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Risk Management Series: Engineering Guideline for Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation
"This publication serves as a technical resource for design professionals on the topic of incremental seismic rehabilitation and strategies for implementing this approach in practice. The publication includes discussions on several topics including building maintenance, capital improvement and decision-making processes as a basis for communicating with decision-makers on seismic rehabilitation opportunities. In addition, other resource documents for seismic rehabilitation are reviewed."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2009-05
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Handbook for Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings to Evaluate Terrorism Risks
"This manual provides guidance for building inspectors, architects and engineers on quickly and effectively determining what, if any, are the risks posed to the building by natural hazards, terrorist attacks and other threats to the building's structural integrity. [...] This rapid visual screening procedure has been developed for use in assessing risk of terrorist attack on standard commercial buildings in urban or semi-urban areas, but it is also intended to be applicable nationwide for all conventional building types. It can be used to identify the level of risk for a single building, or the relative risk among buildings in a portfolio, community, or region as a prioritization tool for further risk management activities. The information gathered as part of this screening procedure can also be used to support and facilitate higher level assessments by expert investigators performing building-specific evaluations of threat, consequences, and vulnerability."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Hinman, Eve; Arnold, Christopher; Ettouney, Mohammed.
2009-03
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FEMA Risk Management Series: Incremental Protection for Existing Commercial Buildings from Terrorist Attack: Providing Protection to People and Buildings
"The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed FEMA 459, Incremental Protection for Existing Commercial Buildings from Terrorist Attack, to provide guidance to owners of existing commercial buildings and their architects and engineers on security and operational enhancements to address vulnerabilities to explosive blasts and chemical, biological, and radiological hazards. It also addresses how to integrate these enhancements into the ongoing building maintenance and capital improvement programs. These enhancements are intended to mitigate or eliminate long-term risk to people and property. FEMA 459 can be used in conjunction with FEMA 452. This manual presents an integrated, incremental rehabilitation approach to implementing the outcomes of a risk assessment completed in accordance with FEMA 452, Risk Assessment: A How-To Guide to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Building. This approach is intended to minimize disruption to building operations and control costs for existing commercial buildings. This manual outlines an approach to incremental security enhancement in four types of existing commercial buildings: office buildings, retail buildings, multifamily apartment buildings, and hotel and motel buildings. It addresses both physical and operational enhancements that reduce building vulnerabilities to blasts and chemical, biological, and radiological attacks, within the constraints of the existing site conditions and building configurations."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2008-04
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Site and Urban Design for Security: Guidance Against Potential Terrorist Attacks
"The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has developed this publication, Site and Urban Design for Security: Guidance against Potential Terrorist Attacks, to provide information and design concepts for the protection of buildings and occupants, from site perimeters to the faces of buildings. The intended audience includes the design community of architects, landscape architects, engineers and other consultants working for private institutions, building owners and managers and state and local government officials concerned with site planning and design. Immediately after September 11, 2001, extensive site security measures were put in place, particularly in the two target cities of New York and Washington. However, many of these security measures were applied on an ad hoc basis, with little regard for their impacts on development patterns and community character. Property owners, government entities and others erected security barriers to limit street access and installed a wide variety of security devices on sidewalks, buildings, and transportation facilities. The short-term impacts of these measures were certainly justified in the immediate aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001, but traffic patterns, pedestrian mobility, and the vitality of downtown street life were increasingly jeopardized. Hence, while the main objective of this manual is to reduce physical damage to buildings and related infra-structure through site design, the purpose of FEMA 430 is also to ensure that security design provides careful attention to urban design values by maintaining or even enhancing the site amenities and aesthetic quality in urban and semi-urban areas. This publication, FEMA 430, is one of a series that addresses security is-sues in high-population private-sector buildings."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2007-12
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Risk Management Series Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds
"The objective of the 'Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds' is to inform and assist design professionals, hospital administrators, and facility managers in implementing sound mitigation measures that will decrease the vulnerability of hospitals to disruptions caused by natural hazard events. The intent of the Design Guide is to provide its audience with state-of-the-art knowledge on the variety of vulnerabilities faced by hospitals exposed to earthquakes, flooding, and high-winds risks, as well as the best ways to mitigate the risk of damage and disruption of hospital operations caused by these events. The information presented in this publication provides an exhaustive review of mitigation measures and design solutions that can improve the safety of hospitals in natural hazard events. However, this publication is not intended to be a comprehensive mitigation design manual that the reader can use to develop actual plans and specifications. It is intended as an introduction to the fundamental principles of natural hazard risk reduction, with an emphasis on mitigation planning and the design of hospital buildings. The information presented here is intended to help design professionals, hospital administrators, and facility managers understand the broad aspects of risk reduction methods and strategies, and integrate them into hospital designs."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2007-06
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Risk Management Series: Design Guide for Improving Critical Facility Safety from Flooding and High Winds
This manual concentrates on critical facilities (hospitals, schools, fire and police stations, and emergency operation centers). It is based on the behavior of critical facilities during Hurricane Katrina and makes recommendations on the performance of these types of buildings. It provides building professionals and decision-makers with information and guidelines for implementing a variety of mitigation measures to reduce the vulnerability to damage and disruption of operations during severe flooding and high-wind events. It includes extensive information on the impact of storm surges to the Gulf Area.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2007-01
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Risk Management Series: Designing for Earthquakes: A Manual for Architects
This publication consists of a series of chapters that provide the foundation for an understanding of seismic design, each authored by an expert in the field. The authors were given freedom to decide the scope of their chapters; and thus this publication represents expert opinion rather than consensus. Designing for Earthquakes: a Manual for Architects is intended to explain the principles of seismic design for those without a technical background in engineering and seismology. The primary intended audience is that of architects and includes practicing architects, architectural students, and faculty in architectural schools who teach structures and seismic design. Currently no single publication exists that provides up-to-date information necessary to architects, presented in a form that is attractive, readable, and intelligible to a non-specialist audience. This revised publication will fill that gap.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-12
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Risk Management Series: Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms
"This manual is intended to provide guidance for engineers, architects, building officials, and property owners to design shelters and safe rooms in buildings. It presents information about the design and construction of shelters in the work place, home, or community building that will provide protection in response to manmade hazards. Because the security needs and types of construction vary greatly, users may select the methods and measures that best meet their individual situations. The use of experts to apply the methodologies contained in this document is encouraged. The information contained herein will assist in the planning and design of shelters that may be constructed outside or within dwellings or public buildings. These safe rooms will protect occupants from a variety of hazards, including debris impact, accidental or intentional explosive detonation, and the accidental or intentional release of a toxic substance into the air. Safe rooms may also be designed to protect individuals from assaults and attempted kidnapping, which requires design features to resist forced entry and ballistic impact. This covers a range of protective options, from low-cost expedient protection (what is commonly referred to as sheltering-in-place) to safe rooms ventilated and pressurized with air purified by ultra-high-efficiency filters."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-05
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Safe Rooms and Shelters: Protecting People against Terrorist Attacks
"This manual is intended to provide guidance for engineers, architects, building officials, and property owners to design shelters and safe rooms in buildings. It presents information about the design and construction of shelters in the work place, home, or community building that will provide protection in response to manmade hazards. Because the security needs and types of construction vary greatly, users may select the methods and measures that best meet their individual situations. The use of experts to apply the methodologies contained in this document is encouraged."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2006-05
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Risk Management Series: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hotel and Motel Buildings: Providing Protection to People and Buildings
This manual provides owners of hotel and motel buildings with the information necessary to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation for those buildings. "Incremental seismic rehabilitation, an innovative approach that phases in a series of discrete rehabilitation actions over a period of several years, is an effective, affordable, and non-disruptive strategy for responsible mitigation action that can be integrated efficiently into ongoing facility maintenance and capital improvement operations to minimize cost and disruption."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2005-04
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Risk Assessment: A How-To Guide to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings
"This how-to guide outlines methods for identifying the critical assets and functions within buildings, determining the threats to those assets, and assessing the vulnerabilities associated with those threats. The methods presented provide a means to assess risks and to make decisions about how to mitigate them. The scope of the methods includes reducing physical damage to structural and non-structural components of buildings and related infrastructure, and reducing resultant casualties during conventional bomb attacks, as well as attacks involving chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) agents."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Department of Veterans Affairs
2005-01
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Risk Management Series: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Retail Buildings: Providing Protection to People and Buildings
This manual provides owners of Class A, B, or C retail buildings, be they Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), pension funds, partnerships, individuals, or other forms of ownership, with the information necessary to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation for those buildings.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2004-06
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Risk Management Series: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Multifamily Apartment Buildings: Providing Protection to People and Buildings
"The greatest earthquake risk is associated with existing multifamily buildings that were designed and constructed before the use of modern building codes. For many parts of the United States, this includes buildings built as recently as the early 1990s. Although vulnerable multifamily buildings need to be replaced with safe, new construction or rehabilitated to correct deficiencies, for many building owners new construction is limited, at times severely, by budgetary constraints, and seismic rehabilitation is expensive and disruptive. However, incremental seismic rehabilitation, proposed in this manual, is an innovative approach that phases in a series of discrete rehabilitation actions over a period of several years. It is an effective, affordable, and non-disruptive strategy for responsible mitigation actions that can be integrated efficiently into ongoing facility maintenance and capital improvement operations to minimize cost and disruption. This manual and its companion documents are the products of a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) project to develop the concept of incremental seismic rehabilitation--that is, building modifications that reduce seismic risk by improving seismic performance and that are implemented over an extended period, often in conjunction with other repair, maintenance, or capital improvement activities."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Krimgold, Frederick, 1946-; Hattis, David; Green, Melvyn
2004-02
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Risk Management Series Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds
"This publication is intended to provide design guidance for the protection of school buildings and their occupants against natural hazards, and concentrates on grade schools (K-12); the focus is on the design of new schools, but the repair, renovation, and extension of existing schools is also addressed. It is intended as the first of a series of publications in which hospitals, higher education buildings, multifamily dwellings, commercial buildings, and light industrial facilities will be addressed. The focus of this publication is on the safety of school buildings and their occupants, and the economic losses and social disruption caused by building damage and destruction. The volume covers three main natural hazards that have the potential to result in unacceptable risk and loss: earthquakes, floods, and high winds. A companion volume, Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks (FEMA 428), covers the manmade hazards of physical, chemical, biological, and radiological attacks. The intended audience for this manual includes design professionals and school officials involved in the technical and financial decisions of school construction, repair, and renovations. A short brochure based on this manual will also be available for school district and school board decision-makers."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2004-01
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Risk Management Series: Primer for Design Professionals: Communicating with Owners and Managers of New Buildings on Earthquake Risk
FEMA 389 was developed to facilitate the process of educating building owners and managers about seismic risk management tools that can be effectively and economically employed during the building development phase-- from site selection through design and construction-- as well as the operational phase. The document provides guidance for identifying and assessing earthquake-related hazards during the site selection process, including the potential seismic hazards of ground shaking, surface fault rupture, soil liquefaction, soil differential compaction, landsliding and inundation, as well as other potential hazards affecting building performance, vulnerable transportation and utility systems (lifelines), the hazards posed by adjacent structures, the release of hazardous materials, and post-earthquake fires.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2004-01
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Risk Management Series: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Office Buildings - Providing Protection to People and Buildings
"This manual provides owners of office buildings, be they Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), pension funds, partnerships, individuals, or other forms of ownership, with the information necessary to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation for those buildings."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-12
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Risk Management Series Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks: Providing Protection to People and Buildings
"This Primer for Protection of Schools Against Terrorist Attacks provides guidance to protect students, faculty, staff, and their school buildings from terrorist attacks. It also provides guidance to the building science community of architects and engineers working for local institutions on school projects. This document is intended for use by schools who feel that they are at risk to terrorist attacks. It provides necessary guidance to those who desire to increase the performance of their school and related infrastructure. Not all schools are at risk of terrorist attacks. The decision-makers in each school district should use current and available threat information from the proper sources to make this determination. The use of experts to apply the methodologies contained in this document is encouraged."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-12
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Insurance, Finance, and Regulation Primer for Terrorism Risk Management in Buildings
The purpose of this primer is to introduce the building insurance, finance, and regulatory communities to the issue of terrorism risk management in buildings and the tools currently available to manage the risks. FEMA 429 provides information related to insurance, the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, and highlights current building regulations related to terrorism risk, due diligence, and vulnerability. The manual also includes a Building Security Checklist categorized by data collection, attack delivery methods, and attack mechanism parameters. The primer is part of the "Multihazard Risk Management Series of publications that addresses terrorism risk in buildings. The objective of this primer is to introduce the building insurance, finance, and regulatory communities to the issue of terrorism risk management in buildings and the tools currently available to manage that risk." "Insurance, finance and regulation are considered the "change levers" of the built environment. They are the principal mechanisms for the evaluation and management of risk exposure in buildings. These change levers play a critical role in introducing and maintaining standards for risk management and public safety." "The change levers of finance, insurance, and regulation...can motivate and reward the implementation of...solutions" to the risk of terrorist attacks. Appended to the primer is the Terrorist Risk Insurance Act of 2002, an extensive glossary of facts and terms, a Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Glossary, a large list of relevant acronyms, a list of relevant associations and organizations, and an extensive bibliography for further research.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-12
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Primer for Design of Commercial Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Attacks
"This primer introduces a series of concepts that can help building designers, owners, and state and local governments mitigate the threat of hazards resulting from terrorist attacks on new buildings. FEMA 427 specifically addresses four high-population, private-sector building types: commercial office, retail, multifamily residential, and light industrial. This manual contains extensive qualitative design guidance for limiting or mitigating the effects of terrorist attacks, focusing primarily on explosions, but also addressing chemical, biological, and radiological attacks." It "provides guidance to building designers, owners and state and local governments to mitigate the effects of hazards resulting from terrorist attacks on new buildings. While the guidance provided focuses principally on explosive attacks and design strategies to mitigate the effects of explosions, the document also addresses design strategies to mitigate the effects of chemical, biological and radiological attacks. In addition to applicability to the design of new commercial office, retail, multi-family residential, and light-industrial buildings, many of the concepts presented are also applicable to other building types and/or existing buildings." "Designing security into a building requires a complex series of trade-offs. Security concerns need to be balanced with many other design constraints". "Because the probability of attack is very small, security measures should not interfere with daily operations of the building. On the other hand, because the effects of attack can be catastrophic, it is prudent to incorporate measures that may save lives and minimize business interruption in the unlikely event of an attack."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-12
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Risk Management Series: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Office Buildings: Providing Protection to People and Buildings
"This manual provides owners of office buildings, be they Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), pension funds, partnerships, individuals, or other forms of ownership, with the information necessary to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation for those buildings. The manual consists of three parts: Critical Decisions for Earthquake Safety in Office Buildings, is for owner senior executives, board members, and policy makers who will decide on allocating resources for earthquake mitigation; Planning and Managing the Process for Earthquake Risk Reduction in Existing Office Buildings, is for facility managers, risk managers, and financial managers, or those responsible for these areas of management, who will initiate and manage seismic mitigation measures; and Tools for Implementing Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation in Existing Office Buildings, is for facility managers, or those otherwise responsible for facility management, who will implement incremental seismic rehabilitation programs."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-12
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Risk Management Series: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hospital Buildings: Providing Protection to People and Buildings
"This manual provides healthcare organizations with the information necessary to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation for those buildings. The manual consists of three parts: Critical Decisions for Earthquake Safety in Hospitals, is for healthcare organization senior executives, board members, hospital directors, vice presidents for facility management, and other policy makers who will decide on allocating resources for earthquake mitigation; Planning and Managing the Process for Earthquake Risk Reduction in Existing Hospital Buildings, is for hospital facility managers, risk managers, and financial managers who will initiate and manage seismic mitigation measures; and Tools for Implementing Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation in Existing Hospital Buildings, is for facility managers, or others responsible for facility management, who will implement incremental seismic rehabilitation programs."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-12
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Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks
The purpose of this primer is to provide the design community and school administrators with the basic principles and techniques to make a school that is safe from terrorist attacks. FEMA 428 includes information on how to conduct a threat/ risk assessment, prepare site layout and building design, and create school safety plans. It also includes a brief discussion on blast theory and CBR measures that can be taken to mitigate school vulnerabilities, as well as a standalone description of the concept of safe rooms within schools that will resist CBR and blast threats." The primer "provides guidance to protect students, faculty, staff, and their school building from terrorist attacks. It also provides guidance to the building science community of architects and engineers working for local institutions on school projects. This document is intended for use by schools who feel that they are at risk to terrorist attacks. It provides necessary guidance to those who desire to increase the performance of their school and related infrastructure." "Protecting a school building and grounds from physical attack is a significant challenge because the ability to design, construct, renovate, operate, and maintain the facility is spread across numerous building users, infrastructure systems, and many building design codes." "Schools may or may not be the targets of terrorism, but they are certain to be affected by terrorism, whether directly or indirectly."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-12
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Risk Management Series: Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of School Buildings (K-12), Providing Protection to People and Buildings
"This manual provides school administrators with the information necessary to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings, and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation for those buildings."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2003-06
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