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Limiting the Impact of Pandemic Influenza through Community-Level Actions
"Influenza pandemics are rare but recurring events. Ten pandemics have been recorded over the last 300 years, with starting points ranging from 10 to 49 years apart. In the 20th century, pandemics occurred in 1918, 1957 and 1968. Considered one of the deadliest disease events in human history, the 'Spanish influenza' in 1918 claimed more than 40 million people worldwide. By any calculation, that outbreak killed more people in a year than the Black Death of the Middle Ages killed in a century; it killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS has killed in 24 years."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2009
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Mental Health and Psychosocial Support for Staff, Volunteers and Communities in an Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus
From the Introduction: "The novel Coronavirus (nCoV) epidemic in 2019-2020 has recently emerged. The route of transmission is not totally known, although it is known that it can spread from person to person, and local health care systems may be ill-equipped to handle a large-scale outbreak. Furthermore, misconceptions and misinformation about the disease often spreads rapidly in such epidemics. In previous epidemics mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) has been identified as a key priority. MHPSS ensures the well-being of the affected populations, and counter-acts the threats to public health and safety that fear, stigmatization and misconception pose. Access to information, knowledge about the disease and how it spreads, make it easier for the affected to feel supported and calm, and to comply with instructions. Furthermore, psychosocial support to staff and volunteers help the operation as work conditions are extremely stressful. This briefing note provides background knowledge on the MHPSS aspects related to nCoV and suggests MHPSS activities that can be implemented. The messages can be helpful for those in contact with patients or relatives and feel the strain of working and living during the epidemic. The briefing is aimed both at those working in any capacity with those affected by nCoV and for the MHPSS responders who implement MHPSS activities and interventions for everyone affected."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020?
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COVID-19: From a Prehospital to a Global Response [video]
From the Webpage: "This presentation focuses on the response experiences of Magen David Adom (MDA) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak, from a prehospital and global perspective. MDA, the Israeli National EMS organization and National Society member of the IFRC, has taken a unique role in the COVID-19 response by testing contacts at home and establishing drive-through testing facilities to ease the burden on health care facilities. MDA also operates a large call center answering more than 30,000 calls daily and oversees more than 1,000 people collecting samples. The operation has increased from 200 samples a day to more than 3,000. This part of the webinar also discusses lessons learned from several response services (including Northern Italy) in the framework of the EU project, NO FEAR. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and its 192 member National Societies (NS) have been scaling up their efforts to prepare for and respond to this global crisis. As auxiliaries to their respective public authorities, Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies and their more than 13 million volunteers worldwide have a unique role to play. Staff and volunteers are actively involved in a wide spectrum of COVID-19 public health and clinical response activities, from risk communication and community engagement and community-based health and first aid, to quarantine, screening, isolation, to home, prehospital, and hospital care. In this part of the presentation, IFRC discusses the work that they are currently doing to support individuals and communities around the world."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Archer, Laura
2020-04-02
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Remote Psychological First Aid During a COVID-19 Outbreak
From the Introduction: "The outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease] has created concern and worry among the general population worldwide. Many will be anxious and afraid and those directly affected in different ways by the virus may be in greater panic, fear and worry. Psychological first aid (PFA) is a method of helping people in distress so they feel calm and supported to cope better with their challenges. It is a way of assisting someone to manage their situation and make informed decisions. The basis of psychological first aid is caring about the person in distress and showing empathy. It involves paying attention to reactions, active listening and, if needed, practical assistance, such as problem solving, help to access basic needs or referring to further options for assistance. PFA helps normalize worry and other emotions, PFA also promotes healthy coping and provides feelings of safety, calming, and hope. Any crisis impacts the social networks of the affected, and social interaction is of vital importance for human beings. Therefore, it is important to support the affected to find ways to keep in touch with others, even though being in isolation or quarantine. During the time of the virus outbreak, keeping a physical distance to others is mandatory, however keeping socially connected and closely in dialogue with others is vital. This can happen through phone or internet calls, Apps and other social media."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020-03
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Interim Guidance: Supportive Supervision for Volunteers Providing Mental Health and Psychosocial Support During COVID-19
From the Introduction: "During outbreaks of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease], the Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers provide services to those affected. Those impacted by the pandemic may face an array of distress because of the ongoing situation. Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers are providing crucial mental health and psychological support (MHPSS) to those who are isolated, who have lost loved ones, and who are fighting loneliness and feelings of anxiousness and feelings of depression. Volunteers are impacted by COVID-19 like everyone else worldwide. They worry about being stigmatized by family and community members, fear contracting the virus, having to be in isolation or quarantine, losing colleagues etc. Volunteers may also be affected by witnessing the death of someone they supported or be exhausted by having challenging tasks. To effectively care for and support volunteers involved in a COVID-19 response and to ensure that high quality MHPSS is being provided to the community, National Societies must establish robust volunteer care system, one that includes supportive supervision, to enhance their safety and psychosocial well-being."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020-04?
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Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations: Key Actions for National Societies on Caring for Volunteers in COVID-19
From the Introduction: "Volunteers are impacted by COVID-19 [coronavirus disease] like everyone else worldwide. They worry about being stigmatized by family and community members, fear contracting the virus, having to be in isolation or quarantine, losing colleagues etc. Volunteers may also be affected by witnessing the death of someone they supported or be exhausted by having challenging tasks. To effectively care for and support volunteers involved in a COVID-19 response, National Societies must establish robust volunteer care system to enhance their safety and psychosocial well-being. If not adequately supported, volunteers may experience stress responses that could have a long-term negative impact on their psychological well-being. How volunteers cope with the impact of stressors related to corona virus responses will depend on their personal resources and resilience as well as the supports at home, in the community and organization. Furthermore, if not supported poor performance, high turnover and disillusionment among volunteers are to be expected. This guidance note is a quick reference tool for National Societies to provide effective care and support to volunteers during the different phases of a COVID-19 response."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020-04
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Including Migrants and Displaced Populations in Preparedness and Response Activities to COVID-19: Guidance for Americas National Societies
From the Background: "[1] The Americas is currently experiencing several migratory dynamics across the whole region as well as facing the largest displacement crisis in modern history in the southern part of the continent. Around 26.6% of the world's migrants (61.6 million people) live in the Americas. Disasters, crises, social exclusion, armed conflict and other situations of violence in countries of origin keep being the main causes of migration in the region. [2] Over four million Venezuelans have left their country due to an increasingly difficult economic situation. This large movement of people has had effects in neighbouring countries, the Southern Cone, the Caribbean islands and some countries in Central America. As a response to this large movement of people, governments have put in place over the last months, new legal requirements to enter their country, resulting in many people using informal border-crossing points, that may expose them to increased protection risks."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
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How to Consider Protection, Gender and Inclusion in the Response to COVID-19
From the Document: "Like all crises, the COVID [coronavirus disease] outbreak will affect people differently based on their sex, gender and other factors, including age, disability, sexual orientation, health status, legal status, ethnicity, and other aspects of the person. Emergencies exacerbate existing gender inequalities, and the incidence of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), violence against children can be expected to increase. Marginalized groups are highly likely to [be] more adversely affected by the outbreak and the consequences of the response."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020-03-17
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Online PFA Training for COVID-19
From the Description: "The Basic training in PFA [Psychological First Aid] for COVID19 [coronavirus disease 209] outbreak response package is developed in response to the urgent need for training on how to support people in distress because of the COVID-19 outbreak. It can be used by trainers around the world. Run the interactive on-line training using the accompanying PowerPoints, videos, participant's worksheet or record the training for participants to follow when it fits their schedule. The training can be translated into any language and adapted to any context."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020
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Volunteering in Response to COVID-19: Spontaneous Volunteers
From the Document: "Spontaneous volunteers are people who are not affiliated with any voluntary organization and yet offer support in the response or recovery phases of a major incident, without extensive pre-planning. Spontaneous volunteers are often from the affected community. Knowing the situation on the ground is a great asset in responses to crisis. However, it is important to say that volunteers may also find that they are affected more than they expect because they are responding in their own local communities."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Akasha, Ea Suzanne
2020-04
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Building Trust Within and Across Communities for Health Emergency Preparedness
From the Overview: "Public trust in institutions in all parts of society is critical for health emergency preparedness. Leaders in government, science, public health, the private sector, international organizations, civil society, and the media are charged with identifying potential health risks and developing measures that will minimize their impact. But often, the threats are theoretical, something that may occur in the future, and difficult for many people to grasp as they address their very real day to day needs. It is only through empathy, accurate communications, community partnership, and effective actions that leaders generate the societal investments in resources and energy required to mitigate the effects of potential health hazards. Understanding the importance of public trust in institutions is especially critical during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak, whose containment relies on the cooperative actions of business, NGOs [non-governmental organization], governments, communities and individuals."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; UNICEF
2020
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RCCE Action Plan Guidance: COVID-19 Preparedness and Response
From the Objective: "This tool is designed to support risk communication, community engagement staff and responders working with national health authorities, and other partners to develop, implement and monitor an effective action plan for communicating effectively with the public, engaging with communities, local partners and other stakeholders to help prepare and protect individuals, families and the public's health during early response to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; UNICEF; World Health Organization
2020?
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COVID-19: How to Include Marginalized and Vulnerable People in Risk Communication and Community Engagement
From the Document: "Women, the elderly, adolescents, youth, and children, persons with disabilities, indigenous populations, refugees, migrants, and minorities experience the highest degree of socio-economic marginalization. Marginalized people become even more vulnerable in emergencies. This is due to factors such as their lack of access to effective surveillance and early-warning systems, and health services. The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak is predicted to have significant impacts on various sectors. [...] By understanding these issues, we can support the capacity of vulnerable populations in emergencies. We can give them priority assistance, and engage them in decision-making processes for response, recovery, preparedness, and risk reduction."
World Health Organization; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; United Nations. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2020-03
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Key Messages and Actions for COVID-19 Prevention and Control in Schools
From the Introduction: "The purpose of this document is to provide clear and actionable guidance for safe operations through the prevention, early detection and control of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in schools and other educational facilities. The guidance, while specific to countries that have already confirmed the transmission of COVID-19, is still relevant in all other contexts. Education can encourage students to become advocates for disease prevention and control at home, in school, and in their community by talking to others about how to prevent the spread of viruses. Maintaining safe school operations or reopening schools after a closure requires many considerations but, if done well, can promote public health."
World Health Organization; UNICEF; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Bender, Lisa
2020-03
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Social Stigma Associated with COVID-19
From the Document: "The level of stigma associated with COVID-19 [Coronavirus disease 2019] is based on three main factors: 1) it is a disease that's new and for which there are still many unknowns; 2) we are often afraid of the unknown; and 3) it is easy to associate that fear with 'others'. It is understandable that there is confusion, anxiety, and fear among the public. Unfortunately, these factors are also fueling harmful stereotypes."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; UNICEF; World Health Organization
2020-02-24
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Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention and Control in Schools
From the Purpose: "The purpose of this document is to provide clear and actionable guidance for safe operations through the prevention, early detection and control of COVID-19 in schools and other educational facilities. The guidance, while specific to countries that have already confirmed the transmission of COVID-19, is still relevant in all other contexts. Education can encourage students to become advocates for disease prevention and control at home, in school, and in their community by talking to others about how to prevent the spread of viruses. Maintaining safe school operations or reopening schools after a closure requires many considerations but, if done well, can promote public health."
UNICEF; World Health Organization; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Bender, Lisa
2020-03
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Community-Based Health Care, Including Outreach and Campaigns in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Overview: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is challenging health systems across the world. Rapidly increasing demand for care of people with COVID-19 is compounded by fear, misinformation and limitations on the movement of people and supplies that disrupt the delivery of frontline health care for all people. When health systems are overwhelmed and people fail to access needed services, both direct mortality and indirect mortality from preventable and treatable conditions increase. Decision-makers will need to make difficult choices to ensure that COVID-19 and other urgent, ongoing public health problems are addressed while minimizing risks to health workers and communities. As established at the 2018 Astana Global Conference on Primary Health Care, the community level is an integral platform for primary health care, key to the delivery of services and essential public health functions, and to the engagement and empowerment of communities in relation to their health. This community-based platform, with its distinct capacities for health care delivery and social engagement, has a critical role to play in the response to COVID-19 and is essential to meeting people's ongoing health needs, especially those of the most vulnerable."
World Health Organization; UNICEF; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
2020-05
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COVID-19 Interim Guidance for the Management of the Dead in Humanitarian Settings
From the Objectives: "The present guidance is targeted towards humanitarian settings. It aims to complement other guidance on the management of the dead with a stronger focus on the practical realities faced when dealing with the dead in humanitarian settings, and offers practical recommendations for the management of the bodies or human remains of persons who died from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], with the following objectives: 1. Ensuring the safety and wellbeing of those involved in managing and handling the dead from COVID-19. 2. Ensuring the proper and dignified management of all COVID-19 fatalities, with respect for their families and communities. 3. Ensuring the reliable documentation, identification and traceability of COVID-19 fatalities to prevent them from becoming missing persons. 4. Ensuring that the management of COVID-19 fatalities does not impede medico legal investigations where required by the authorities (e.g. suspicious deaths, deaths in custody, etc.), albeit with the additional health and safety precautions necessary for carrying out post-mortem procedures."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; International Committee of the Red Cross; World Health Organization
Baller, April; Coninx, Rudi; Eamer, Gwendolen . . .
2020-07
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'The Greatest Need Was to Be Listened to': The Importance of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support During COVID-19
From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is exacerbating the immense mental toll on the millions of people around the world already living through disasters, conflicts and emergencies, who are routinely exposed to distressing experiences such as losing loved ones, homes and livelihoods. [...] The increase in psychological distress caused by the virus is demonstrated in a recent survey we conducted across various countries. Key findings include: [1] 51% of adults perceive that COVID-19 negatively affected their mental health; [2] Almost two thirds of respondents across seven countries agree that taking care both of mental and physical health has become more important since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis."
International Committee of the Red Cross; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Clomén, Dick; Horn, Rebecca; Osorio, Milena . . .
2020
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Climate-Related Extreme Weather Events and COVID-19: A First Look at the Number of People Affected by Intersecting Disasters
From the Summary: "The ongoing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is an unprecedented humanitarian crisis which intersects with the global climate emergency. Climate change has not stopped in the midst of the pandemic's global spread. In fact, COVID-19 is directly affecting and increasing the needs of persons affected by climate-related disasters. People in the path of extreme weather events are currently faced with overlapping disasters with compounding effects. [...] This paper aims to provide a preliminary analysis of the number of people jointly affected by COVID-19 and climate-related disasters - demonstrating the multi-layered nature of these crises and highlighting the compounded vulnerability faced by communities."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre; Global Heat Health Information Network
Walton, Dan; Aalst, Maarten K. van
2020-09
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Extreme Heat During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "This year Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies are dealing with the dual risks of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and extreme heat, amongst many other compound disasters. For many staff and volunteers, the heat risks may be amplified due to considerations for COVID-19 like wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). At the same time, vulnerable individuals may be reluctant to seek cool spaces during a heatwave, out of fear of infection. These guidance materials provide practical steps that National Societies can take to protect staff, volunteers, and vulnerable people from heat extremes."
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre; Global Heat Health Information Network
2020-11-20?
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