence, Gregory J.
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Flourishing Craft: Teaching Intelligence Studies
"This Conference on Teaching Intelligence Studies at Colleges and Universities establishes another benchmark in the advancement of thought on the democratization of the concept of intelligence and of the intelligence calling. In the tradition of Sherman Kent's 'Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy' (1949) and Roger Hilsman's 'Strategic Intelligence and National Decisions' (1956), and in the spirit of Klaus Knorr's 'Foreign Intelligence and the Social Sciences', Research Monograph No. 17 (Princeton, NJ: Center of International Studies, 1964), this collection of papers highlights the convergence of academic and applied factions in the pursuit of intelligence professionalism. […] Authors in this volume merely represent the many others who harbor a boundless passion for learning and teaching about intelligence. Nearly all the authors come to the craft with years of experience in the application of intelligence principles and practices, usually but not always within government circles. Readers will note some very well-known names among these authors, and the College is pleased to count two of its own faculty among them. The Editor also notes that the next Occasional Paper in this series, 'Intelligence Essentials for Everyone', will continue the impulse toward convergence of government and private-sector reflection on the science and art of intelligence."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Swenson, Russell G.
1999-06
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Teaching Intelligence Studies at Colleges and Universities
"The teaching of intelligence at growing numbers of our colleges and universities--the teaching of its place, structure and practice in our democracy--offers the welcome prospect that growing numbers of young Americans will become attracted to the field. It offers the prospect that, increasingly, the very best of the coming generation's talents and capabilities will participate in the contributions of intelligence to the survival, security and well-being of the Nation. Indeed--if you will bear with a parochial aside--that once in the field, we will have occasion to welcome them to their professional, graduate studies at this college. Today's program, and the conference papers available to you as contributions to the program, will give us a look at where the teaching of intelligence is today and where it is tending in the future. The product from today's presentations and discussions, the proceedings flowing from this work, should increase our understanding of how better to nurture this phenomenon so as to bring the very finest young American men and women into the intelligence ranks--national, theater and tactical--in the years ahead."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
1999-06-18
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Intelligence Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region: Establishing a Framework for Multilateralism
"The Joint Military Intelligence College created the International Intelligence Fellows Program to strengthen intelligence relationships and enhance cooperation and understanding among senior military and civilian intelligence officials from allied nations. It is our hope that this program will contribute to stronger coalitions and alliances and thus to greater national security. Fellows in the program use case studies, executive exercises and seminar discussions to grapple with issues such as intelligence cooperation and coalition operations, as well as with other challenges we are likely to face into the future. This publication highlights some of the issues and principles that emerged from discussions among the Fellows during a two-week seminar that took place at the College in March 2003."
Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
2003-03
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Beneath the Surface: Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace for Counterterrorism
"Major Thomas' Beneath the Surface comes at precisely the right time in the War on Terrorism. Over the past three years the U.S. military and other instruments of national power have been able to attack and damage Usama Bin Laden's al-Qaida network. We have exploited the known, reacted to resultant opportunities, and organized a set of sustainable allies and partners to do the same. Now for the hard part. The remainder of the War or Terrorism--which will continue for years-- requires that intelligence be on the front. The War has been, and will continue to be, an intelligence war. In such a war intelligence and operations are not separate staff components; they are instead a blend of activities that are mutually reinforcing. In this continuing war every soldier is a collector, and every collector is a soldier; operators glean intelligence directly from the field, and intelligence is always operational. Further, the war ahead will demand new strategies for long-term success. The counterpunching phase is over. The rapid-fire operations-intelligence, counterterrorism- targeting cycle happening right now in Iraq and Afghanistan--the 'find, fix, finish, exploit, then find again' process--becomes less powerful as the campaign continues. This cycle has to be underpinned by a strategic intelligence framework that ensures we are attacking a part of the enemy that matters--not just taking the near-term opportunity that inflicts little lasting damage."
United States. Department of the Air Force; Joint Military Intelligence College (U.S.)
Thomas, Troy S.
2004-11
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