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Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs
"This bulletin presents research on why youth join gangs and how a community can build gang prevention and intervention services. The author summarizes recent literature on gang formation and identifies promising and effective programs for gang prevention. The following are some key findings: 1) Youth join gangs for protection, enjoyment, respect, money, or because a friend is in a gang. 2) Youth are at higher risk of joining a gang if they engage in delinquent behaviors, are aggressive or violent, experience multiple caretaker transitions, have many problems at school, associate with other gang-involved youth, or live in communities where they feel unsafe and where many youth are in trouble. 3) To prevent youth from joining gangs, communities must strengthen families and schools, improve community supervision, train teachers and parents to manage disruptive youth, and teach students interpersonal skills."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.
2010-12
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Youth Gang Programs and Strategies
"'Youth Gang Programs and Strategies' draws on more than a half-century of gang program evaluations to summarize what we have learned about: Prevention programs (including early childhood, school-based, and afterschool initiatives); Intervention programs (including those that work to create violence-free zones, establish gang summits and truces, and rehabilitate gang members in juvenile detention and correctional facilities); Suppression programs (including those focused on prosecution, police response, and geomapping and other tracking systems); Strategies using multiple techniques (such as community policing); Multiagency initiatives (including local, State, and Federal efforts); Comprehensive approaches to gang problems (such as the Comprehensive Community-Wide Approach to Gang Prevention, Intervention, and Suppression); [and] Legislation (at the local, State, and Federal levels). This Summary also describes an OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention]-sponsored nationwide assessment of youth gang prevention, intervention, and suppression programs; debunks prevalent stereotypes surrounding youth gang members; and provides research-based recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of youth gang programs and strategies. [...] This Summary outlines programs and strategies that have been and are being used to break the lure and appeal of gangs and reduce gang crime and violence. Evaluations and national assessments of some of these programs are discussed, and an overview of what practitioners and administrators need to know before designing and implementing any gang program or strategy is provided.''
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.
2000-08
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Youth Gangs in Schools
"The incidence of gangs in schools nearly doubled from 1989 to 1995, mirroring the growth in youth gangs seen over the past two decades. With the strong correlation between the presence in schools of gangs and guns--and gangs and drugs--this increase is particularly disturbing. Drawing on a report published by the U.S. Departments of Education and Justice in 1998 and other literature, Youth Gangs in Schools analyzes findings from the School Crime Supplements (SCS) to the National Crime Victim Survey, describes characteristics of gangs in schools, and discusses contributory factors to gang prevalence in schools. The impact of gang presence in schools on victimization is also reviewed."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.; James P. (James Patrick), 1949-
2000-08
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Youth Gangs: An Overview
"As part of our response to public concern about this [juvenile crime] problem, OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] has initiated the Youth Gang Series to explore key issues related to youth gangs. These issues include gang migration, female involvement with gangs, and the growth of gang activity related to homicide, drugs, and overall delinquency. 'Youth Gangs: An Overview', the initial Bulletin in this series, brings together available knowledge on youth gangs by reviewing data and research. The author begins with a look at the history of youth gangs and their demographic characteristics. He then assesses the scope of the youth gang problem, including gang problems in juvenile detention and correctional facilities. A review of gang studies provides a clearer understanding of several issues. An extensive list of references is also included for further review. The Bulletin makes a clear statement that a successful gang intervention and suppression strategy must build on services already in place in our communities to develop a comprehensive approach that will enhance the capacity of the juvenile justice system. The information provided here and in subsequent titles of this series will serve as a good starting point toward that end."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.
1998-08
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Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection
"The 1980's saw an increase in youth gang violence and the rise of the crack cocaine epidemic. The public linked these two developments, often with implications of cause and effect. Conventional wisdom, however, is not always reliable. Viewed through the lens of public perception rather than that of scientific knowledge, the relationships among youth gangs, drugs, and violence are more often talked about than understood. In The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection, James Howell and Scott Decker add to our understanding of the interrelationships of these factors and address relevant questions such as the following: 'Is drug trafficking a main activity of youth gangs?' 'Is drug trafficking a major cause of violence in youth gangs?' 'Are there other important sources of youth gang violence?' The authors make critical distinctions between drug gangs and street gangs that further enhance our understanding of the gang phenomenon, as does their exploration of the connections between youth gangs and adult criminal organizations and the role of firearms in gang violence."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.; Decker, Scott H.
1999-01
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Youth Gang Drug Trafficking
"Using the results of the 1996 National Youth Gang Survey of law enforcement agencies, this Bulletin analyzes the participation of youth gang members in drug sales and the role of gangs in drug distribution. Although the authors found widespread drug trafficking among youth gangs, they report that serious involvement seems concentrated in a small number of areas and is overwhelmingly connected to young adult, rather than juvenile, gang members. Thus, jurisdictions should first assess the particular problem they confront in order to target their efforts to combat both gang and drug violence more effectively. Youth Gang Drug Trafficking provides a thoughtful analysis of extensive youth drug trafficking data and identifies areas for further research. The Bulletin also discusses the policy implications of these findings for communities struggling to curb the negative impact of youth gangs in their midst."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.; Gleason, Debra K.
1999-12
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Impact of Gangs on Communities
"This bulletin considers the impact of gang-related criminal activity on communities. To assess this, however, it is important to take into account the scope and nature of gang activity in different size communities, because gang impact on communities varies in accordance with their differing characteristics. This is the point of departure in this bulletin. Next, the impact of youth gangs on communities in several contexts is examined: the impact of gang members' criminal activity, general community impact, violent gang criminal activity, gang members returning from prison, gang migration and immigration, gangs in schools, and the economic impact of gangs."
National Youth Gang Center (U.S.)
Howell, James C.
2006-08
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Gangs in Small Towns and Rural Counties
"Your community is not alone if you have an emerging youth gang problem. Many small towns and rural areas are experiencing gang problems for the first time. In other communities, local observers jump to the mistaken conclusion that gangs are present. This may occur because small groups of delinquents are very common, even in the smallest communities. Adolescents enjoy hanging out together, and the reality is that juvenile delinquency is often committed in groups. The visibility of these groups in shopping malls and on street corners and their frequent troublesome behavior may suggest gang involvement. Another factor that may lead to the mistaken conclusion that a gang problem exists is the recent transfusion of gang culture into the larger youth culture. Certain clothing styles and colors commonly worn by gang members have become faddish in the popular youth culture. One need only watch MTV for a short period of time to see the popularity of what once were considered exclusively to be gang symbols. Even if local youths are displaying gang symbols such as the colors of big city gangs, this alone does not necessarily signify a genuine gang problem. Local groups of youths often imitate big city gangs, generally in an attempt to enhance their self-image or to seek popularity and acceptance among their peers"
National Youth Gang Center (U.S.)
Egley, Arlen; Howell, James C.
2005-06
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Hybrid and Other Modern Gangs
"This Bulletin describes the nature of modern youth gangs, in particular, hybrid gangs. Hybrid gang culture is characterized by mixed racial and ethnic participation within a single gang, participation in multiple gangs by a single individual, vague rules and codes of conduct for gang members, use of symbols and colors from multiple - even rival - gangs, collaboration by rival gangs in criminal activities, and the merger of smaller gangs into larger ones. Thus, hybrid gang customs are clearly distinguished from the practices of their predecessors. The Bulletin draws on survey data, research findings, and field reports to detail these critical differences, reviewing such issues as gang stereotypes and gang migration in the process."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.; Starbuck, David; Lindquist, Donna J.
2001-12
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History of Street Gangs in the United States
"The first active gangs in Western civilization were reported by Pike (1873, pp. 276--277), a widely respected chronicler of British crime. He documented the existence of gangs of highway robbers in England during the 17th century, and he speculates that similar gangs might well have existed in our mother country much earlier, perhaps as early as the 14th or even the 12th century. But it does not appear that these gangs had the features of modern-day, serious street gangs. More structured gangs did not appear until the early 1600s, when London was 'terrorized by a series of organized gangs calling themselves the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, Dead Boys … who found amusement in breaking windows, [and] demolishing taverns, [and they] also fought pitched battles among themselves dressed with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions.'"
United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance; United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.; Moore, John P.
2010-05
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Mobilizing Communities to Address Gang Problems
"A proven, effective set of prescribed steps for mobilizing communities to address gang problems does not exist. This review of the literature on community-mobilization initiatives was undertaken to identify potentially effective steps, with the aim of laying the groundwork for pilot-testing them. The review begins with a discussion of definitions pertaining to community mobilization, followed by an examination of the history of initiatives that have addressed gang problems. This is followed by a review of research on community-mobilization implementation in five gang program demonstration sites. This report concludes with suggested key elements of successful community mobilization."
National Youth Gang Center (U.S.)
Howell, James C.; Curry, G. David
2009-01
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Modern-Day Youth Gangs
"The more recent proliferation of gangs into less traditional areas - smaller cities, towns, suburbs, and even rural communities - has led experts to question whether modern-day youth gangs differ significantly from their predecessors. Drawing on data from the 1996 and 1998 National Youth Gang Surveys, the authors of this Bulletin compare the characteristics of gangs and gang members in jurisdictions with later onset of gang problems with those of gangs and gang members in jurisdictions with earlier onset of gang problems. Their findings provide interesting insights into variations in gang problems based on time of onset."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Egley, Arlen; Howell, James C.; Gleason, Debra K.
2002-06
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Youth Gangs in Indian Country
"Since 1995, the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) has surveyed law enforcement agencies across the nation about youth gang activity. Because tribal police departments were not included in earlier surveys, however, youth gang activities in Indian country have been largely absent from survey findings. This Bulletin describes the nature and makeup of youth gangs in Indian country. The findings presented are the result of a 2001 NYGC survey - tailored specifically for Indian communities - that asked federally recognized Indian communities to describe their experiences with youth gang activity. Researchers found that youth gangs in Indian country did not differ greatly from youth gangs in comparably sized communities. Indian country youth gangs, however, were noticeably different from youth gangs as depicted through national statistics. The study also included comparisons with findings from a previous study of youth gang activity in the Navajo Nation. Drawing on these research findings, the Bulletin proposes prevention, intervention, and suppression strategies."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Egley, Arlen; Major, Aline K.; Howell, James C.
2004-03
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Youth Gang Bibliography
This document represents a compilation of gang-related resources available. Published by the National Youth Gang Center in 2008, publications listed include books, papers, fact sheets, and other reputable resources covering several decades of gang activity.
National Youth Gang Center (U.S.)
Howell, James C.
2008-07
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Youth Gang Homicides in the 1990's
"The overall number of youth gang homicides in U.S. cities declined during the 1990's, but trends varied in the early and later parts of the decade and by city. This Fact Sheet discusses the results of a study of youth gang homicides in U.S. cities in the 1990's, which was conducted by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's (OJJDP's) National Youth Gang Center. The study combined results from multiple years of National Youth Gang Surveys and previous law enforcement surveys of gang activity in general and gang homicides in particular. Throughout this Fact Sheet, the word 'gang' refers to 'youth gangs.' The term 'gang homicides' refers to incidents that involve gang members as victims and/or offenders; some cities reported figures on more narrowly defined, gang-motivated incidents. Because the study used several databases, gang homicide trends during the decade were examined in two parts: the early to mid-1990's and the late 1990's."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Maxson, Cheryl Lee; Howell, James C.; Curry, G. David
2001-03
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Highlights of the 2010 National Youth Gang Survey
"Nationally, violent crime and property crime rates have declined dramatically over the past decade. An enduring concern for many jurisdictions, however, is the continued presence of gangs and gang activity, which are often associated with violence and serious crimes. Despite the overall decline in crime, gang violence continues at high levels in some cities."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Egley, Arlen; Howell, James C.
2012-04
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Precision Targeting: Filling the Gap
"As the US Army transitions from a force no longer sized to conduct large-scale, prolonged stability operations to an agile and versatile organization prepared to operate in a wide spectrum of complex environments against a regular, irregular, or hybrid adversary how the force chooses to employ violence in future operations will be crucial to achieving its operational and strategic goals. By examining the campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan it becomes clear that the precise application of violence provides space and opportunity for the non-lethal aspects of a balanced irregular warfare campaign to take hold. Well-managed violence and balanced strategies often meant progress, while mismanagement and imbalance often resulted in lost ground. Because of political sensitivities many conventional units abstained from operations like raids and kinetic strikes and relied on special operations forces to conduct targeting. While the force made tremendous strides in the last decade a capability gap developed between special operations and conventional force targeting that needs to be filled. By educating, training, and minimal organizational changes conventional forces can better fuse intelligence and operations, manage ISR [Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance], and create a clearer understanding of the environment not just for targeting but for all operations against an irregular or hybrid threat."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
Howell, James C.
2013-05-20
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Highlights of the 2011 National Youth Gang Survey
"This fact sheet provides an over view of the nation's gang problem. In 2011, there were an estimated 29,900 gangs (versus 29,000 in 2010) and 782,500 gang members (versus 756,000 in 2010) throughout 3,300 jurisdictions (down from 3,500 in 2010) with gang problems. The number of reported gang-related homicides decreased from 2,020 in 2010 to 1,824 in 2011."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Howell, James C.; Egley, Arlen
2013-09
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Highlights of the 2012 National Youth Gang Survey
"This fact sheet provides an overview of the nation's gang problem. In 2012, there were an estimated 30,700 gangs (an increase from 29,900 in 2011) and 850,000 gang members (an increase from 782,500 in 2011) throughout 3,100 jurisdictions with gang problems (down from 3,300 in 2011). The number of reported gang-related homicides increased 20 percent from 1,824 in 2011 to 2,363 in 2012."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Harris, Meena; Egley, Arlen; Howell, James C.
2014-12
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