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• World Law Bulletin: January 2001

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Commonwealth of Independent States-International Antiterrorist Center Created'. "Heads of certain former Soviet states that comprise the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) on December 1, 2000, signed the Agreement on the CIS Antiterrorist Center. The statute states that the Center is a permanent CIS specialized agency and is designed to ensure coordination and cooperation among the competent bodies of the Commonwealth states in the field of combating international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism. Among the principal tasks of the Antiterrorist Center, the statute notes, are the formation of a databank on international terrorist organizations in the CIS countries and their leaders and on non-governmental institutions and persons giving support to international terrorists. In addition, the Center will study the state and the trends in the spread of international terrorism both in the CIS countries and in other states. The Center will also participate in the preparation and conduct of antiterrorist command-and-staff and operational-tactical exercises. A special division will be created in order to provide assistance to interested states of the CIS in carrying out investigative activities and comprehensive operations in the fight against international terrorism and searches for persons who have committed crimes. The Center is also charged with rendering assistance in organizing the training of specialists and instructors for units participating in the fight against terrorism."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2001-01
• World Law Bulletin: October 2001

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Canada-Interim Counterterrorism Measure', 'Terrorism: Foreign Legal Responses', and 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "On September 20, 2001, the European Union and the United States pledged cooperation in the following areas in order to avert future terrorist acts: aviation and other transport security; police and judicial cooperation, including extradition; denial of financing of terrorism, including financial sanctions; denial of other means of support to terrorists; export control and nonproliferation; border controls, including visa and document security issues; and law enforcement access to information and exchange of electronic data. The European Commission adopted two Council Framework Decisions, on Combating Terrorism and on European Arrest Warrant and Surrender Procedures Between the Member States. The first provides a common definition of terrorism and lists a number of offenses that must be punished as terrorist offenses by Member States if they fall within the definition of terrorism. Member States must also adopt the penalties, which range from twenty years for murder to two years for extortion, robbery, and theft. The second Decision introduces a European arrest warrant for search, arrest, detention, and surrender to the judicial authority of the issuing country. The objective is to facilitate the transfer of a person in a criminal investigation from one Member State to another. Upon implementation by Member States, it will basically replace existing extradition procedures used among them."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2001-10
• World Law Bulletin: May 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Panama/United States: Proliferation Security Initiative Ship Boarding Agreement'. "On Wednesday, May 12, 2004, the United States and Panama signed a reciprocal maritime ship boarding agreement in support of the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). The Proliferation Security Initiative PSI was announced by President Bush on May 31, 2003. Its aim is to establish cooperative partnerships worldwide to prevent the flow of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), their delivery systems, and related materials to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern. The U.S.-Panama PSI maritime ship boarding agreement, which is an amendment to a very successful existing maritime law enforcement assistance arrangement between the United States and Panama, will facilitate cooperation between two countries. It will facilitate the searching of vessels suspected of carrying such items in international waters. If a U.S. or Panamanian-flagged vessel is suspected of carrying proliferation-related cargo, either one of the Parties to this agreement can request the other to confirm the nationality of the ship in question and, if needed, authorize the boarding, search, and possible detention of the vessel and its cargo. Panama is the world's largest ship registry and its signing of the boarding agreement demonstrates a commitment by Panama to engender greater confidence and security in its flag registry. Panama is the second state to sign a PSI ship boarding agreement; Liberia signed one on February 11, 2004."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-05
• World Law Bulletin: January 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Mexico-OAS Convention against Terrorism', and 'China-Terrorist Organization List and Criteria'. "Mexico recently adopted a comprehensive treaty to prevent and punish terrorism. The Inter-American Convention against Terrorism, the first such treaty since the attacks of September 11, 2001, seeks to prevent the financing of terrorist activities, strengthen border controls, and increase cooperation among law enforcement authorities in different countries, among other measures. Thirty-three countries of the Western Hemisphere signed the treaty, under the auspices of the Organization of American States. The Convention addresses crucial financial regulatory, as well as criminal law, aspects. In particular, the Convention mandates the establishment of financial intelligence units for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of terrorist financing information and the establishment and enhancement of channels of communication between law enforcement authorities for secure and rapid exchange of information concerning all aspects of terrorist offenses; the exchange of information to improve border and customs control measures to detect and prevent movement of terrorists and terrorist-related materials; and technical cooperation and training programs. […] On December 15, 2003, China's Ministry of Public Security (MPS) for the first time publicized a list of the 'first batch' of four groups identified as 'Eastern Turkestan' terrorist organizations (describing for each their alleged acts of terror, the chief leader, the major sources of funding and recruits, and relations with other terrorist organizations) and the names of 11 persons identified as members of these groups (including the four chief leaders) with an account of their activities."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-01
• World Law Bulletin: July 2003

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "On June 26, 2003, following arduous negotiations on contentious issues, the EU and the United States signed an agreement on judicial cooperation in criminal matters and a long-awaited agreement on extradition. The idea for these agreements was born in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack in the US and were the culmination of the 2003 EU-US Summit in Washington, D.C. The negotiation process was shrouded in secrecy, until the EU succumbed to pressure from various groups and Western parliaments and made it public. The concerns raised in Europe involved the death penalty that could be imposed in the United States on a suspect extradited from EU territory; the subjecting of suspects to military tribunals; the sharing of personal data by investigation teams, since privacy and protection of personal data are afforded greater safeguards under EU law; and the quality of evidence that the US must produce for a successful extradition process. Under the new rules, a suspect may be extradited to the United States only if the latter provides sufficient guarantees that the death penalty will not be imposed, or if it is imposed, that it will not be carried out."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2003-07
• World Law Bulletin: December 2003

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Canada: Paying for SARS', and 'United Nations: Protocol against Smuggling Migrants'. "It is estimated that last year's SARS outbreak in the Toronto area cost the Province of Ontario over US$700 million in health-related costs. Canadian legislation does not provide for automatic federal assistance in such cases, even though hospitals and health insurance programs are operated and maintained by the provinces. If the outbreak had been classified as a disaster by the federal government, Ontario could have been eligible for compensation as high as 90 percent of its costs. SARS was not classified as a disaster, but Ottawa has now agreed to reimburse the province approximately US$240 million. ('Ontario to get $330 Million [CAN$] from Ottawa in SARS Compensation,' Canadian Press, Nov. 18, 2003). This amount will partially pay for, among other expenses, the Isolation Allowance. Under a program established by the province in June 2003, individuals who were ill, quarantined, or caring for an ill person could apply for an allowance of up to approximately US $4,500. The Ministry of Municipal Affairs administers the program. […] The United Nations Information Service in Vienna, Austria announced on November 4, 2003, that the protocol against the smuggling of migrants will became effective on January 28, 2004. It comes into force following ratification by a 40th country, Azerbaijan. This protocol, which covers smuggling by land, sea, or air, will supplement the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2003-12
• World Law Bulletin: April 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "Following the recent terrorist bombings in Madrid and the conclusion of the European Council of March 25-26, 2004, a recent Communication adopted by the European Commission introduces some new measures in order to intensify the European Union's response to terrorist attacks. A key feature of the Communication is the proposal to expand the obligation to exchange information among EU Members on all individual terrorist offenses and offenses committed by terrorist groups, including attempts to commit, complicity in, and incitement as well as financing of terrorism offenses. Members are also obliged to exchange information on all stages of criminal proceedings, including convictions. […] The European Commission and the United States worked diligently during 2003 to finalize an agreement on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data by airlines to the Department of Homeland Security, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection. The agreement allows U.S. authorities to access the PNR data electronically from the airlines' reservation/departure control system. Such access will continue to be available until the airlines develop a system to transmit the data themselves. The Draft Council Decision calls for the conclusion of this agreement on behalf of the EU. However, the agreement has raised serious privacy concerns, and there is a strong belief that it infringes on EU legislation on privacy."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-04
• World Law Bulletin: September 2003

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'China/United States: Container Security Initiative'. "China and the United States signed a declaration of cooperation on the Container Security Initiative (CSI) on July 29, 2003. China had already agreed in principle to join the CSI on October 25, 2002. Under the terms of the agreement, the United States will send customs officials to ports in Shanghai and Shenzhen, and Chinese customs officers can be sent to US ports. Working with the US officials, the Shanghai and Shenzhen customs agents will be responsible for screening containers identified as posing a potential terrorist risk. With China's participation, 19 of the world's 20 major ports in terms of exports to the United States have joined the initiative, and 15 of those are now operational. Initiation of formal negotiations have been scheduled for September 2003 between the United States and Taiwan in order to bring the 20th port, Kaohsiung, into the CSI, as phase II of the program-extension to other key ports beyond the 20 (begun in June 2003)-gets underway."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2003-09
• World Law Bulletin: April 2003

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "On March 18, 2003, the Commission received the mandate of the Council of Ministers to conduct negotiations with the US on customs controls of goods transported in containers. This issue was raised by US Customs authorities and is known as the Container Security Initiative (CSI). It came up in connection with the events of September 11, 2001, and increased terrorist threats in the US. Several EU Member States have signed declarations of principle with the US Customs office. The Commission holds that a common approach at the EU level would be a more effective way to handle this issue. The Commission is cooperating with the US to improve security on transportation of containerized goods and at the same time facilitate international trade. The European Commission has recently intensified its efforts to enhance research on security issues. This is partly because the EU is behind the US in this area and also because the objective of the European security and defense policy is to empower the Union to play a more significant international role in the area of crisis and conflict prevention. The budget of the EU States for research and development in the defense field is five times lower than that of the US (10 billion euro versus 54 billion euro in the US)."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2003-04
• World Law Bulletin: February 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Germany: Extradition of Yemeni Terrorist to the United States Upheld'. "On November 5, 2003, the Second Panel of the Federal Constitutional Court [docket number 2 BvR 1506/03] refused to accept a constitutional complaint by a Yemeni citizen whose extradition to the United States had been approved by a German appellate court. The petitioner had been lured from Yemen to Germany by a Yemeni citizen who was an agent of the United States under the pretense of meeting financial donors for his terrorist cause in Germany. After his arrival in Germany, the United States petitioned Germany for extradition and Germany complied by detaining the petitioner and by setting the extradition proceeding in motion. The petitioner and the Republic of Yemen claimed that the conduct of the United States constituted a kidnapping in violation of international law. The Constitutional Court found that no general rule of international law existed that had been violated. The Court also disregarded the petitioner's claims that the United States would violate due process in its interrogation method. The Court held that a certain amount of trust had to be extended to the United States because of the existing bilateral extradition treaty (signed June 20, 1978, 32 UST 1485, TIAS 9785). Moreover, the United States had promised to try the extradited person in a regular criminal trial in the United States and not to put him before a military tribunal or to detain him outside the country."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-02
• World Law Bulletin: October 2003

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'European Union: Update on the List of Terrorist Organizations', and 'United Nations: Organized Crime Treaty in Effect'. "On September 12, 2003, the Council of the European Union updated the European Union list of terrorist organizations and persons by adopting two instruments: a Common Position updating the initial Common Position issued on September 11, 2001, and updated again on June 27, 2003 and a Decision designed to implement specific restrictive measures against certain persons and entities. The instruments focus on the freezing of funds and other financial assets or economic resources of the persons and entities mentioned on the list and ensuring that funds, economic resources, and financial assets will not be made available to benefit these persons or groups, either directly or indirectly. […] On September 29, 2003, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the first multilateral treaty designed to fight organized crime groups worldwide, entered into force. It requires Member States to cooperate in working on a variety of issues, including money laundering, human trafficking, corruption, and obstruction of justice. The Members will cooperate on extradition, provide mutual legal assistance, and work together in the areas of administrative and regulatory controls, law enforcement, victim protection, and crime prevention. As of September 25, 2003, 48 nations have ratified the Convention."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2003-10
• World Law Bulletin: January 2003

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Mexico: Protection Provided by NAFTA Invoked', and 'United Kingdom: Armed Police on Flights'. "The Secretariat of the Economy announced on December 16, 2002, that it will close the Mexican border to American trucks in coming days as a countermeasure to discriminatory requirements imposed by the United States on Mexican cargo vehicles. The Secretariat claimed protection of article 2019 of the North American Free Trade Agreement. This was done in response to a November 11 request from the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation to stop all transportation benefits to United States' trucks in the same way that they had consistently blocked access to Mexican trucks. Chapter XX of NAFTA, Dispute Settlement Mechanism, grants the Mexican government the legal tools to counter the rationales (such as lack of safety measures on Mexican trucks) that the United States has used since 1995 to prevent Mexican trucks from crossing the border. According to the Agreement's wording, free access of trucks in the United States should have been established on December 18, 1995. The Mexican government still considers discriminatory three requirements that Mexican truckers must meet that are not required of Canadian truck owners. First, Mexican transportation companies are subjected to an audit before they can get provisional authorization. Second, Mexican trucks must go through a second audit in order to receive permanent authorization."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2003-01
• World Law Bulletin: July 2002

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Australia-Terrorism and Civil Liberties', and 'Organization of American States: Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism.' "A set of six bills which was introduced in Parliament in March 2002 to strengthen Australia's counter-terrorism capabilities has generated an intense and wide-ranging discussion of the balance between security and liberty. Proposals to permit the government to ban organizations and to detain and question citizens who are charged with no offense but may have information on potential terrorist activities have been at the center of the discourse, both in Parliament and in other fora. The proposed bills have already been amended in response to objections voiced by, among others, Members of Parliament from the governing Liberal Party. […] Thirty of the 34 member states of the Organization of American States, including the United States, signed the Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism on June 3, 2002, during a meeting of the OAS General Assembly in Bridgetown, Barbados. Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, Dominica, and the Dominican Republic abstained, citing the need to first comply with internal legal requirements of a political nature. The agreement is the first international pact with anti-terrorism measures approved by a large region since the September 11 attacks against the United States. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell praised the foreign ministers of the Americas for adopting the convention to prevent, punish, and eliminate terrorism."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2002-07
• World Law Bulletin: February 2002

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Legal Responses to Terrorism: Canada'. "The Supreme Court of Canada recently ruled that constitutional law does not prohibit the deportation of a person posing a security risk to the country when he or she has a reasonable fear of being tortured by authorities (Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 S. C.C. 1). This ruling was a victory for the Government in its efforts to deport a suspected Tamil fundraiser to Sri Lanka, but it did not settle the case. The Supreme Court also ruled that while Canadian law does not require the Minister of Immigration to give a suspected terrorist a full oral hearing, it does require the Minister to present relevant material to the person named in a deportation order, subject to security interests, and to provide written reasons for the ministerial decision. As this had not been done, the court ordered a rehearing. The result is that the suspected member of a terrorist organization, who entered Canada in 1995, will be allowed to stay in Canada for what is expected to be at least one or two more years. Even then, the Minister will have to be able to show that there are reasonable grounds for concluding that the subject poses a serious risk to national security."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2002-02
• World Law Bulletin: February 2003

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'United States/Malaysia, South Korea: Container Security Initiatives', 'Western Hemisphere: Inter-American Conference Against Terrorism', and 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "The United States has signed two more Container Security Initiatives with Asian trade partners. An initiative with the Republic of Korea was initialed on January 17, 2003; one with Malaysia was signed on January 20. […] Government representatives from around the hemisphere gathered in San Salvador, El Salvador, on January 22, 2003, for a three-day Inter-American Conference against Terrorism. Important issues on the agenda included creation of units to gather financial intelligence, database development, establishment of a policy exchange and coordination network, and the monitoring of all movement of merchandise and luggage and transit of persons. The latter issue is related to the movement of weapons and explosives and drug smuggling. Agreements will be adopted by the participating countries following the recommendations of the plenary session and are aimed to make security efforts in airports, land and sea customs points, and borders stronger in the Americas. Russia and France are attending as observers."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2003-02
• World Law Bulletin: November 2002

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "The Commission recently proposed a Directive which provides that all victims of crime and terrorism must be compensated for any injuries and losses suffered. Member States have the option to establish that the victim must first seek compensation from the offender before turning to the State. Close relatives and dependants of the victim are entitled to receive the compensation if the victim dies. The amount of compensation will be decided by the Member States. EU citizens or residents who become victims of a crime in a third state will have the right to request that the Member State of residence assist them in applying for compensation in the place where the crime was committed. Following the events of 9/11 in the United States, the European Commission emphasized the significance of carrying out exercises in the field of nuclear, radiological, biological and chemical sectors to test civil protection capabilities on the ground. The first such European Community Civil Protection simulation exercise (EURATOX 2002) will take place in France on October 27-28, 2002. The exercise will focus on the treatment and evacuation of victims during a simulated terrorist attack at a large sports event and will involve 200 wounded on site and 2,000 victims requiring assistance from other Member States. In addition to French authorities, teams from five other countries-Austria, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Sweden-will be notified through the Monitoring and Information Center of the Commission and expected to provide assistance."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2002-11
• World Law Bulletin: December 2001

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'United Kingdom: New Anti-terrorism Statute Debated', 'OSCE Anti-Terrorism Declaration', and 'Legal Response to Terrorism: France'.

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2001-12
• World Law Bulletin: June 2002

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'ASEAN Anti-Terrorism Communique'. "At the end of the two-day Special ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Ministerial Meeting on Terrorism, attended by the ministers of home and security affairs from the 10-nation organization, ASEAN member states issued a 16-point communique. Among others, the communique outlines the group's efforts to counter, prevent, and suppress all forms of terrorist acts; condemns acts of terrorism in all forms and manifestations; and asserts ASEAN's commitment to carry out the work program on terrorism ad opted during the meeting. The work program, which is the vehicle for implementing the ASEAN Plan of Action To Combat Transnational Crime, sets forth six areas in which to carry out the Plan. These include: exchange of information; compilation and dissemination of relevant laws and regulations of ASEAN member countries; compilation and dissemination of bilateral and multilateral agreements and provision of information on relevant international treaties; development of multilateral or bilateral legal arrangements to facilitate apprehension, investigation, prosecution, extradition, inquiry, and seizure, in order to enhance mutual legal and administrative assistance among ASEAN member states; enhancement of cooperation and coordination in law enforcement and intelligence sharing; and development of regional training programs. ASEAN also agreed to undertake six anti-terrorism-related projects and initiatives, among them, designation of principal contact points on counter-terrorism matters in all member states."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2002-06
• World Law Bulletin: November 2001

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'India/United States-Treaty Combating Terrorism', 'Japan/United Nations-Terrorism Convention Signed', 'Recent Developments in the European Union', and 'Legal Responses to Terrorism: A British Example'.

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2001-11
• World Law Bulletin: September 2002

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'ASEAN/US: Counter-Terrorism Declaration'. "The 'ASEAN-US Joint Declaration For Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism' was signed in Brunei on August 1, 2002. The foreign ministers of the ten ASEAN countries (Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) witnessed the signing, which was done by Brunei's Foreign Minister Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, representing ASEAN, and Secretary of State Colin Powell, for the United States. The declaration stated the importance of having a framework for cooperation to prevent, disrupt, and combat international terrorism through the exchange and flow of information and other means. In order to enhance the efficacy of the efforts, the participants agreed to implement principles laid out in the declaration in accordance with their respective domestic laws. The cooperation is to include improved intelligence on such matters as terrorist financing, shared data on counter-terrorism measures, and development of more effective counter-terrorism policies and legal, regulatory, and administrative counter-terrorism regimes. In addition, there will be cooperation in such areas as capacity-building efforts including training and education; consultations between officials, analysts, and field operators; seminars and conferences; and joint operations."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2002-09
• World Law Bulletin: November 2005

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Mexico/United States: Initiatives to Combat Narcotics-Related Violence on the Border', 'Recent Developments in the European Union', and 'Highlights of the New Iraqi Permanent Constitution'.

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2005-11
• World Law Bulletin: August 2005

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Mexico/Canada/United States-Initial Security and Prosperity Partnership Report', 'United Nations-Definition of Terrorism', 'Recent Developments in the European Union', and 'Iraq: Draft of the Permanent Constitution'.

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2005-08
• World Law Bulletin: August 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Recent Developments in the European Union', and 'Iraq: Present Legal System'. "In June 2004, the Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe was approved by the Intergovernmental Conference. The Constitution now must be translated into all the official languages and then signed by the European Council (Heads of State and Government) sometime in the fall of 2004. Then the twenty-five EU Members must ratify it in accordance with their constitutional provisions calling for either parliamentary approval and/or a referendum. In February 2004, following an authorization by the Council, the European Commission, on behalf of the Community, began negotiations with the United States regarding the processing and transfer of PNR data by airlines to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Agreement was approved on May 17, 2004, without the prior opinion of the Parliament. […] Present day Iraq does not reflect the rich contribution it made to human civilization, nor the significant role it played in the history of legal development. In the second century after the death of the Prophet Mohammed, Iraq became home to the Hanafi School of Islamic law that is still the most influential among the Sunni Muslims in the world today. Following World War I, Iraq adopted new laws incorporating elements of Islamic law and the laws of continental Europe. These laws, some of which were modified following the occupation of Iraq in 2003, still constitute the foundation of the Iraqi legal system"

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-08
• World Law Bulletin: May 2005

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Canada-Passport Security Found Inadequate'. "Canada's Auditor General has issued a report that describes how security controls for the issuance of Canadian passports are inadequate. One major problem uncovered during the investigation is that too many office staff members have access to the system and the ability to issue passports, even though some of these persons do not have the necessary security clearances. Other problems described in the report are that watch lists for suspected terrorists are inadequate, examiners do not have tools they need to detect fraudulent documents, and the government has unduly pressured officials to speed up the document issuance process. Concern about persons illegally obtaining Canadian passports was heightened in 1999 when a terrorist who planned to attack Los Angeles airport was arrested at the U.S. border. Ahmed Ressam was carrying a Canadian passport he had obtained under a false name. Prior to that, evidence that agents of Israel's Mossad had used fake Canadian passports abroad created a diplomatic incident that resulted in the Israeli government promising that it would ensure that Canadian passports would not be so used again. Security analysts believe that Canadian passports are highly sought after by international criminals because, due to Canada's large and diverse immigrant population, persons from Third World countries can more easily pose as Canadians than they can as citizens of most other developed countries."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2005-05
• World Law Bulletin: September 2005

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Cyprus/United States-Ship Boarding Agreement', 'Islamic Law-Fatwa against Terrorism', and 'Recent Developments in the European Union'.

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2005-09
• World Law Bulletin: December 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "On October 20, 2004, the European Commission adopted a new Communication on Preparedness and Consequence Management in the Fight Against Terrorism. The Communication takes stock of the measures adopted so far in the area of civil protection and proposes a number of new initiatives: adoption of a general rapid alert system (ARGUS), to be established within the Commission, designed to connect all the specialized emergency systems in case of disaster requiring action at the EU level, a Central Crisis Center to be created within the Commission; the Center will gather representatives of all services that deal with emergencies and will coordinate all efforts for the most effective and appropriate response, and a European Law Enforcement Network (LEN) to be established under the supervision of European Police Force (EUROPOL) and be linked with the ARGUS system. This Communication is part of the measures introduced recently by the Commission to combat terrorism threats. Communications are documents adopted by the Commission and addressed to the Council that may confirm new legislative initiatives. The document emphasizes the need to allow cooperation and exchange of information among financial authorities, the Justice Departments, the intelligence community, and law enforcement authorities of Member States. Thus, Member States are encouraged to ensure information exchange between public and private sectors and to allow law enforcement authorities to have access to databases run by financial institutions."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-12
• World Law Bulletin: November 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Canada-Flu Shots'. "In Canada, the Department of Public Works has purchased approximately ten million flu vaccines for the 2004-2005 season from two manufacturers. Virtually all of this supply will be distributed to provincial health authorities. Flu shot policies vary from province to province. This year, all of the provinces have agreed to provide free shots to children between six and twenty-three months old, as well as to the elderly and other persons in high-risk categories. The Province of Ontario also offers free flu shots to all persons enrolled in its health insurance programs. Other provinces charge uncovered persons for their shots. However, approximately 1.5 million additional vaccines have been distributed to the private sector. Some of these vaccines are offered free of charge by employers. Most of the rest of the doses are distributed to physicians and pharmacies. Because the Department of Public Works does not know exactly what the provincial demands will be for this year, it does not yet know how much will be available for distribution in the United States. United States officials have made inquiries directly to provincial authorities. One problem for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is that the most common type of flu vaccine in Canada is not licensed in the United States. FDA officials have stated that vaccines can be imported on an experimental basis, but that even then certain conditions have to be met that do not make this potential option very promising."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-11
• World Law Bulletin: January 2006

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "Pursuant to the U.S. legislation requiring airlines carrying passengers to and from the United States to give American authorities access to the personal data of passengers, the European Commission began negotiations with the United States in order to ensure that such a procedure would not violate EU rules on privacy and protection of personal data. On May 14, 2004, the Commission adopted a decision stating that the U. S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection met the adequacy standards for protection of personal data to be transferred from the Community. Following this decision, on May 17, 2004, the Council adopted a decision and approved the agreement between the EU and the United States on the transfer of data by airlines established in the EU. Meanwhile, the European Parliament requested that the Court of Justice annul the decisions issued by both institutions. On November 22, 2005, the Advocate General of the Court, whose opinions are not binding but are very influential, stated that the Court should annul both decisions. With regard to the Commission's decision, the Advocate held that the Privacy Directive does not cover processing of personal data for public security reasons or the activities of the state in the criminal field."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2006-01
• World Law Bulletin: June/July 2004

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'Canada-Supreme Court Rules on Antiterrorism Law', and 'Iraq's Legal System under the Baath Regime'. "The Supreme Court of Canada recently upheld a provision of Canada's new antiterrorism law that requires reluctant witnesses to testify in investigative hearings (Re Application under section 83.28 of the Criminal Code, 2004 S.C.C. 42). The case arose out of the ongoing trial in British Columbia of several persons accused in connection with the 1985 bombing that killed 329 people when an Air India plane exploded off the coast of Ireland. […] In 1974, following years of conflict and a 1970 agreement with Kurdish leaders, a nominal autonomy was granted to the Kurdish region in northern Iraq. It proved insufficient to prevent continued rebellions in the area. Saddam Hussein became the second President of the Baath regime in 1979. War with Iran and with an international coalition following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait had high costs for the country, in people and material. The regime was considered extremely repressive by all human rights measures and undertook a policy of destroying many of its Kurdish citizens in the late 1980s. The regime fell following an invasion by United States and other forces in the spring of 2003."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2004-07
• World Law Bulletin: April 2005

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  This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'United Kingdom: Anti-Terror Laws Decreed Unlawful'. "The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 has been controversial since its passage. Among its provisions, that allowing for the indefinite detention of foreign nationals suspected of being terrorists has been most frequently challenged. Recently, nine detainees challenged their detention before the House of Lords, the United Kingdom's highest court, based on the argument that the provision violated the European Convention on Human Rights. Nine Law Lords heard the case. They determined in December 2004 that as the detention was applied only to foreigners and not British citizens suspected of being terrorists, it was an unjustified form of discrimination. The detainees have now been released. One of the most controversial and legally challenged pieces of legislation passed in the United Kingdom (UK) in recent years is the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (ATCSA). The ATCSA is temporary, emergency legislation that was adopted in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001. The government's intention was to strengthen the existing anti-terror legislation to ensure that the UK had the necessary powers to counter the increased threat posed by terrorists."

  Law Library of Congress (U.S.)

  Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.

  2005-04