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Effect of the Earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Eklutna Hydroelectric Project, Anchorage, Alaska
"The March 27, 1964, Alaska earthquake and its associated aftershocks caused damage requiring several million dollars worth of repair to the Eklwtna Hydroelectric Project, 34 miles northeast of Anchorage. Electric service from the Eklutna powerplant was interrupted during the early phase of the March 27 earthquake, built was restored (intermittently) until May 9,1964, when the plant was closed for inspection and repair.
Water for Eklutna project is transported from Eklutna Lake to the powerplant at tidewater on Knik Arm of Cook Inlet by an underwater intake connected to a 4.46-mile tunnel penstock. The primary damage caused by the earthquake was 1at the intake structure in Eklutna Lake. No damage to the power tunnel was observed. The piles-supported powerplant and appurtenant structures, Anchorage and Palmer substations, and the transmission lines suffered minor damage. Most damage occurred to facilities constructed on un-consolidated sediments and overburden which densified and subsided during the earthquake. Structures built on bedrock experienced little or no damage.
Underground communication and electrical systems in Anchorage were examined with a small-diameter television camera to locate damaged areas requiring repair. Most of the damage was concentrated at or near valley slopes. Those parts of the systems within the major slide areas of the city were destroyed."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
Logan, Malcolm H.; Burton, Lynn R.
1967
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Effects of the March 1964 Alaska Earthquake on the Hydrology of the Anchorage Area
"The Anchorage hydrologic system was greatly affected by the seismic shock. Immediate but temporary effects included increased stream discharge, seiche action on lakes, and fluctuations in ground-water levels. Generally, ground-water levels were residually lowered after the initial period of fluctuation. This lowering is attributed either to changes in the discharge zones offshore or to a change in the permeability of the aquifers by seismically induced strain.
Water supplies were disrupted temporarily by snowslides on streams and by sanding or turbidity in wells. Saltwater encroachment to wells on Fire Island seems to have increased. The approximate 3.7-foot lowering of land level and the diminished artesian head may permit further salt-water encroachment.
Increased pore pressure in the Pleistocene Bootlegger Cove Clay led to liquefaction in silt and sand lenses that contributed to the disastrous bluff landslides. Measurements after the earthquake indicate that most pore pressures are declining, whereas some remain high or are increasing.
Subsidence in the area was caused principally by tectonic readjustment, but differential compaction within the Bootlegger Cove Clay contributed to subsidences estimated to be as much as 0.6 foot beneath Anchorage."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Waller, Roger M.
1966
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Effects of the Earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad
"In the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the federally owned Alaska Railroad sustained damage of more than $35 million: 54 percent of the cost for port facilities; 25 percent, roadbed and track; 9 percent, buildings and utilities; 7 percent, bridges and culverts; and 5 percent, landslide removal. Principal causes of damage were: (1) landslides, landslide-generated waves, and seismic sea waves that destroyed costly port facilities built on deltas; (2) regional tectonic subsidence that necessitated raising and armoring 22 miles of roadbed made susceptible to marine erosion; and (3), of greatest importance in terms of potential damage in seismically active areas, a general loss of strength experienced by wet waterlaid unconsolidated granular sediments (silt to coarse gravel) that allowed embankments to settle and enabled sediments to undergo fiowlike displacement toward topographic depressions, even in fiat-lying areas. The term 'landspreading' is proposed for the lateral displacement and distension of mobilized sediments; landspreading appears to have resulted largely from liquefaction. Because mobilization is time dependent and its effects cumulative, the long duration of strong ground motion (timed as 3 to 4 minutes) along the southern 150 miles of the rail line made landspreading an important cause of damage."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
McCulloch, David S., 1929-; Bonilla, Manuel G., 1920-
1970
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Federal Fire Occurrence [website]
"The Federal Fire Occurrence Website is an official government website that provides users with the ability to query, research and download wildland fire occurrence data. The data available through this website contains over 677,000 fire records collected by Federal land management agencies for fires that occurred from 1980 through 2013 in the United States. [...] The fire occurrence data layer compiled for this application is a collection of fire records from the following six federal agencies under the United States Department of Interior (DOI) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park Service (NPS), and U.S. Forest Service (USFS)."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
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Understanding Earthquake Hazards in the Pacific Northwest: A Magnitude 7.1 Earthquake in the Tacoma Fault Zone - A Plausible Scenario for the Southern Puget Sound Region, Washington
"The U.S. Geological Survey
and cooperating scientists
have recently assessed the
effects of a magnitude 7.1
earthquake on the Tacoma
Fault Zone in Pierce County,
Washington. A quake of
comparable magnitude struck
the southern Puget Sound
region about 1,100 years ago,
and similar earthquakes are
almost certain to occur in the
future. The region is now home
to hundreds of thousands of
people, who would be at risk
from the shaking, liquefaction,
landsliding, and tsunamis
caused by such an earthquake.
The modeled effects of this
scenario earthquake will
help emergency planners and
residents of the region prepare
for future quakes."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
2010-04
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2016 One-Year Seismic Hazard Forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from Induced and Natural Earthquakes
"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has produced a 1-year seismic hazard forecast for 2016 for
the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) that includes contributions from both induced and natural
earthquakes. The model assumes that earthquake rates calculated from several different time windows
will remain relatively stationary and can be used to forecast earthquake hazard and damage intensity for
the year 2016. This assessment is the first step in developing an operational earthquake forecast for the
CEUS, and the analysis could be revised with updated seismicity and model parameters. Consensus
input models consider alternative earthquake catalog durations, smoothing parameters, maximum
magnitudes, and ground motion estimates, and represent uncertainties in earthquake occurrence and
diversity of opinion in the science community."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Department of the Interior
2016
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Treasure Coast Transportation Analysis Hurricane Evacuation Study Update 2003: Final Report
"With each new hurricane season, the counties of the Treasure Coast region in Florida remain extremely vulnerable to the threat of an intense hurricane strike. Recently, the region has sustained brushes with storms such as Hurricane Floyd 1999, and Tropical Storm Irene 1999. In response to this vulnerability, the counties of the Treasure Coast region continue to work diligently on every aspect of the hurricane preparedness process. [...] This report documents the inputs and findings of the study analysis. A separately bound appendix entitled Transportation Model Support Document provides modeling information and data files too extensive for this report."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; Geological Survey (U.S.)
PBS&J. Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.
2003-11
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Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Geologic Setting and Crustal Structure
This document examines the effects of the Loma Prieta, CA earthquake in 1989. It presents geologic and geophysical investigations of the crustal structure after the earthquake.
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Wells, Ray E.
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Surveillance Plan for the Early Detection of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Migratory Birds in the United States: Surveillance Year 2009
"This Surveillance Plan (Plan) describes plans for conducting surveillance of wild birds in the United States and its Territories and Freely-Associated States to provide for early detection of the introduction of the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) subtype of the influenza A virus by migratory birds during the 2009 surveillance year, spanning the period of April 1, 2009 -- March 31, 2010. The Plan represents a continuation of surveillance efforts begun in 2006 under the Interagency Strategic Plan for the Early Detection of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds (U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of the Interior, 2006). The Plan sets forth sampling plans by: region, target species or species groups to be sampled, locations of sampling, sample sizes, and sampling approaches and methods. This Plan will be reviewed annually and modified as appropriate for subsequent surveillance years based on evaluation of information from previous years of surveillance, changing patterns and threats of H5N1 HPAI, and changes in funding availability for avian influenza surveillance. Specific sampling strategies will be developed accordingly within each of six regions, defined here as Alaska, Hawaiian/Pacific Islands, Lower Pacific Flyway (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona), Central Flyway, Mississippi Flyway, and Atlantic Flyway."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Brand, Christopher J.
2009
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Draft Report to Congress: Strengthening the Scientific Understanding of Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Resources of the United States
This report is about how the effects of climate change will impact freshwater resources in the United States. This report is "identifies key actions to improve the Nation's capacity to detect and predict changes in freshwater resources that are likely to result from a changing climate."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2011-03
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Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States-A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective
"The rare earth elements (REE) are fifteen elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium ('lanthanides'), plus yttrium (39), which is chemically similar to the lanthanide elements and thus typically included with the rare earth elements. Although industrial demand for these elements is relatively small in tonnage terms, they are essential for a diverse and expanding array of high-technology applications. REE-containing magnets, metal alloys for batteries and light-weight structures, and phosphors are essential for many current and emerging alternative energy technologies, such as electric vehicles, energy-efficient lighting, and wind power. REE are also critical for a number of key defense systems and other advanced materials. […] The objective of this study is to provide a nontechnical overview of domestic reserves and resources of REE and possibilities for utilizing those resources. At the present time, the United States obtains its REE raw materials from foreign sources, almost exclusively from China. Import dependence upon a single country raises serious issues of supply security. In a global context, domestic REE resources are modest and of uncertain value; hence, available resources in traditional trading partners (such as Canada and Australia) are of great interest for diversifying sources of supply. This report restates basic geologic facts about REE relevant to assessing security of supply, followed by a review of current United States consumption and imports of REE, current knowledge of domestic resources, and possibilities for future domestic production. Further detail follows in a deposit-by-deposit review of the most significant domestic REE deposits (see index map). Necessary steps to develop domestic resources are discussed in a separate section, leading into a review of current domestic exploration and a discussion of the value of a future national mineral resource assessment of REE. The report also includes an overview of known global REE resources and discusses the reliability of alternative foreign sources of REE."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Long, Keith R.; Van Gosen, Bradley S., 1960-; Foley, Nora K.
2010-11-16
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Hurricane Georges: Storm Surge September 1998: Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida
"The purpose of this report is to present the high-water-mark data collected along the Gulf of Mexico beaches, river bays, sounds, and estuaries where significant storm surge occurred as a result of Hurricane Georges [1998]. The Gulf Coast area was limited to the coastlines of Alabama, Mississippi, and Northwest Florida."
Geological Survey (U.S.); United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
1998-09
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Storm-Tide Elevations Produced by Hurricane Andrew Along the Southern Florida Coasts, August 24, 1992
"On August 24, 1992, Hurricane Andrew made landfall south of Miami, Florida, and crossed the extreme southern point of peninsular Florida. The combined effects of storm surge from the hurricane and astronomical tide, referred to as storm tide, caused flooding over a large part of extreme southern Florida. In the weeks that followed the storm, the U.S. Geological Survey identified, described, and surveyed many high-water marks along the southeastern coast of Florida (Miami to Key Largo) and in selected areas along the southwestern coast of Florida (Flamingo to Goodland) to document the extent of flooding. A total of 336 high-water marks are described in tabular form in this report and their locations are plotted on nineteen 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps, which are included as plates in the pocket at the back of this report. For the southeastern coast, north-south profiles of the high-water marks along the outer and inner barrier islands and along the western shoreline of Biscayne Bay are also presented. Storm-tide elevations (relative to sea level) ranged from 4 to 6 feet in northern Biscayne Bay, increased in a southerly direction to about to 17 feet on the western shoreline near the center of the bay and decreased from that point to about 3 to 6 feet in southern Biscayne Bay and Barnes Sound. Elevations along the southwestern coast ranged from 4 to 5 feet above sea level at Flamingo and 5 to 7 feet above sea level at Goodland in the Ten Thousand Islands area."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; Geological Survey (U.S.)
1994
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Historical Seismicity in the South San Francisco Bay Region
In this report, "Locations (intensity centers) and moment magnitude M for 24 earthquakes (1858-1911) in the southern San Francisco Bay area are estimated from Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) assignments. The uncertainties in location and M are generally large because there are few MMI assignments available. Preferred locations are selected to be consistent with a simple model for seismic activity on the central and southern Calaveras fault. Significant seismic activity can be explained by repetitive failure of the same fault areas in nearly identical earthquakes. Significant earthquake activity occurred on both east- and west-Bay faults in the ten or so years before the 1868 east- Bay earthquake and before the 1906 and 1989 west-Bay earthquakes." This document contains numerous maps.
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Bakun, W. H. (William H.)
2009
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Map and Data for Quaternary Faults and Fault Systems on the Island of Hawai'i
"This report and digitally prepared, GIS [Geographic Information Systems]-based map is one of a series of similar products covering individual states or regions of United States that show the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related features such as faults and fault-related folds. It is part of a continuing the effort to compile a comprehensive Quaternary fault and fold map and database for the United States, which is supported by the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Earthquake Hazards Program. [...] The primary intention of this compilation is to aid in seismic-hazard evaluations. The report contains detailed information on the location and style of faulting, the time of most recent movement, and assigns each feature to a slip-rate category (as a proxy for fault activity). It also contains the name and affiliation of the compiler, date of compilation, geographic and other paleoseismologic parameters, as well as an extensive set of references for each feature. The map (plate 1) shows faults, volcanic rift zones, and lineaments that show evidence of Quaternary surface movement related to faulting, including data on the time of most recent movement, sense of movement, slip rate, and continuity of surface expression."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Cannon, Eric C.; Burgmann, Roland; Crone, Anthony J.
2007-12
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Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region: 2000 to 2030 - A Summary of Findings
"This report summarizes the results of a new analysis of the probability of significant earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay region for the coming three decades. The principal results of this study, which was led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), are being released on October 14, 1999, by three means: (1) in a presentation by the Working Group Chair, Dr. David Schwartz, to local and national government figures and earthquake response officials at a General Assembly of the Association of Bay Area Governments, commemorating the tenth anniversary of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake; (2) in USGS Fact Sheet 152-99, 'Major Quake Likely to Strike Between 2000 and 2030,' written for a general audience; and (3) in the following document, written for a more technically inclined audience that may include scientists, engineers, hazard experts, and science writers. This document begins with a Summary, followed by a Preliminary Technical Report for those interested in details of the methods employed by the Working Group."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities
1999
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Implications for Earthquake Risk Reduction in the United States from the Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999
"The moment magnitude (MW) 7.4 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake struck the Kocaeli province of northwestern Turkey on Tuesday, August 17, 1999, at 3:02 a.m. local time. The cause of the earthquake was the sudden breakage, or rupture, of the Earth's crust along a western branch of the 1,500-km-long North Anatolian fault system. [...] Immediately following the earthquake, the USGS [United States Geological Survey] was invited by the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute of Bogazici University in Istanbul, Turkey, to assist in its post-earthquake investigations. Teaming up with representatives from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the reconnaissance teams documented the following implications for earthquake risk reduction in the United States": (1) "Large-Scale human disaster"; (2) "Building collapse hazard"; (3) "Earthquake monitoring systems"; (4) "Earthquake forecasting"; and (5) "Permanent ground deformation hazards."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2000
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Documentation for the 2008 Update of the United States National Seismic Hazard Maps
"The 2008 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Maps display earthquake ground motions for various probability levels across the United States and are applied in seismic provisions of building codes, insurance rate structures, risk assessments, and other public policy. This update of the maps incorporates new findings on earthquake ground shaking, faults, seismicity, and geodesy. The resulting maps are derived from seismic hazard curves calculated on a grid of sites across the United States that describe the frequency of exceeding a set of ground motions. The USGS National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project developed these maps by incorporating information on potential earthquakes and associated ground shaking obtained from interaction in science and engineering workshops involving hundreds of participants, review by several science organizations and State surveys, and advice from two expert panels. The National Seismic Hazard Maps represent our assessment of the 'best available science' in earthquake hazards estimation for the United States." This document contains numerous maps and tables.
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Frankel, Arthur D.; Petersen, Mark D.; Harmsen, S. C.
2008
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Creating a Global Building Inventory for Earthquake Loss Assessment and Risk Management
"This report describes the procedure that has been adopted as a first pass at the development of a global building inventory database. The inventory development consists of estimates of the fractions of building types observed in each country, their functional use, and average day and night occupancy. Various data sources exist that provide building-specific information at a local or regional level with varying degrees of confidence; however, few data sources have been found to be relevant, consistent, and useful to our needs on a global scale. The inventory development methodology presented in this report not only compiles data from various sources but also allows us to rate and select the best source based on its vintage and quality. The building-specific inventory distribution developed is necessary for the casualty estimation methodology used for the U.S. Geological Survey's Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) system."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Jaiswal, Kishor; Wald, David J. (David Jay)
2008-10
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Preliminary Assessment of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Hazards in Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity
"Possible future violent events in the active hydrothermal, magmatic, and tectonic system of Yellowstone National Park pose potential hazards to park visitors and infrastructure. Most of the national park and vicinity are sparsely populated, but significant numbers of people as well as park resources could nevertheless be at risk from these hazards. Depending on the nature and magnitude of a particular hazardous event and the particular time and season when it might occur, 70,000 to more than 100,000 persons could be affected; the most violent events could affect a broader region or even continent-wide areas. This assessment of such hazards is presented both as a guide for future activities of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) and to aid appropriate response planning by the National Park Service and surrounding agencies and communities. Although the assessment is presented here in some technical detail, this summary is intended to be understandable to non-scientists. The principal conclusions also will be made available in other forms, more accessible to general readers."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Christiansen, Robert L.; Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Smith, Robert B.
2007
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U.S. Geological Survey Landslide Hazards Program 5-Year Plan 2006-2010
"Landslides are a national problem as they occur in significant numbers throughout the United States. The most significant landslide problems occur on the Pacific Coast, and in the Rocky Mountains, the Appalachian Mountains, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. It is estimated that landslide-related fatalities average from 25 to 50 per year, and direct and indirect economic costs to the nation range up to $3 billion per year. The costs of landslides are increasing rapidly as lands susceptible to failure are developed for highways, housing, industry, and recreation. USGS landslide hazards investigations focus on landslides that occur in association with other natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and heavy rains, hurricanes, and wildfires. The Landslide Hazards Program (LHP) and its predecessor have operated since the mid 1970's as a Congressionally-authorized program dedicated to the reduction of damages and avoidance of hazards from the different forms of landslides. The focus of the program is national, but it also responds to requests for assistance in foreign countries from the Department of State, as well as from international organizations such as the World Bank and the United Nations. As the only Federal program dedicated to landslide hazards, the LHP provides results of investigations for use by private consultants in geology and geotechnical engineering and by planners and decision makers at all levels of government and in the private sector."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
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Emergency Assessment of Postfire Debris-Flow Hazards for the 2009 Station Fire, San Gabriel Mountains, Southern California
"This report presents an emergency assessment of potential debris-flow hazards from basins burned by the 2009 Station fire in Los Angeles County, southern California. Statistical-empirical models developed for postfire debris flows are used to estimate the probability and volume of debris-flow production from 678 drainage basins within the burned area and to generate maps of areas that may be inundated along the San Gabriel mountain front by the estimated volume of material. Debris-flow probabilities and volumes are estimated as combined functions of different measures of basin burned extent, gradient, and material properties in response to both a 3-hour-duration, 1-year-recurrence thunderstorm and to a 12-hour-duration, 2-year recurrence storm. Debris-flow inundation areas are mapped for scenarios where all sediment-retention basins are empty and where the basins are all completely full. This assessment provides critical information for issuing warnings, locating and designing mitigation measures, and planning evacuation timing and routes within the first two winters following the fire."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2009-10
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Chronology and References of Volcanic Eruptions and Selected Unrest in the United States, 1980-2008
"The United States ranks as one of the top countries in the world in the number of young, active volcanoes within its borders. The United States, including the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, is home to approximately 170 geologically active (age
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
Diefenbach, Angela K.; Guffanti, Marianne; Ewert, John W.
2009
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Fire Ecology in the Southeastern United States
"Fire has played an important role in the structure of natural ecosystems throughout North America. As a natural process, fire helps clear away dead and dying plant matter and increases the production of native species that occur in fire prone habitats. It also reduces the invasion of exotic species and the succession to woody species in pitcher plant bogs, pine savannas, coastal prairies, marshes, and other natural plant communities of the southeastern United States. Today we use fire as a management tool to maintain and restore the ecological structure of natural plant and animal communities. We study the effects of fire on native species to better understand the influence fire has on the structure of their communities and ecosystems."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2000-06
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Global Warming, Sea-level Rise, and Coastal Marsh Survival
"Coastal wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. These wetlands at the land-ocean margin provide many direct benefits to humans, including habitat for commercially important fisheries and wildlife; storm protection; improved water quality through sediment, nutrient, and pollution removal; recreation; and aesthetic values. These valuable ecosystems will be highly vulnerable to the effects of the rapid rise in sea level predicted to occur during the next century as a result of global warming."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
1997-06
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Effects of Climate Change on Southeastern Forests
"Forests of the coastal plain region of the southeastern United States are among the most productive in North America. Because they form the basis of a large timber and wood products industry, these forests are of considerable economic importance. Also, the forests are rich in plant and animal species. Because they are diverse as well as productive, they have considerable conservation importance. Therefore, understanding potential impacts of climate change on southern forests is critical."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
1997-06
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Wildfire Hazards-A National Threat
"Wildfires are a growing natural hazard in most regions of the United States, posing a threat to life and property, particularly where native ecosystems meet developed areas. However, because fire is a natural (and often beneficial) process, fire suppression can lead to more severe fires due to the buildup of vegetation, which creates more fuel. In addition, the secondary effects of wildfires, including erosion, landslides, introduction of invasive species, and changes in water quality, are often more disastrous than the fire itself. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides tools and information by identifying wildfire risks, ways to reduce wildfire hazards, providing real-time firefighting support, and assessing the aftermath of wildfires. The goal is to build more resilient communities and ecosystems. The USGS conducts vegetation and fuels mapping to support firefighting readiness, reduce wildfire hazards in the wildland-urban interface, and assess wildfire effects on ecosystems."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2006-02
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Predicting Coastal Flooding and Wetland Loss
"The southeastern coastal region encompasses vast areas of wetland habitat important to wildlife and other economically valuable natural resources. Located on the interface between sea and land, these wetland habitats are affected by both sea level rise and hurricanes, and possibly by hydroperiod associated with regional climatic shifts. Increased sea level is expected to accompany global warming because of higher sea temperatures and ice melt. To help determine the effects of sea-level rise on these wetlands, USGS scientists created computer models of coastal flooding and wetland loss."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
1997-06
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USGS ShakeCast
This fact sheet describes the United States Geological Service's ShakeCast application. "ShakeCast, short for ShakeMap Broadcast, is a fully automated system for delivering specific ShakeMap products to critical users and for triggering established post-earthquake response protocols. ShakeMap is a well-established tool used to portray the extent of potentially damaging shaking following an earthquake. ShakeMap is automatically generated for small and large earthquakes in areas where it is available and can be found on the Internet at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/shakemap/. It was developed and is used primarily for emergency response, loss estimation, and public information. However, for an informed response to a serious earthquake, critical users must go beyond just looking at ShakeMap, and understand the likely extent and severity of impact on the facilities for which they are responsible. To this end the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed ShakeCast."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2007-10
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ShakeMap- A Tool for Earthquake Response
"Immediately following an earthquake, emergency managers must make quick response decisions using limited information. Automatically and rapidly generated computer maps of the intensity of ground shaking (ShakeMaps) are now available for California within about 10 minutes of an earthquake. This quick, accurate, and important information can aid in making the most effective use of emergency-response resources."
United States. Department of the Interior; Geological Survey (U.S.)
2003-09
