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Flood of April 2007 in Southern Maine
"Up to 8.5 inches of rain fell from April 15 through 18, 2007, in southern Maine. The rain-in combination with up to an inch of water from snowmelt-resulted in extensive flooding. York County, Maine, was declared a presidential disaster area following the event. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), determined peak streamflows and recurrence intervals at 24 locations and peak water-surface elevations at 63 sites following the April 2007 flood. Peak streamflows were determined with data from continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations where available and through hydraulic models where station data were not available. The flood resulted in peak streamflows with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years throughout most of York County, and recurrence intervals up to 50 years in Cumberland County. Peak flows for selected recurrence intervals varied from less than 10 percent to greater than 100 percent different than those in the current FEMA flood-insurance studies due to additional data or newer regression equations. Water-surface elevations observed during the April 2007 flood were bracketed by elevation profiles in FEMA flood-insurance studies with the same recurrence intervals as the recurrence intervals bracketing the observed peak streamflows at seven sites, with higher elevation-profile recurrence intervals than streamflow recurrence intervals at six sites, and with lower elevation-profile recurrence intervals than streamflow recurrence intervals at one site."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Lombard, Pamela J.
2009
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NOAA-USGS Demonstration Flash-Flood and Debris-Flow Early-Warning System
"Once the smoke clears from a wildfire, the danger is not over!! Other hazards, such as flash floods and debris flows, now become the focus. Just a small amount of rainfall on a burn scar can lead to flash floods and debris flows. The powerful force of rushing water, soil, and rock, both within the burned area and downstream, can destroy culverts, bridges, roadways, and structures. Flash floods and debris flows can thus cause serious injury or death if care is not taken. The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) have established a demonstration flash-flood and debris-flow early-warning system for recently burned areas in southern California. The demonstration project covers eight counties within southern California and will begin in the autumn of 2005."
United States. Department of the Interior; United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2005-09
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Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment
"Global sea level rise (SLR) has been a persistent trend for decades. It is expected to continue beyond the end of this century, which will cause significant impacts in the United States (US). Over eight million people live in areas at risk to coastal flooding, and many of the nation's assets related to military readiness, energy, commerce, and ecosystems are already located at or near the ocean. Past trends provide valuable evidence in preparing for future environmental change but, by themselves, are insufficient for assessing the risks associated with an uncertain future. For example, a number of recent studies project an increase in the rate and magnitude of global SLR. The US Congress recognizes the need to consider future trends in the Global Change Research Act (USGCRA), which calls for a National Climate Assessment (NCA) every four years. This report provides a synthesis of the scientific literature on global SLR at the request of a federal advisory committee charged with developing the next NCA. This report also provides a set of four global mean SLR scenarios to describe future conditions for the purpose of assessing potential vulnerabilities and impacts."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Parris, Adam; Burkett, Virginia; Bromirski, Peter
2012-12-06
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1961 Eruption of Kilauea Volcano Hawaii
"The 1961 eruption or Kilauea Volcano, through the period February 24 to September 25, 1961, consisted of three summit eruptive phases followed by a flank eruptive phase. Tumescence of the Kilauea summit area, which began in the summer of 1960, continued virtually unchanged throughout and after the three periods of summit eruption. Rapid detumescence accompanied the flank eruption. Seismic activity during tumescence was moderate and persistent, but it gave no particular forewarning of imminent eruption. However, a swarm of relatively large earthquakes and strong harmonic tremor preceded the flank eruptive phase by about 16 hours."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Government Printing Office
Richter, Donald H.; Ault, Wayne U. 1923-; Eaton, Jerry P., 1926- . . .
1966
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December 1965 Eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
"More than 1 million cubic yards of tholeiitic basalt was erupted from the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano during a brief 6-hour period on December 24 and 25, 1965. The eruptive fissures opened in an en echelon zone about 2 miles long, from Aloi Crater eastward to Kane Nui o Hamo. The vigorous early stage of the eruption formed a 47-foot-deep lava lake in Aloi Crater and flooded about 150 acres of forest to the east. At a later stage, withdrawal of magma into the source fissures and other cracks drained the lava lake in Aloi Crater and considerably reduced the volume of lava in the flows remaining on the surface. Measurements of ground tilt show that Kilauea summit inflated before the eruption, and that it abruptly deflated just before and during the eruption. Significantly, the summit continued to deflate for an additional 10-hour period after the eruption had ended. Precise leveling suggests that the summit of the volcano did not collapse simply, and that small subsidiary areas of collapse lay about 1.5 km north and 2 km southeast of Halemaumau. The eruption marked only the beginning of a major seismic crisis that lasted for more than a week. Thousands of earthquakes were recorded, and preliminary results indicate that most of the epicenters lay in a narrow area extending from the upper east rift zone westward along the Koae fault zone into the Kau Desert. Hundreds of ground cracks and faults opened in this area, and precise leveling has shown that the area of cracking locally subsided nearly 6 feet. The eruption ended as the tempo of ground cracking and earthquakes was just reaching a maximum."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Government Printing Office
Koyanagi, Robert Y., 1934-; Fiske, Richard S.
1968
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October 1963 Eruption of Kilauea Volcano Hawaii
"The eruption of October 5-6, 1963, occurred along an 8-mile section of the central part of the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano. About 9 million cubic yards of lava was erupted from more than 30 fissures which show a slight right-offset en echelon pattern; the new lava covered an area of 1.3 square miles. A few hours before the actual outbreak, the summit of Kilauea began to subside, and strong harmonic tremor and earthquakes commenced at both the summit and the site of the later activity near Napau Crater. These phenomena were apparently caused by subsurface flow of magma from the summit reservoir through the rift zone conduits to the eruptive vents 8 miles distant. The lava of the eruption is a tholeiitic basalt with an average of 5.6 percent olivine. In general, lavas that erupted toward the eastern end of the eruptive zone are richer in olivine. These lavas, like others that erupted in historic times on the rift zone, show a slight differentiation when compared with lavas that erupted from the summit. The differentiation, apparently caused by cooling and crystallization within the rift zone, can be measured by the ratio (CaO [Calcium oxide]/FeO [Iron II oxide] + 0.9 Fe2O3 [Iron III oxide]), which is greater than 1 for summit lavas and which decreases systematically for lavas that erupted progressively eastward along the rift zone."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Government Printing Office
Moore, James Gregory, 1930-; Koyanagi, Robert Y., 1934-
1969
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Characterization of Peak Streamflows and Flood Inundation of Selected Areas in Southeastern Texas and Southwestern Louisiana from the August and September 2017 Flood Resulting from Hurricane Harvey
"Hurricane Harvey made landfall near Rockport, Texas, on August 25, 2017, as a Category 4 hurricane with wind gusts exceeding 150 miles per hour. As Harvey moved inland, the forward motion of the storm slowed down and produced tremendous rainfall amounts over southeastern Texas, with 8-day rainfall amounts exceeding 60 inches in some locations, which is about 15 inches more than average annual amounts of rainfall for eastern Texas and the Texas coast. Historic flooding occurred in Texas as a result of the widespread, heavy rainfall; wind and flood damages were estimated to be $125 billion, and the storm resulted in at least 68 direct fatalities. In the immediate aftermath of the Harvey-related flood event, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency initiated a cooperative study to evaluate the magnitude of the flood, determine the probability of occurrence, and map the extent of the flood in Texas."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Watson, Kara M.; Harwell, Glenn R. (Glenn Richard), 1970-; Wallace, David S. . . .
2018
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Disease Emergence and Resurgence: The Wildlife-Human Connection
"Enhanced understanding of the ecology of diseases of wildlife has direct importance for combating many infectious diseases of humans. According to Dr. Mark Woolhouse from the University of Edinburgh (Scotland), humans are plagued by 1,709 known pathogens, 832 of which are zoonotic (49 percent). Of the 156 of these diseases that are considered 'emerging,' 114 are zoonotic (73 percent). On the list of high-priority agents of concern for bioterrorism activities from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 80 percent are zoonoses (CDC A and B lists). Therefore, the wildlife-human-domestic animal connections are nearly impossible to ignore when investigating wildlife disease. […] This book is about the wildlife component of emerging diseases. It is intended to enhance the reader's awareness of the role of wildlife in disease emergence. By doing so, perhaps a more holistic approach to disease prevention and control will emerge for the benefit of human, domestic animal, and free-ranging wildlife populations alike. The perspectives offered are influenced by more than four decades of my experiences as a wildlife disease practitioner. Although wildlife are victims to many of the same disease agents affecting humans and domestic animals, many aspects of disease in free-ranging wildlife require different approaches than those commonly applied to address disease in humans or domestic animals. Nevertheless, the broader community of disease investigators and health care professionals has largely pursued a separatist approach for human, domestic animal, and wildlife rather than embracing the periodically proposed concept of 'one medicine.' We especially need to embrace this concept as the human population increases because there will be more contact, direct and indirect, among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. An 'Ecology for a Crowded Planet' will be an even more pressing concern, and that includes increasing our understanding of disease ecology, especially that of the zoonoses.
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.); U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Friend, Milton
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Seaside, Oregon Tsunami Pilot Study- Modernization of FEMA Flood Hazard Maps
"FEMA [Federal Emergency Management Agency] Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) guidelines do not currently exist for conducting and incorporating tsunami hazard assessments that reflect the substantial advances in tsunami research achieved in the last two decades; this conclusion is the result of two FEMA-sponsored workshops and the associated Tsunami Focused Study (Chowdhury et al., 2005). Therefore, as part of FEMA's Map Modernization Program, a Tsunami Pilot Study was carried out in the Seaside/Gearhart, Oregon, area to develop an improved Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) methodology and to provide recommendations for improved tsunami hazard assessment guidelines. The Seaside area was chosen because it is typical of many coastal communities in the section of the Pacific Coast from Cape Mendocino to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and because State Agencies and local stakeholders expressed considerable interest in mapping the tsunami threat to this area. The study was an interagency effort by FEMA, U.S. Geological Survey, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in collaboration with the University of Southern California, Middle East Technical University, Portland State University, Horning Geoscience, Northwest Hydraulics Consultants, and the Oregon Department of Geological and Mineral Industries. Draft copies and a briefing on the contents, results, and recommendations of this document were provided to FEMA officials before final publication."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Gonzalez, Frank I.; Synolakis, Costas; Geist, Eric L.
2006-08
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Open Skies Aerial Photography of Selected Areas in Central America Affected by Hurricane Mitch
This resource is a collection of aerial photographs taken of the areas affected by Hurricane Mitch: "Between October 27 and November 1, 1998, Central America was devastated by Hurricane Mitch, a force five Hurricane-one of the most destructive hurricanes in the recorded history of the western hemisphere. Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala all suffered significant damage. [...] One of the first informational needs was complete aerial photographic coverage of the storm-ravaged areas. These images were needed by the governments of the affected countries, by the U.S. agencies planning to provide assistance, and by the international relief community, including many donor agencies, poised to come to the aid of the residents of the devastated area."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior; United States. Government Printing Office
Molina, Bruce F.; Hallam, Cheryl A.
1999-03-16
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Assessing Hazards and Risks at the Department of the Interior--A Workshop Report
From the Document: "In summary, the workshop achieved the goals of understanding (1) how risk information is used by DOI [Department of the Interior] Bureaus and Offices, (2) the data potentially provided by DOI Bureaus and Offices, and (3) what other data and risk products might be useful. The workshop also helped identify future directions for the SHIRA [Strategic Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment] Project that could be implemented with additional resources. Most importantly, the February 2018 workshop demonstrated that there was broad interest in risk analysis across the DOI which may lead to additional collaborations and opportunities."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior. Office of Emergency Management
Wood, Nathan (Nathan J.); Pennaz, Alice B.; Ludwig, Kristin A. . . .
2019
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California's Exposure to Volcanic Hazards
"The potential for damaging earthquakes, landslides, floods, tsunamis, and wildfires is widely recognized in California. The same cannot be said for volcanic eruptions, despite the fact that they occur in the state about as frequently as the largest earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault. At least ten eruptions have taken place in the past 1,000 years--most recently, the Lassen Peak eruption of 1914-17 in northern California--and future volcanic eruptions are inevitable. Based on the record of volcanic activity over the last five millennia, the probability of another small- to moderate-sized eruption in California in the next 30 years is estimated to be about 16 percent. This is similar to the forecast for a magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake specific to the San Andreas Fault in the San Francisco Bay region, which is estimated to be about a 22 percent probability in 30 years, starting from 2014 (Aagaard and others, 2016)."
Geological Survey (U.S.); National Wildlife Health Center (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
Mangan, Margaret T.; Ball, Jessica; Wood, Nathan (Nathan J.) . . .
2019-02-25?
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Volcano Disaster Assistance Program--Helping to Save Lives Worldwide for More Than 30 Years
From the Document: "What do you do when a sleeping volcano roars back to life? For more than three decades, countries around the world have called upon the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) to contribute expertise and equipment in times of crisis. Co-funded by the USGS and the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA), VDAP has evolved and grown over the years, adding newly developed monitoring technologies, training and exchange programs, and eruption forecasting methodologies to greatly expand global capabilities that mitigate the impacts of volcanic hazards. These advances, in turn, strengthen the ability of the United States to respond to its own volcanic events. [...] The program's mission is to assist foreign partners, at their request, in volcano monitoring and empower them to take the lead in mitigating hazards at their country's threatening volcanoes."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Agency for International Development; United States. Department of the Interior
2017-10
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Hazus Estimated Annualized Earthquake Losses for the United States, April 2017
"Large earthquakes can cause social and economic disruption that can be unprecedented to any given community, and the full recovery from these impacts may or may not always be achievable. In the United States (U.S.), the 1994 M6.7 Northridge earthquake in California remains the third costliest disaster in U.S. history; and it was one of the most expensive disasters for the federal government. Internationally, earthquakes in the last decade alone have claimed tens of thousands of lives and caused hundreds of billions of dollars of economic impact throughout the globe (~90 billion U.S. dollars (USD) from 2008 M7.9 Wenchuan China, ~20 billion USD from 2010 M8.8 Maule earthquake in Chile, ~220 billion USD from 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake, ~25 billion USD from 2011 M6.3 Christchurch New Zealand, and ~22 billion USD from 2016 M7.0 Kumamoto Japan). Recent earthquakes show a pattern of steadily increasing damages and losses that are primarily due to three key factors: (1) significant growth in earthquake-prone urban areas, (2) vulnerability of the older building stock, including poorly engineered non-ductile concrete buildings, and (3) an increased interdependency in terms of supply and demand for the businesses that operate among different parts of the world. In the United States, earthquake risk continues to grow with increased exposure of population and development even though the earthquake hazard has remained relatively stable except for the regions of induced seismic activity. Understanding the seismic hazard requires studying earthquake characteristics and locales in which they occur, while understanding the risk requires an assessment of the potential damage from earthquake shaking to the built environment and to the welfare of people--especially in high-risk areas."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; Geological Survey (U.S.); National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (U.S.)
2017-04
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Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective
"Many challenges, including climate change, face the Nation's water managers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided estimates of how climate may change, but more understanding of the processes driving the changes, the sequences of the changes, and the manifestation of these global changes at different scales could be beneficial. Since the changes will likely affect fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle, climate change may have a large impact on water resources and water resources managers. The purpose of this interagency report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to explore strategies to improve water management by tracking, anticipating, and responding to climate change."
United States. Bureau of Reclamation; Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . . .
Olsen, J. Rolf; Kiang, Julie E.; Brekke, Levi D.
2009
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National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program: Fiscal Year 1983 Activities, Report to the United States Congress
From the Introduction: "The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) was established by the United States Congress in 1977 to reduce the risks of life and property from future earthquakes in the United States. The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-124) directed the President 'to establish and maintain an effective earthquake hazards reduction program.' The Congress recognized that earthquakes pose perhaps the greatest single-event natural hazard faced by the Nation. An earthquake can affect hundreds of thousands of square miles, can cause damage to property measured in the tens of billions of dollars, can cause loss of life and injury to tens of thousands of persons, and can disrupt the social and economic function of the affected area, and potentially, of the entire Nation. The Congress concluded that losses and disruption caused by earthquakes could be substantially reduced through the development and implementation of earthquake hazards reduction measures."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; Geological Survey (U.S.); National Science Foundation (U.S.) . . .
Schnell, Mary L.; Herd, Darrell G.
1984?
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United States and Territories National Tsunami Hazard Assessment: Historical Record and Sources for Waves - Update
"The first U.S. Tsunami Hazard Assessment (Dunbar
and Weaver, 2008) was prepared at the request of the
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP).
The NTHMP is a partnership formed between federal
and state agencies to reduce the impact of tsunamis
through hazard assessment, warning guidance, and mitigation.
The assessment was conducted in response to
a 2005 joint report by the Sub-Committee on Disaster
Reduction and the U.S. Group on Earth Observations
entitled Tsunami Risk Reduction for the United States:
A Framework for Action. The first specific action called
for in the Framework was to 'develop standardized and
coordinated tsunami hazard and risk assessments for all
coastal regions of the United States and its territories.'
Since the first assessment, there have been a number
of very significant tsunamis, including the 2009 Samoa,
2010 Chile, and 2011 Japan tsunamis. As a result, the
NTHMP requested an update of the U.S. tsunami hazard
assessment."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Geological Survey (U.S.); National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (U.S.)
Dunbar, Paula K.; Weaver, Craig S.
2015-12
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California Wildfires 2007 - 2008
"During 2007 and 2008 USNORTHCOM [United States Northern Command] responded to requests for assistance to fight wildfires in the state of California. While the command can expect requests for wildland firefighting support from across the United States climatic conditions, residential expansion, and the challenges of terrain resulted in the necessity of Department of Defense support going to California. This study is an expanded chronology of the daily requests, responses, and actions made and taken during that time. It is intended as a means to orient new members of the command to the unique demands and requirements of USNORTHCOM's mission and to refresh the memories of those who were present. This is not intended as an after action review, nor a lessons learned product, or a best practices listing. Those have been done by others and several are cited in the footnotes."
North American Aerospace Defense Command; United States. Air Mobility Command; United States. Forest Service . . .
2009-04
