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Amazon's HQ2 and Economic Development: Perspectives and Policy Options [March 8, 2019]
From the Document: "In February 2019, facing political and public opposition, Amazon canceled the New York portion of its planned second headquarters (HQ2). Originally announced in November 2018, HQ2 was going to be split between the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC, and Long Island City, NY, which Amazon claimed would each gain as many as 25,000 direct jobs as a result. According to its cancelation announcement, Amazon plans to proceed with its Virginia site, along with a smaller third site in Nashville also announced last November that Amazon suggested would generate 5,000 additional jobs. Amazon's announcement followed an approximately year-long process in which over 238 localities competed to attract HQ2."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2019-03-08
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COVID-19: Federal Economic Development Tools and Potential Responses [February 28, 2020]
From the Document: "The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has led to tens of thousands of cases and thousands of deaths worldwide. In addition to the disease's mortality and public health effects, it may have potentially significant economic implications, including productivity losses, supply chain disruptions, labor dislocation, and potential financial pressure on businesses and households. Relatively few federal programs are available to provide timely economic relief to affected businesses. This Insight considers the outbreak's economic development implications and policy considerations for Members of Congress who have shown interest in addressing the economic dimensions of this public health issue."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2020-02-28
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Defense Production Act (DPA) and COVID-19: Key Authorities and Policy Considerations [March 6, 2020]
From the Document: "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak develops, the United States faces drug and medical supply scarcities due to disrupted supply chains and increased demand. In response, the President may exercise emergency authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA; 50 U.S.C. §§4501 et seq.) to address supply shortages and economic development impacts, and may have begun the process of doing so. This Insight considers DPA authorities that may be used to address domestic essential goods and materials shortages caused by the outbreak, and explores potential policy considerations for Congress. For more information on the health and epidemiological aspects of COVID-19, see CRS products R46219 and IF11421."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-03-06
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Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Considerations for Congress [Updated March 2, 2020]
From the Summary: "The Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 (P.L. 81-774, 50 U.S.C. §§4501 et seq.), as amended, confers upon the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense. The authorities can be used across the federal government to shape the domestic industrial base so that, when called upon, it is capable of providing essential materials and goods needed for the national defense. Though initially passed in response to the Korean War, the DPA is historically based on the War Powers Acts of World War II. Gradually, Congress has expanded the term national defense, as defined in the DPA. Based on this definition, the scope of DPA authorities now extends beyond shaping U.S. military preparedness and capabilities, as the authorities may also be used to enhance and support domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from natural hazards, terrorist attacks, and other national emergencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2020-03-02
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POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic Development [November 20, 2019]
From the Introduction: "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has forecast U.S. coal production to decline through 2050, with the sharpest reduction to occur by the mid-2020s. Consequently, the coal industry's decline has contributed to economic distress in coal-dependent communities, including increased unemployment and poverty rates. In response, the Obama Administration launched the Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic Revitalization (POWER) Plus Plan, which addressed the coal sector's decline through funding for (1) economic stabilization, (2) social welfare efforts, and (3) environmental efforts. [...] This report considers the background of the POWER Initiative and the broader effort of which it was originally a part, the POWER Plus Plan. It broadly surveys the state of POWER elements in the current administration, including elements of the initiative in the Economic Development Administration (EDA), the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), and funded efforts for abandoned mine land reclamation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2019-11-20
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Disaster Resilience Investments: Community Development Block Grant Authorities for Mitigation (CDBG-MIT) [April 22, 2021]
From the Document: "In response to disasters, Congress has provided supplemental appropriations under Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) authorities that include funding for long-term disaster recovery, or CDBG-DR. In some recent cases, these investments have included targeted funding for mitigating future disaster risks, or CDBG-MIT. This In Focus considers CDBG-MIT's background, purpose, and structure, as well as policy considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jaroscak, Joseph V.; Cecire, Michael H.
2021-04-22
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Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Overview of Structure and Activities [March 18, 2019]
From the Document: "Federal regional commissions and authorities address perceived regional economic underdevelopment. These organizations generally accommodate multileveled and multijurisdictional participation and implementation, which Congress could utilize to address growing interest in broad-based and intensive economic development efforts. Current commissions and authorities represent some regions; other regions could adopt similar entities. This In Focus outlines each organization's structure, activities, and recent funding, but reserves broader policy analysis for future reporting."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2019-03-18
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Community Disaster Loans: Homeland Security Issues in the 116th Congress [April 24, 2019]
From the Document: "The Community Disaster Loan (CDL) program was developed to help local governments manage tax and other revenue shortages following a disaster. Administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), CDLs provide financial liquidity to local governments through a structured loan that may be converted to grants when certain financial conditions are met. CDLs are codified in Section 417 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. §5184, as amended). Modified 'non-traditional' CDL programs were developed in response to Hurricanes Rita and Katrina in 2005, and CDL-type programs for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) were developed following 2017's Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. This Insight provides an overview of traditional and non-traditional CDLs and the policy issues they may raise in the 116th Congress, particularly with regard to CDL-type instruments developed for Puerto Rico and USVI. The CDL program may be of interest to Congress given observed increases in frequency and severity of disaster events and apparent congressional interest in oversight issues related to federal disaster response in Puerto Rico and USVI."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2019-04-24
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Status of Puerto Rico's Recovery and Ongoing Challenges Following Hurricanes Irma and María: FEMA, SBA, and HUD Assistance [November 13, 2020]
From the Summary: "Three years after Hurricanes Irma and María, Puerto Rico is still recovering from the devastation to communities, homes and property, businesses, and infrastructure that was caused by the hurricanes. At the same time, Puerto Rico has faced destruction caused by an earthquake swarm, which began in 2019 and is continuing into 2020, as well as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These consecutive disasters have complicated response and recovery for each incident."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webster, Elizabeth M.; Cecire, Michael H.; Horn, Diane P. . . .
2020-11-13
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COVID-19 and Domestic PPE Production and Distribution: Issues and Policy Options [December 7, 2020]
From the Summary: "The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its rapid emergence as a pandemic have highlighted issues relating to the production and distribution of personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE refers to worn articles or equipment that help minimize exposure to various hazards, including infectious pathogens. Given the role that PPE plays in mitigating the spread and reducing the impacts of COVID-19, PPE demand has spiked both globally and domestically while supply has been undercut by both rapid consumption as well as supply chain disruptions. According to multiple federal agencies, including the Government Accountability Office, the Food and Drug Administration, and various independent organizations, PPE continues to be in short supply, which has led to broad congressional and public interest in PPE production and distribution issues. The availability of effective PPE is critical to the ongoing pandemic response, but also has broader public health, emergency preparedness, and national security implications. This report considers aspects of domestic production and distribution of PPE in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the report considers (1) the availability of PPE supplies, including an assessment of PPE demand related to the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) federal actions and activities undertaken to increase PPE supplies in response to the pandemic, organized by executive agency and program; and (3) other policy options under consideration concerning PPE production and distribution, also organized by executive agency and program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Bodie, Agata; Gottron, Frank . . .
2020-12-07
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Defense Production Act (DPA): Recent Developments in Response to COVID-19 [Updated July 28, 2020]
From the Document: "The Administration has employed the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) as part of federal countermeasures to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The DPA confers presidential authorities to mobilize domestic industry in service of the national defense, broadly defined, including emergency preparedness. The DPA includes provisions under Title I to prioritize the acceptance of contracts, and to allocate scarce goods, materials, and services; and under Title III, to provide for the expansion of productive capacity. Title VII provides definitions and other supporting provisions. This Insight considers recent DPA actions in response to COVID-19 and is intended as a companion to CRS [Congressional Research Service] Insight IN11387. See CRS Report R43767 for an in-depth discussion of DPA history and authorities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-07-28
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New COVID-19 Defense Production Act (DPA) Actions: Implementation Considerations [March 1, 2021]
From the Document: "The Biden Administration has taken several executive branch actions under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) to address the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Those actions suggest a revised DPA approach and raise potential implementation issues. This Insight considers those issues and policy considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.; Hart, Nina M.
2021-03-01
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Federal Economic Development and COVID-19 Recovery: Issues and Policy Options [February 2, 2021]
From the Document: "States and local governments traditionally lead U.S. economic development efforts, with the federal government selectively intervening to address significant need. However, the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused pervasive social and economic dislocation and extreme subnational fiscal stress, straining existing federal economic development structures. This Insight examines current federal economic development policy and outlines various options for addressing a potentially lengthy pandemic recovery, or future such long-term challenges."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2021-02-02
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Defense Production Act Committee (DPAC): A Primer [February 23, 2021]
From the Document: "The Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA, 50 U.S.C. §4501 et seq.) confers on the President authorities to mobilize domestic industry in service of national defense, broadly defined, including emergency preparedness. In 2009, the DPA statute was amended to create the DPA Committee (DPAC), which would serve as an interagency platform for advising the President and coordinating DPA activities across the government. This In Focus considers the establishment, development, and policy issues surrounding the DPAC, given ongoing congressional interest in DPA authorities and existing mechanisms for their current and future implementation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2021-02-23
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Federal Grants to State and Local Governments: A Historical Perspective on Contemporary Issues [Updated May 22, 2019]
From the Summary: "This report provides a historical synopsis of the evolving nature of the federal grants-in-aid system, focusing on the role Congress has played in defining the system's scope and nature. It begins with an overview of the contemporary federal grants-in-aid system and then examines its evolution over time, focusing on the internal and external factors that have influenced congressional decisions concerning the system's development. It concludes with an assessment of the scope and nature of the contemporary federal grants-in-aid system and raises several issues for congressional consideration, including possible ways to augment congressional capacity to provide effective oversight of this system."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Cecire, Michael H.
2019-05-22
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Selected Federal Financial Assistance for Emergency Response to Extreme Heat: In Brief [August 11, 2021]
From the Document: "This report identifies federal assistance potentially available through the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the Department of Agriculture, and other authorities for certain extreme heat response costs incurred by SLTTs [state, local, tribal, territorial governments] and eligible community organizations (e.g., hospitals). Given evolving and flexible program and grant guidelines, the lists in this report may not be comprehensive. Program applicability to each applicant or incident may vary. Federal assistance for other costs related to extreme heat (e.g., preparedness, infrastructural improvements, and assistance for individuals) are not detailed here, but may be available from the Department of Energy, EPA (e.g., the Heat Islands Reduction Program), and other agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lee, Erica A.; Wyatt, Taylor R.; Cecire, Michael H. . . .
2021-08-11
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Security of Supply Arrangements (SOSAs): Background and Issues [August 10, 2021]
From the Document: "The U.S. defense industrial base (DIB) sources goods, services, and raw materials from the global marketplace to support national security and defense requirements. To facilitate the unhindered access to some key supplies, the Department of Defense (DOD) has entered into bilateral Security of Supply Arrangements (SOSAs) with selected foreign governments to secure the mutual timely provision of defense-related goods and services during peacetime, emergency, and armed conflict. SOSAs allow DOD to request prioritized performance of contracts from companies in SOSA-signatory nations, and for SOSA signatories to request the same from U.S. firms. This In Focus considers the background of SOSAs in the context of a globally integrated defense industrial base, as well as potential policy considerations for Congress to advance national security and homeland defense."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2021-08-10
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Title IV Provisions of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) [April 2, 2020]
From the Document: "Economic conditions have deteriorated rapidly in the past few weeks, as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused many businesses and public institutions to limit or close their operations, increasing financial hardship for many Americans due to layoffs or time off of work due to illness. COVID-19's effect on the airline industry has been one of many areas of interest for Congress. On March 27, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law as P.L. 116-136. The act contains a number of provisions aimed broadly at stabilizing the economy and helping affected households and businesses. Specifically, Title IV of the CARES Act grants funds to industries affected by the virus and new authorities to the regulators and agencies responsible for those industries, waives requirements for industries to meet certain regulatory requirements, and provides added oversight and consumer protections, each on a temporary basis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Scott, Andrew P.; Cecire, Michael H.; Cooper, Cheryl R. . . .
2020-04-02
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Defense Production Act (DPA) and COVID-19: Key Authorities and Policy Considerations [Updated March 18, 2020]
From the Document: "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic evolves, the United States faces drug and medical supply scarcities due to disrupted supply chains and increased demand. In response, the President may exercise emergency authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA; 50 U.S.C. §§4501 et seq.) to address supply shortages and economic development impacts. During a press conference on March 18, 2020, the President indicated that he would invoke the DPA to address domestic essential goods and materials shortages caused by the pandemic. This Insight considers the various DPA authorities that may be used going forward and explores potential policy considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Cecire, Michael H.
2020-03-18
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COVID-19: Industrial Mobilization and Defense Production Act (DPA) Implementation [March 25, 2020]
From the Document: "On March 18, President Trump issued Executive Order 13909, 'Prioritizing and Allocating Health and Medical Resources to Respond to the Spread of COVID-19', which announced the President's invocation of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The administration has yet to publicly provide direction to the private sector under this authority. This Insight considers possible future DPA implementation processes, industrial mobilization, and congressional considerations concerning the COVID-19 pandemic, and is a companion to CRS Insight IN11231."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-03-25
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COVID-19: The Basics of Domestic Defense Response [Updated March 26, 2020]
From the Document: "As the COVID [coronavirus disease]-19 pandemic has unfolded, Congress has considered how the Department of Defense (DOD) might support the U.S. government's domestic response. Below are the funding, authorities, and descriptions of potential ways DOD might further contribute. Links in this product connect to more detailed information on the highlighted subjects. President Donald J. Trump declared a U.S. national emergency on March 13, 2020. On Friday, March 20, the Federal Emergency Management Agency assumed the lead agency role in the Coronavirus Task Force under the National Response Framework (NRF) for national emergencies. DOD participates in the national response within the NRF."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Vassalotti, Michael J.; Cecire, Michael H.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2020-03-26
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COVID-19: The Basics of Domestic Defense Response [Updated April 3, 2020]
From the Document: "As the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has unfolded, Congress has considered how the Department of Defense (DOD) might support the U.S. government's domestic response. Below are the funding, authorities, and descriptions of potential ways DOD might further contribute. Links in this product connect to more detailed information on the highlighted subjects. President Donald J. Trump declared a U.S. national emergency on March 13, 2020. On Friday, March 20, the Federal Emergency Management Agency assumed the lead agency role in the Coronavirus Task Force under the National Response Framework (NRF) for national emergencies. DOD participates in the national response within the NRF."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Vassalotti, Michael J.; Cecire, Michael H.; Kapp, Lawrence . . .
2020-04-03
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Responding to the COVID-19 Outbreak with Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Authorities
From the Document: "In response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, some in Congress have suggested using the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program as a vehicle for providing financial relief to states and communities. Congress has regularly instituted a special variant of CDBG for long-term disaster recovery, known as CDBG-Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR). This Insight considers the potential role of CDBG and CDBG-DR as economic development countermeasures to the coronavirus outbreak."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Jaroscak, Joseph V.
2020-03-24
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Defense Production Act (DPA) and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recent Developments and Policy Considerations [April 15, 2020]
From the Document: "In response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the Administration invoked the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) on multiple occasions to facilitate the manufacture and distribution of medical equipment and supplies. The full extent of DPA implementation is unclear--to date, there have been six public announcements describing official DPA implementation actions. This Insight describes recent DPA actions and reported implementation with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic, and discusses policy considerations for Congress. It is intended as a companion to CRS [Congressional Research Service] Insights IN11280 and IN11231. See CRS Report R43767 for a more in-depth discussion of DPA history and authorities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2020-04-15
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FEMA's Community Disaster Loan (CDL) Program: A Primer [July 13, 2020]
From the Document: "Following a major disaster, local governments may face fiscal and economic distress as well as physical damage. As a result, revenue shortfalls could impact both service delivery and the long-term fiscal health in the affected locality. To address these issues, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) offers the Community Disaster Loan (CDL) program, which provides forgivable loans capped at $5 million to units of local government based on real revenue shortfalls. This In Focus examines the basic structure of the CDL program and also briefly considers two CDL variants developed in response to distinct disaster situations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.
2020-07-13
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New Presidential Directives on the Defense Production Act (DPA) and the COVID-19 Pandemic [February 5, 2021]
From the Document: "On January 21, 2021, the Biden Administration issued several executive orders invoking the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) to address the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The DPA authorizes the President to mobilize domestic industry in service of the national defense, including emergency preparedness. DPA authorities include (1) provisions under Title I to prioritize contracts and allocate scarce goods, materials, and services; (2) financial incentives under Title III to expand productive capacity for critical materials and goods; and (3) coordination, information-gathering, and other supporting provisions under Title VII. This Insight examines the new Administration's recent DPA actions and related congressional policy considerations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2021-02-05
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CDBG-DR Funding and Oversight: Puerto Rico [May 13, 2020]
From the Document: "In March 2020, the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD's) Office of the Inspector General (OIG) released a report of findings [hyperlink] from its audit of the Puerto Rico Department of Housing's (PRDOH; also known as Departamento de la Vivienda, or Vivienda) capacity to administer funds under the Community Development Block Grant program for disaster recovery (CDBG-DR). The audit assessed (1) PRDOH's compliance with HUD regulations and requirements in administering CDBG-DR funds, and (2) the existence of financial and procurement policies and procedures consistent with federal requirements. The findings in the report are broadly consistent with other reviews of CDBG-DR administration and oversight, such as by the Government Accountability Office [hyperlink]. This Insight provides a brief overview of CDBG-DR, outlines key findings and recommendations from the OIG report, discusses past Government Accountability Office (GAO) analysis of CDBG-DR, and considers relevant policy options for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jaroscak, Joseph V.; Cecire, Michael H.
2020-05-13
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Community Resilience: Climate Adaptation and the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) [August 20, 2021]
From the Document: "In response to the increased frequency and severity of disasters that the scientific community has linked to climate change, Congress and federal agencies have sought to minimize risk through resilience investments. [...] The federal government uses a variety of tools-- including grants, loans, and tax incentives--to promote community and economic development, which includes investments that may address the risks [hyperlink] of climate change and promote climate-related community resilience. One tool designed to address credit availability may have the ancillary benefit of promoting climate resilience. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is used to incentivize banks to make certain loans and community investments in low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. Given how the CRA is currently implemented, it may result in some amount of those loans and investments going to projects that increase climate resilience. This Insight considers how the CRA can encourage bank lending to climate related resilience investments."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Getter, Darryl E.
2021-08-20
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Afghanistan Evacuation: The Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) and the Defense Production Act (DPA) [August 25, 2021]
From the Document: "Created in 1951, the Civil Reserve Air Fleet [hyperlink] (CRAF) operates under the Defense Production Act's (DPA) Title I allocations authority and is available to respond to national defense needs or other contingencies. CRAF is a cooperative emergency airlift program involving U.S. civil air carriers, DOD, and the Department of Transportation (DOT). On August 22, 2021 [hyperlink], Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin III ordered the Department of Defense's (DOD) United States Transportation Command [hyperlink] (USTRANSCOM) to activate the CRAF."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2021-08-25
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HEROS Act, Division K--COVID-19 Housing, Economic Relief, and Oversight Act [June 29, 2020]
From the Document: "Many economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic intensified in April and May 2020, including historically high levels of unemployment and related housing affordability issues, consumption and spending reductions, and state and local government financial strains. In an attempt to mitigate a range of issues stemming from COVID-19, the House of Representatives on May 15, 2020, passed the HEROES [Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions] Act (H.R. 6800), by a vote of 208 to 199. This wide-ranging bill, consisting of Divisions A through T, would provide a new round of economic stimulus checks to individuals and tax credits to certain COVID-19-affected businesses and employees; extend certain federal unemployment benefits; grant some student loan forgiveness; provide rental and mortgage assistance; provide certain health care equipment; and offer economic assistance to state and local governments, among other provisions. [...] This report provides an overview of the HEROES Act's Division K--the COVID-19 Housing, Economic Relief, and Oversight Act--which includes provisions for housing assistance, student loan forgiveness, the provision of medical equipment, credit reporting and debt collection, greater funding for Community Development Financial Institutions, and increased oversight of COVID19-related government loans to businesses, among other measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Miller, Rena S.; Lowry, Sean; Cecire, Michael H. . . .
2020-06-29
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