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Daylight Saving Time [May 29, 2018]
"Daylight Saving Time (DST) is a period of the year between spring and fall when clocks in most parts of the United States are set one hour ahead of standard time. The beginning and ending dates and times--the second Sunday in March at two o'clock ante meridian and the first Sunday in November at two o'clock ante meridian--are set in statute.1 Congressional interest in the potential benefits and costs of DST has resulted in changes to DST observance since it was first adopted in the United States. Congress may consider whether to make additional changes to DST observance or standard time. Congress may also consider whether additional examination of potential benefits and costs of DST observance would be informative. This report presents a selected history of DST in the United States and includes a summary of potential effects, selected state actions related to DST or standard time, and federal legislation that has been introduced related to DST in the 115th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.; Cunningham, Lynn J.
2018-05-29
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Bitcoin, Blockchain, and the Energy Sector [August 9, 2019]
From the Document: "The popularity of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and the underlying blockchain technology presents both challenges and opportunities to the energy sector. As interest in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies has increased, the energy demand to support cryptocurrency 'mining' activities has also increased. The increased energy demand--when localized--can exceed the available power capacity and increase customers' electricity rates. On the other hand, not all cryptocurrencies require energy-intensive mining operations. Some cryptocurrencies can operate under algorithms that require less energy. In addition, blockchain technologies could present opportunities for the energy sector by facilitating energy and financial transactions on a smart grid."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.; Greenley, Heather L.
2019-08-09
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Vehicle Electrification: Federal and State Issues Affecting Deployment [June 3, 2019]
From the Introduction: "Motor vehicle electrification has emerged in the past decade as a potentially viable alternative to internal combustion engines. Although only a small proportion of the current motor vehicle fleet is electrified, interest in passenger vehicle electrification has accelerated in several major industrial countries, including the United States, parts of Europe, and China. Despite advances in technology, electric vehicles (EVs) continue to be significantly more expensive than similarly sized vehicles with internal combustion engines. For this reason, governments in many countries have adopted policies to promote development and sales of electric vehicles. This report discusses federal and state government policies in the United States to support electrification of light vehicles and transit buses, as well as proposals to reduce or eliminate such support."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Canis, Bill; Clark, Corrie E.; Sherlock, Molly F.
2019-06-03
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Solar Energy: Frequently Asked Questions [January 27, 2020]
From the Document: "Use of solar energy for electricity generation is growing in the United States and globally. In the United States, solar energy overall accounted for 2.2% of total electricity generation in 2018, up from 0.7% in 2014. This report addresses a dozen frequently asked questions that may be of interest to lawmakers as the growing use of solar energy potentially affects a variety of areas of congressional interest. The first set of questions looks at different technologies that use solar energy to generate electricity and their costs and prevalence over time. Costs for all components of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including cells, modules, inverters, and other related equipment, have generally declined in recent years. Assessing solar energy costs for consumers is challenging because there are many local factors to consider. Another question considers whether using solar energy is a reliable form of electricity generation given its variable nature."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cowan, Tadlock; Platzer, Michaela D.; Sherlock, Molly F. . . .
2020-01-27
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Energy and Water Development: FY2020 Appropriations [Updated January 29, 2020]
From the Document: "The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill provides funding for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department of Energy (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE typically accounts for about 80% of the bill's funding."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.; Holt, Mark
2020-01-29
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Daylight Saving Time [Updated July 18, 2019]
From the Summary: "Daylight Saving Time (DST) is a period of the year between spring and fall when clocks in most parts of the United States are set one hour ahead of standard time. The time period for DST begins on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November. The beginning and ending dates are set in statute. Congressional interest in the potential benefits and costs of DST has resulted in changes to DST observance since it was first adopted in the United States in 1918. [...] Only Congress can change the length of the DST observance period; however, since 2015, at least 39 states have proposed legislation to change their observance of DST. These efforts include proposals to exempt a state from DST observance--which is allowable under existing law--and proposals that would effectively establish permanent DST--which would require Congress to amend the Uniform Time Act of 1966. Most of the proposals have not passed. Three states have enacted permanent DST legislation: Florida, Washington, and Tennessee. Congress may consider whether to make additional changes to DST observance or standard time. Several bills have been introduced in the 116th Congress that would make changes to standard time to effectively implement year-round DST."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.; Cunningham, Lynn J.
2019-07-18
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FY2019 Appropriations for the Department of Energy [September 12, 2018]
"The Department of Energy (DOE) is funded through the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill. The President's FY2019 budget request is $30.4 billion for the DOE, approximately $4.2 billion (12%) less than the FY2018 enacted level of $34.6 billion (see P.L. 115-141 and Title III of Division D, Explanatory Statement on page H2481). Conference report H.Rept. 115-929 to accompany H.R. 5895, which includes the FY2019 Energy and Water appropriations bill in a three-bill 'minibus' funding bill, was filed on September 10, 2018. According to the joint explanatory statement, the report would fund DOE at $35.7 billion--$1.1 billion above the FY2018 enacted level and $5.3 billion above the request. Proposed changes to the DOE budget are illustrated in Figure 1, which compares the FY2018 enacted levels to the FY2019 request and FY2019 conference report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.
2018-09-12
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Comprehensive Energy Planning for Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands [November 6, 2017]
"Hurricanes Irma and Maria caused extensive damage in the Caribbean and destroyed much of the electric power systems of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). Congress has recognized that electric power systems in insular areas are vulnerable to hurricanes and typhoons and dependent on imported fuel (P.L. [Public Law] 109-58, title II, §251; P.L. 96-597, title VI, §604). Under 48 U.S.C. [United States Code] §1492, Congress authorized comprehensive energy planning, demonstration of cost-effective renewable energy technologies, and financial assistance for projects in insular areas related to energy efficiency, renewable energy, and building power transmission and distribution lines. [...] Energy planning assesses current and future energy supply and demand, examines existing energy policies, and identifies potential challenges and opportunities in meeting future needs cost-effectively and sustainably. Two energy assessment reports were conducted under 48 U.S.C. §1492: a Department of Energy (DOE) report issued in 1982, which covered all insular areas, and a Department of the Interior (DOI) report issued in 2006, which covered all insular areas except Puerto Rico. Both reports acknowledge cooperation with territorial governments and utilities. [...] Much of the electricity infrastructure in Puerto Rico and the USVI is not operational. In addition to considerations of federal disaster assistance, Congress may consider comprehensive energy planning. [...] Congress may consider providing appropriations to facilitate energy planning or improving system resiliency. Congress may also consider changes to existing authorizations to expand federal assistance for energy planning and rebuilding or modernizing the electric power systems of insular areas."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.
2017-11-06
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Repair or Rebuild: Options for Electric Power in Puerto Rico [November 16, 2017]
"On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 storm with sustained wind speeds of over 155 miles per hour. The hurricane also brought torrential rainfall with a range of 15 to 40 inches or more in some places, resulting in widespread flooding across the island. Puerto Rico's office of emergency management reported that the storm had incapacitated the central electric power system, leaving the entire island without power as the island's grid was essentially destroyed. [...] This report explores several alternative electric power structures to PREPA [Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority] for meeting the electricity services and needs of Puerto Rico. The ability of Puerto Rico and its citizens to assume the burden of paying for a rebuilt (and possibly restructured) electricity system is doubtful. Modernizing Puerto Rico's grid, and taking the next steps to incorporate resiliency, could be expensive. None of the options discussed provides a silver bullet solution to the issues of the grid in Puerto Rico. Congress may consider whether the efforts to restore electric power in Puerto Rico need to progress beyond simple restoration of electricity, and require new investment and oversight by the federal government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Campbell, Richard J.; Clark, Corrie E.; Austin, D. Andrew
2017-11-16
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Potential Options for Electric Power Resiliency in the U.S. Virgin Islands [February 14, 2018]
"In September of 2017, Hurricanes Irma and Maria, both Category 5 storms, caused catastrophic damage to the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), which include the main islands of Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas among other smaller islands and cays. Hurricane Irma hit the USVI on September 6 with the eye passing over St. Thomas and St. John. Fourteen days later, on September 20, the eye of Hurricane Maria swept near St. Croix with maximum winds of 175 mph. The USVI government estimates that total uninsured damage from the hurricanes will exceed $7.5 billion. Although the electric power plants fared 'relatively well' according to the local public water and power utility (the Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority (VIWAPA)), 80-90% of the power transmission and distribution systems across the USVI were damaged. In November 2017, the government of the USVI estimated that $850 million in hurricane recovery funding is needed to help 'rebuild a more resilient electrical system.' Before the 2017 hurricane season, VIWAPA was already challenged with fiscal problems and aging infrastructure. Although the USVI has never defaulted on its obligations, its fiscal problems include high debt levels, pension obligations, decreasing tax bases, and outdated infrastructures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.; Campbell, Richard J.; Austin, D. Andrew
2018-02-14
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Weatherization Assistance Program Formula [June 16, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) was established in 1976 under Title IV of the Energy Conservation and Production Act (ECPA, P.L. 94-385, 42 U.S.C. §6861 et seq.). The WAP enables low-income families to permanently reduce their energy consumption by making their households more energy efficient. It is a formula grant program: funding flows from the Department of Energy (DOE) to state governments (including territories, beginning in 2007) and then to local governments and weatherization agencies. DOE program guidelines specify that a variety of energy efficiency measures are eligible for support under the program. The measures include insulation, space-heating equipment, energy-efficient windows, water heaters, and efficient air conditioners. [...] This report discusses the formula that is used to allocate WAP funds to state governments. The formula allocation has changed over time. The report begins with an introduction to WAP, including the program's statutory authority, current allocation procedure, and origin and evolution. Next, the report discusses the specific methods and factors for distributing WAP funds to the states, which involve a base allocation and a formula allocation. The report concludes with a discussion of issues for Congress and identifies some related legislation introduced in the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.; Cunningham, Lynn J.
2020-06-16
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President's FY2019 Budget Request for the Department of Energy [March 9, 2018]
"The President's fiscal year (FY) 2019 budget request and the addendum include $30.6 billion for the Department of Energy (DOE), approximately $500 million (2%) more than the FY2017 enacted appropriations of $30.1 billion, accounting for rescissions (see P.L. 115-31 and Division D Explanatory Statement). This request would increase the total budget for DOE, increase overall funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), and increase funding for the Office of Environmental Management (EM). The request would maintain funding for the Office of Science, while it would reduce funding for the Offices of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Nuclear Energy (NE), and Fossil Energy (including the Fossil Energy Research and Development [R&D] program). It would also split the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) into two accounts--grid reliability (Electricity Delivery, OE) and cybersecurity (Cyber Security, Energy Security, and Emergency response, CESER)--and reduce total combined funding to these offices. It would eliminate funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), Weatherization Assistance Program, State Energy Program, Energy Policy and Systems Analysis, and programs within the Loan Program Office."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.
2018-03-09
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Energy and Water Development: FY2018 Appropriations [July 19, 2017]
"The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes funding for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), the Department of the Interior's Central Utah Project (CUP) and Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), the Department of Energy (DOE), and a number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). President Trump submitted his FY2018 budget proposal to Congress on May 23, 2017. The budget requests for agencies included in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill total $34.189 billion, including offsets--$4.261 billion (11.1%) below the FY2017 appropriation. The largest proposed increase would go toward DOE nuclear weapons activities, up by $994 million (10.7%). For the first time since FY2010, DOE would receive new funding to pursue an NRC license for a proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV, totaling $120 million (including funding for interim nuclear waste storage)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Holt, Mark; Clark, Corrie E.
2017-07-19
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The President's FY2018 Budget Request for the Department of Energy [March 21, 2017]
"The President's fiscal year (FY) 2018 budget, America First: A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again, includes $28.0 billion for the Department of Energy (DOE), $1.7 billion (5.6%) less than the FY2016 enacted level of $29.7 billion. While this request would reduce the total budget for the Department, it would increase funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and Environmental Management programs. The request would reduce funding for the Office of Science and the offices of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Nuclear Energy, and Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, and the Fossil Energy Research and Development program (herein referred to as 'energy programs') and would eliminate the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) program, Weatherization Assistance Program, State Energy Program, and Loan and Loan Guarantee programs. [...] Generally, the rationale given for the changes within the FY2018 DOE budget request include a department-wide focus on early-stage R&D, a reliance on the private sector for later-stage R&D and commercialization funding, a commitment to cleaning up legacy contamination and disposing of nuclear waste, and support for the nuclear security enterprise."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.
2017-03-21
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Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Selected Policy Options [March 15, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress may consider a range of policy options that could be used to limit or remove human-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxides, and others. Efforts to reduce net GHG emissions--the sum of direct emission reductions/removals and permanent sequestration--are under way in other countries and in a number of U.S. states and localities. This In Focus identifies and briefly describes selected policy tools that could reduce net GHG emissions from one or more economic sectors, including electricity, transportation, industry, agriculture, and commercial and residential buildings. Some of the policies described [in this document] directly impact emissions--for example, through a price or regulation--whereas others address emission levels indirectly."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ramseur, Jonathan L.; Croft, Genevieve K.; Clark, Corrie E. . . .
2021-03-15
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U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer [March 16, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides an overview of U.S. energy issues, and it serves as an initial resource document for related information, data, and CRS [Congressional Research Service] contacts. The report is organized around the major fuels and energy sources used in the United States. It also highlights the role of the federal government, particularly the use of federal lands in energy production. It does not focus on security, research and development, or environmental issues, although those subjects are also critical to the U.S. energy sector."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Diaz, Melissa N.; Bracmort, Kelsi; Brown, Phillip (Specialist in Energy Policy) . . .
2021-03-16
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DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2022 Appropriations [October 19, 2021]
From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is responsible for enabling renewable energy and end-use energy efficiency technology development and implementation. Other activities include participation in intergovernmental programs, establishing minimum energy conservation standards for appliances and equipment, and providing technical support. EERE collaborates with industry, academia, national laboratories, and others to conduct and support research, development, demonstration, and deployment activities. EERE also manages programs that support state and local governments, tribes, and school leaders. Further, EERE oversees and supports the research and infrastructure of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)--the only U.S. national laboratory solely dedicated to researching and developing renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.; Diaz, Melissa N.
2021-10-19
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Department of Energy Loan Programs: Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan Guarantees [June 23, 2020]
From the Document: "The Department of Energy's (DOE's) Loan Programs Office (LPO) manages the Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program, the focus of this Insight, and the Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program (TELGP). Table 1 provides a high-level comparison of these programs. LPO also manages the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (ATVM) direct loan program. Established by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT05 Title XVII, P.L. 109-58), as amended in 2009 (Sec 406, P.L. 111-5), the Title XVII program has supported projects under two separate loan guarantee authorities with different characteristics (see Table 1). 1. 'Section 1703' authority is currently active and to date has committed funds to one project, and, 2. 'Section 1705' authority expired in September 2011 and committed funds to 28 projects."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Brown, Phillip (Specialist in Energy Policy); Holt, Mark; Clark, Corrie E. . . .
2020-06-23
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Power Generation and Electric Reliability in the U.S. Virgin Islands [March 16, 2020]
From the Document: "Two and a half years after Hurricanes Irma and Maria damaged 80% to 90% of the power transmission and distribution systems across the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), financial and infrastructure issues continue to challenge the U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority (WAPA). A combination of infrastructure needs and cash flow challenges has impacted electricity rates. As of February 1, 2020, electricity rates were approximately $0.40 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) for residential customers (for the first 250 kWh) and approximately $0.47/kWh for commercial customers. In 2017, prior to the hurricanes, electricity rates were above $0.32/kWh. In comparison, the U.S. average price of electricity in December 2019 was approximately $0.13/kWh for residential customers and $0.10/kWh for commercial customers."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.
2020-03-16
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Environmental Effects of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles [June 16, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Increased deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and other alternative-fueled vehicles in the United States could have a variety of effects on energy security, the economy, and the environment. In an effort to address certain environmental concerns, including climate change, some Members of Congress and some stakeholder interest groups have expressed interest in the promotion of these technologies--specifically BEV technologies. Much of this interest has focused on the electrification of passenger vehicles. This focus reflects the fact that, historically, passenger vehicles have dominated emissions (of both greenhouse gases and other air pollutants) in the transportation sector and that passenger vehicles have shorter development and in-use times than other modes of transportation (e.g., aircraft, trains, and ships), and thus can be more readily and systematically addressed. [...] This report discusses and synthesizes analyses of the environmental effects of BEVs as compared to the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and is part of a suite of CRS [Congressional Research Service] products on electric vehicles and related technology."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lattanzio, Richard K.; Clark, Corrie E.
2020-06-16
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Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison with Funding for Nuclear Energy, Fossil Energy, Energy Efficiency, and Electric Systems R&D [June 18, 2018]
"Energy-related research and development (R&D)--on coal-based synthetic petroleum and on atomic bombs--played an important role in the successful outcome of World War II. In the postwar era, the federal government conducted R&D on fossil and nuclear energy sources to support peacetime economic growth. The energy crises of the 1970s spurred the government to broaden the focus to include renewable energy and energy efficiency. Over the 41-year period from the Department of Energy's (DOE's) inception at the beginning of fiscal year (FY) 1978 through FY2018, federal funding for renewable energy R&D amounted to about 18% of the energy R&D total, compared with 6% for electric systems, 16% for energy efficiency, 24% for fossil, and 37% for nuclear. For the 71-year period from 1948 through 2018, nearly 13% went to renewables, compared with nearly 5% for electric systems, 11% for energy efficiency, 24% for fossil, and 48% for nuclear."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.
2018-06-18
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Department of Energy Appliance and Equipment Standards Program [November 8, 2019]
From the Document: "Congress continues to consider the extent and effectiveness of energy efficiency standards. One focus is energy efficiency standards for appliances and equipment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Clark, Corrie E.
2019-11-08
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