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Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) [Updated July 5, 2019]
From the Document: "In 1982, Congress passed the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA; P.L. 97-348; 16 U.S.C. §§3501-3510), which established the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System (System). It declared the purpose of CBRA to be 'to minimize the loss of human life, wasteful expenditure of Federal revenues, and the damage to fish, wildlife, and other natural resources associated with coastal barriers.' CBRA was enacted to remove federal financial assistance incentives for development on undeveloped coastal barriers, in recognition of potential problems associated with developing coastal areas. CBRA does not prohibit development within System areas; therefore, development may still occur using private and nonfederal funds. The System is currently composed of parts of coastal areas along the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lipiec, Eva; Crafton, R. Eliot
2019-07-05
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Final Rules Changing Endangered Species Act Regulations [Updated August 27, 2019]
From the Document: "On August 27, 2019, the Trump Administration published three final rules that change the implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 et. seq.). The final rules concern Section 4 (listing of endangered and threatened species) and Section 7 (consultation with federal agencies) of ESA. The final rules are effective on September 26, 2019. The federal agencies that implement ESA include the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (FWS and NMFS are referred to as the 'Services' in this In Focus, and the term 'Secretary' refers to the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Commerce, as applicable.) The final rules are summarized below, including some of the Services' explanations for the changes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ward, Erin H.; Crafton, R. Eliot
2019-08-27
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Description of Proposed Changes to Implementation of the Endangered Species Act [August 8, 2018]
"On July 25, 2018, the Trump Administration proposed three rules that would change implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et. seq.). The proposed rules are open for public comment until September 24, 2018. The federal agencies that implement ESA include the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). FWS and NMFS are referred to as action agencies in this In Focus, and the term Secretary refers to the Secretary of the Interior unless otherwise stated. The proposed rules are summarized below without an analytical discussion, although some Administration explanations of the changes are included."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sheikh, Pervaze A.; Crafton, R. Eliot; Tsang, Linda
2018-08-08
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Federal Lands and Related Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 116th Congress [Updated March 18, 2019]
From the Document: "The Property Clause in the U.S. Constitution (Article IV, §3, clause 2) grants Congress the authority to acquire, dispose of, and manage federal property. The 116th Congress faces multiple policy issues related to federal lands and natural resources. These issues include how much and which land the government should own and how lands and resources should be used and managed. These issues affect local communities, industries, ecosystems, and the nation. [...] This report introduces some of the broad themes and issues Congress has considered when addressing federal land policy and resource management. These include questions about the extent and location of the federal estate. For example, typically Congress considers both measures to authorize and fund the acquisition of additional lands and measures to convey some land out of federal ownership or management. Other issues for Congress include whether certain lands or resources should have additional protections, for example, through resignation as wilderness or national monuments, or protection of endangered species and their habitat."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoover, Katie; Comay, Laura B.; Crafton, R. Eliot . . .
2019-03-18
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Federal Land Ownership: Acquisition and Disposal Authorities [Updated March 26, 2019]
From the Document: "The federal government owns roughly 640 million acres, heavily concentrated in 12 western states. Four agencies--the National Park Service (NPS), Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in the Department of the Interior, and the U.S. Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture--administer about 95% of those lands."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hardy Vincent, Carol; Comay, Laura B.; Crafton, R. Eliot . . .
2019-03-26
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Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)and Government Response [May 17, 2019]
From the Document: "Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a degenerative neurological disorder that affects cervids, including multiple species of deer, elk, and moose. Infected cervids may exhibit many symptoms including weight loss or wasting, poor balance, excessive salivation, difficulty swallowing, and others. CWD has a 100% mortality rate. The spread of CWD has impacted both wild and captive animals, including farm-raised cervids (e.g., for venison production), across the United States. CWD has caused economic losses for U.S. farm-raised cervid operations and may affect wild cervids. As a result, Congress is taking an active interest in the incidence and management of CWD. CWD was first discovered in 1967 in Colorado, and since that time, it has spread across the United States. It may be transmitted by direct animal-to-animal contact or indirectly when animals come in contact with infected substances, such as soil, dust, or forage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Angadjivand, Sahar; Crafton, R. Eliot
2019-05-17
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Executive Order 13927 on Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 Emergency and the Endangered Species Act [Updated January 28, 2021]
From the Document: "On June 4, 2020, President Trump issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13927 on 'Accelerating the Nation's Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Emergency by Expediting Infrastructure Investments and Other Activities.' The President declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency that threatens national security on March 13, 2020 (Proclamation 9994). The E.O. seeks to facilitate the nation's economic recovery from the national emergency by directing selected federal departments and agencies to use emergency and other authorities to expedite regulatory compliance for infrastructure and other projects."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crafton, R. Eliot; Sheikh, Pervaze A.; Ward, Erin H.
2021-01-28
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Oil and Gas Activities Within the National Wildlife Refuge System [May 9, 2018]
"The development of oil and natural gas resources in the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) has been the subject of administrative rulemaking and the focus of debate in Congress. The NWRS is a network of lands and waters administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), an agency within the Department of the Interior (DOI). The NWRS contains 566 national wildlife refuges, 36 wetland management districts composed of waterfowl production areas (WPAs), and 3 WPAs that lay outside of wetland management districts. Issues pertaining to oil and gas wells in the NWRS include private property rights, economic and energy security benefits of oil and gas development, and the potential for adverse effects of oil and gas development on NWRS lands and wildlife. Some see these activities as contrary to the mission of the NWRS as stated in the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, as amended (NWRSAA; 16 U.S.C. §668dd), whereas others think that oil and gas activities can be managed so as to avoid undue harm to wildlife or that U.S. energy needs outweigh conservation concerns."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crafton, R. Eliot; Comay, Laura B.; Humphries, Marc
2018-05-09
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Climate Change Adaptation: Department of the Interior [February 25, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report does not analyze climate change science, the causes of multidecadal climate change, or the experienced or projected effects of climate change. Rather, this report describes activities related to climate change adaptation within the Department of the Interior (DOI). The information in this report reflects the state of climate change adaptation activities within DOI and its agencies as of the end of 2020 and does not address activities undertaken under the Biden Administration. Climate change adaptation activities described herein have been implemented both through administrative actions (e.g., executive and secretarial orders and actions taken within agencies' discretion under existing statutory authorities) and pursuant to statutory requirements. This report provides an overview of selected DOI departmental and agency policies, programs, and actions (herein collectively referred to as 'activities') aimed at adapting to experienced and projected effects of climate change. This report focuses on activities related to 'adaptation' to climate change rather than activities related to the 'mitigation' of climate change. For the purposes of this report, 'adaptation' includes activities undertaken to adjust to and prepare for, including through research, the experienced or projected effects of climate change; 'mitigation' includes activities directed at reducing the magnitude of climate change."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crafton, R. Eliot; Comay, Laura B.; DeSantis, Mark K. . . .
2021-02-25
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Executive Order 13927 on Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 Emergency and the Endangered Species Act [June 22, 2020]
From the Document: "On June 4, 2020, President Trump issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13927 on 'Accelerating the Nation's Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Emergency by Expediting Infrastructure Investments and Other Activities.' The President declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency that threatens national security on March 13, 2020 (Proclamation 9994). The E.O. seeks to facilitate the nation's economic recovery from the national emergency by directing selected federal departments and agencies to use emergency and other authorities to expedite regulatory compliance for infrastructure and other projects."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Crafton, R. Eliot; Sheikh, Pervaze A.; Ward, Erin H.
2020-06-22
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Effect of COVID-19 on Federal Land Revenues [July 13, 2020]
From the Summary: "Four major federal land management agencies administer 606 million acres (95%) of the federal land in the United States (approximately 640 million acres). These agencies are the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and National Park Service (NPS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI) and the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture. In addition, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), in DOI, manages access to approximately 1.7 billion offshore acres in federal waters on the U.S. outer continental shelf. The agencies administer their lands for a variety of purposes, primarily related to conservation, recreation, and development of natural resources. This report focuses on the potential impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on certain revenue-generating activities, federal payment and revenue-sharing programs, and federal assistance programs administered by these resource-managing agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hardy Vincent, Carol; Comay, Laura B.; Crafton, R. Eliot . . .
2020-07-13
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Invasive Species Efforts [October 14, 2020]
From the Document: "An 'invasive species' is a nonnative species that does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Invasive species impact terrestrial and aquatic--including marine and freshwater--systems. As society has become more connected, opportunities for the spread of invasive species have increased (e.g., navigation activities can transport species and introduce them to multiple different watersheds and waterbodies). After introduction, invasive species may become established and spread; it can be costly and difficult (or impossible, in some cases) to control or eradicate them. Many federal and nonfederal agencies managing land and water undertake efforts to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species or, upon detection of an invasive species, devote resources to control and eradication efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Crafton, R. Eliot
2020-10-14
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Invasive Species Efforts [Updated January 4, 2021]
From the Document: "An 'invasive species' is a nonnative species that does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Invasive species impact terrestrial and aquatic--including marine and freshwater--systems. As society has become more connected, opportunities for the spread of invasive species have increased (e.g., navigation activities can transport species and introduce them to multiple different watersheds and waterbodies).After introduction, invasive species may become established and spread;it can be costly and difficult (or impossible, in some cases) to control or eradicate them. Many federal and nonfederal agencies managing land and water undertake efforts to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species or, upon detection of an invasive species, devote resources to control and eradication efforts. [...] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), part of the Department of Defense, develops and maintains civil works projects in the United States principally to improve navigable channels, reduce flood and storm damage, and restore aquatic ecosystems. USACE is the steward of approximately 12 million acres of public lands and waters at hundreds of water resources projects nationwide. Invasive species can impact USACE projects by outcompeting native species, clogging water pipes, and affecting water quality and recreation. [...] This In Focus presents information on USACE invasive species funding and selected authorities, programs, and projects, as well as related legislative action in the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.; Crafton, R. Eliot
2021-01-04
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