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Alert Series: Women: Female Genital Mutilation
This document discusses female genital mutilation and its influence on refugee and asylum status. "The World Health Organization estimates that over eighty million infants, adolescents, and women have been subjected to female genital mutilation. These mutilations continue to be performed in more than thirty countries in Africa (including parts of Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Sudan) and Asia (including parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, Oman, South Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates), as well as among immigrant communities in other countries."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1994-07
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Profile Series Peru: Human Rights and Political Developments through December 1994
"Peru is a country experiencing profound economic and political transition. Of the calamities that may befall a nation, Peru has suffered a disproportionate share over the past fifteen years, falling victim to a cycle of political upheaval and economic disruption. More than half of the population suffers extreme poverty. Fourteen years of political violence have taken over 20,000 lives, caused billions of dollars in material damage, and displaced more than half a million people. A cholera epidemic has killed thousands of Peruvians since 1991. Peru has been labeled one of the poorest and most violent nations in South America. Since 1980, successive Peruvian governments have fought a brutal war againsSt endero Luminoso (Shining Path), a violent, self-proclaimed Marxist movement which seeks to overthrow the government. In the course of the conflict, both the guerrillas and government security forces have committed grave violations of human rights. Sendero has employed both targeted and indiscriminate violence to terrorize the government and the population. Despite the September 1992 capture of Sendero's leader, Abimael Guzmán, the guerrillas continue to carry out attacks, though at a significantly reduced level. […], Nevertheless, disturbing levels of violence persist, with the government demonstrating greater willingness to sacrifice the rights to due process and civil liberties of citizens -- and to tolerate abuses committed against them by security forces -- in order to advance its military and related political objectives. Despite these apparent improvements, Peruvians continue to suffer one of the worst situations of political violence in the hemisphere."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1995-06
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Profile Series: Pakistan
This profile gives a current overview (1993) of Pakistan and discusses the following groups: the Ahmadi Community, the People's Party of Pakistan, the Mohajirs, Women, and Religious Minorities.
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1993-11
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Alert Series: Sudan: Human Rights since the 1989 Coup
"The attached report on Sudan was written in April 1992. Information in this report on the background of the current situation is still substantially accurate. Below is a brief summary of events which have occurred since the report was written. The record of the Sudanese government regarding human rights deteriorated in all of the areas discussed in this paper. Martial law and a nationwide state of emergency remain in effect. Detentions, torture, severe misconduct in war, suppression of religious and political freedom, and systematic discrimination and violence against black African Sudanese in both southern and northern Sudan, continue to be documented. The situation in southern Sudan, already extremely problematic when this paper was written, worsened dramatically since April 1992. Splits within the southern Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) between the 'Torit' faction led by Colonel John Garang (primarily Dinkas) and the 'Nasir' faction (primarily Nuer), worsened throughout 1992. Factional fighting between the two wings of the SPLA, and fighting within the two factions of the SPLA, on ethnic and political lines, led to widespread killing and abuse of civilians in southern Sudan. Southern Sudan is now experiencing severe famine conditions."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1993-02
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Profile Series Russia: the Status of Jews in the Post-Soviet Era
"The status of Jews in Russia in the post-Soviet era is complex. The collapse of the Soviet Union has created new opportunities for Jews to practice their religion and culture. The kind of officially organized, state-sponsored discrimination that characterized the Soviet and tsarist eras, has virtually disappeared. Yet the climate of political and economic uncertainty in Russia has permitted the growth of anti-Semitism among individuals, parties, and organizations. Of equal importance, it is not always clear that the government is able -- or willing -- to take action against those who harass or physically attack Jews. For historical reasons, most Jews, like their Russian counterparts, are reluctant to report incidents of harassment or violence to government officials. Many police and lower level bureaucrats retained from the Soviet era have not received retraining in human rights or respect for the rule of law. […]. Although Jews who are religious, political or cultural activists may be more likely to be the targets of such attacks, Jews who have no known activist affiliations can also be at risk. Claims from Russian Jews must be assessed primarily on the basis of nationality, although religion and imputed political opinion (pro-democracy or anti-communism) may also be facets of the claim. Acts of harassment and violence against Jews are still sporadic in the post-Soviet era, but no-one is automatically at risk, or automatically safe from potential persecution: each case must be determined on a careful assessment of the applicant's own situation (and of those similarly situated, such as relatives, colleagues, friends, neighbors, etc.)."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1994-09
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Alert Series: Tajikistan Political Conditions in the Post-Soviet Era
This document offers a summary of the present condition in Tajikistan, a brief history of the country, Tajikistan's independence from the Soviet Union, information on human rights in Tajikistan including: "The Tajik Constitution, The Language Law, Religion: The Role Of Islam, The Effects Of The Civil War, Ethnic Groups At Risk: The Status of Tajiks, [and] Ethnic Groups At Risk: The Status Of Non-Tajik Ethnic Groups."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1993-09
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Profile Series: Kazakhstan: Political Conditions in the Post-Soviet Era
"The country has become more polarized as many of the ethnic Russians and Russian speakers living in the Kazakh-majority southern region of the country are either relocating to the north (dominated by ethnic Russians), or are leaving Kazakhstan altogether. At present, however, tensions, discrimination, and political manipulations have not escalated into outright repression or violence against Russian speakers as a group. The government seems to discourage ethnic-based supremacist groups -- both Russian and Kazakh -- from both legitimate and illegitimate or violent activities. However, the situation is too volatile to predict with any certainty whether the government will maintain a mildly repressive but relatively peaceful status quo, or will either increase its level of repression or lose its ability to dampen potential opposition. It should also be noted that one exception to the generalization that ethnic tensions have not resulted in societal violence is the status of Russian-speaking Jews. From the late 1980s to the present, there have been credible reports of sporadic violent attacks by societal groups or individuals on Russian-speaking Jews. This report will focus almost entirely on the status of Russian speakers in Kazakhstan. This focus was not chosen because Russian speakers necessarily are (or are not) at greater risk of discrimination or harassment in Kazakhstan, but because they represent the overwhelming majority of applicants for asylum from Kazakhstan in the United States. The focus on Russian speakers should not be construed as a judgement [sic] of the relative merits of the cases of Russian speakers or other potential applicants for asylum."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1994-09
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Alert Series: Kyrgyzstan: Political Conditions in the Post-Soviet Era
"Kyrgyzstan emerged from the breakup of the Soviet Union with the makings of a multiparty democratic political system already in place. The President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, was elected democratically (although he ran unopposed), and since his election has championed efforts to democratize Kyrgyz society. Bishkek, the capital, has been the site of human rights congresses and meetings, and governmental organizations such as the United States Department of State and the Helsinki Commission have found that Kyrgyzstan has the best record on human rights and respect for ethnic minorities in Central Asia. A number of political parties have been organized, including a renascent Communist Party, and all are permitted to publish newspapers and hold meetings unimpeded by state interference. Freedom of religion has also been established, with Christians, Jews, Muslims, and even Hare Krishnas able to practice their religions and to disseminate their views without restriction. The only limitation placed on religious activities is that religions cannot organize their own political parties. Thus, the Islamic Renewal Party, which has a presence in most other Central Asian republics, is banned in Kyrgyzstan."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1993-09
