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Fact Sheet: Safeguarding America against Pandemic Influenza
This fact sheet outlines President Bush's "National Strategy to Safeguard against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza." Characteristics of both Avian and Pandemic influenza are discussed, along with emergency funding measures and a new website, www.PandemicFlu.gov aimed at equipping Americans with knowledge to protect themselves from the threats posed by these illnesses.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2005-11
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Maine Frequently Asked Questions on Avian and Pandemic Influenza
"Bird flu is an infection caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu) viruses, normally a subtype of a type A influenza virus. Occurring naturally among birds, these viruses are often carried by wild birds in their intestines, causing few if any symptoms. However, they can cause some domestic birds, including chickens, to be very ill and even die. Although bird flu viruses do not usually infect humans, occasionally some strains can. Symptoms of bird flu in humans depend on the subtype and strain of bird flu, but can range from conjunctivitis to typical flu-like symptoms to severe respiratory disease and sometimes even death. There are different subtypes of influenza A viruses, based on viral surface proteins. The hemagglutinin or 'HA' protein and the neuraminidase or 'NA' protein are responsible for the 'H' and 'N' designations, respectively. Each combination of HA and NA proteins result in a different subtype. Within each subtype there are different strains. Although all known subtypes can be found in birds, those that are referred to as 'bird flu' viruses are those that are chiefly found in birds. Likewise, when a subtype is referred to as a 'human flu' virus, is it one that occurs widely in humans. There are only three known major influenza A subtypes of human flu viruses - H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. Within each of these subtypes are often numerous strains."
Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2005-11
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Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Action Plan of the Japanese Government
"Global efforts against new influenza include influenza pandemic measures conducted by World Health Organization (WHO) in coordination with 4 WHO influenza collaborating centers around the world (Japan, US, UK, and Australia). In May 2005, WHO published 'WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan'. Member states have been developing action plans to protect their own citizens based on the Plan. On the other hand, in Japan, 'Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare established a Review Subcommittee on Measures against New Influenza' in October 2003. The subcommittee compiled 'Report of measures against new influenza' in August 2004. After the commencement of the discussion, in response to the intimidating situation caused by the onsets of highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1) (Yamaguchi, Oita, and Kyoto), the government developed 'Emergency comprehensive measures against avian influenza' in March 2004, while revisions of the Law for prevention of infectious diseases of domestic animals (Law No.166, 1951) including promotion of early reports and compensation for farmers in areas of movement restriction were implemented. In November 2004, 'Highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic prevention manual' (Notice from Director-General of Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry an Fisheries in September 2003) was reviewed to develop guidelines for prevention of specific infectious diseases of domestic animals concerning highly pathogenic avian influenza based on the Law for prevention of infectious diseases of domestic animals. Moreover, based on proposals suggested in 'Report for measures against new influenza', 'Basic guidelines for comprehensive promotion of prevention of infectious diseases' (Announcement No.115 from Ministry of Health and welfare in 1999) established under the Law concerning the Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Medical Care for Patients of Infections (Law No.114 in 1998, hereinafter referred to as 'Infectious Diseases Law') etc. were revised to promote the measures by incorporating provisions concerning the development of vaccines and stockpile of Antiviral drugs etc. Thus, measures have been taken step by step in Japan. In response to increasing risk of emergence of a new influenza virus, however, it was determined to develop 'Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Action Plan' in compliance with 'WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan' to take prompt and reliable measures."
Japan
2005-11
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Pandemic Influenza Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) for Massachusetts Government Agencies (2005)
"Plans to continue operations will need to be flexible to address the effects of an influenza pandemic on the organization's operations. The following list of assumptions outlines the potential impact on an agency's organizational capacity to continue operations. An infectious agent associated with an influenza pandemic, terrorist attack, outbreak of food borne illness, or similar event, may cause serious reductions in the availability of staff available for work and/or their capacity to operate efficiently. In such cases, a staff contingency plan must be developed in advance to address critical functions throughout the organization. [...] This Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) provides policy and guidance to ensure the execution of essential functions in the event that government agency operations are threatened."
Massachusetts. Department of Public Health
2005-10-31?
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Texas Department of State Health Services Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan
"The goal of influenza pandemic preparedness and response is to minimize serious illness, hospitalizations, and death; to preserve critical infrastructure; and to minimize social disruption in Texas as a result of an influenza pandemic (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005). The objectives of the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan (PIPP) include: 1) To assist and facilitate appropriate planning and response at all levels of government by: Developing a state plan through a collaborative process which is acceptable to stakeholders that clearly identifies roles and responsibilities; Developing a Plan that is sufficiently flexible to account for the unknown epidemiology of a pandemic and the needs of different stakeholders; Recommending planning considerations for the appropriate prevention, patient care, and treatment during a pandemic; and Advocating planning considerations for appropriate communications, resource management, and preventive measures to minimize infrastructure and social disruption. 2) To provide a comprehensive and clearly operational plan that is reviewed on an annual basis to ensure incorporation of new developments and to ensure consistencies with best practices."
Texas. Department of State Health Services
2005-10-24
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Pierce County, WA Pandemic Flu Fact Sheet
This fact sheet provides information on avian influenza, including what it is and how to prepare for/respond to it.
Pierce County (Wash.) Department of Emergency Management
2005-10-14
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Don't Fear Fear or Panic Panic: An Economist's View of Pandemic Flu
This documents presents an economist's perspective on the possible ramifications of a pandemic flu outbreak. It describes current trends in vaccine and antiviral production, discusses business continuity planning, and compares the planning efforts of the U.S., UK, and Canada in several different planning areas. LLIS Core Capability: Community Preparedness
BMO Nesbitt Burns
Cooper, Sherry S.
2005-10-11?
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Don't Fear or Panic: An Economists View of Pandemic Flu
"New cases of human H5N1 virus, better known as avian or bird flu, are surfacing quite regularly now in Indonesia, and possibly through much of the rest of Asia. Bird flu is now endemic in the bird population of some Asian countries, and most experts believe it can no longer be extinguished, particularly given that it is carried by asymptomatic ducks and wild migratory birds. These birds, which are nearly impossible to fully monitor and cull, are the source of Type A influenza. Recently, chickens have also been found to be asymptomatic carriers. But, countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Indonesia do not have the resources to detect and cull all diseased birds. It is currently flu season in Asia, and will soon be in Europe and North America. No one knows if H5N1 will become as virulent and contagious in people as it is in birds. What we do know is that this fl u virus is mutating and has a remarkable ability to evolve and jump species. It is far more potent today than it was in earlier cases in 1997. This has led to a sense of inevitability-most experts are convinced that, even if this particular flu virus does not explode into a pandemic, another one will. Dr. Michael Osterholm, Director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) and Associate Director of the Department of Homeland Security-funded National Center for Food Protection and Defense, is a noted authority on bioterrorism and pandemics. He has stated to me directly that he believes there is a 100% probability of a global Influenza-A pandemic. He does not, however, know when or where. While uncertain, Dr. Osterholm believes the next Influenza-A pandemic will evolve from H5N1."
Nesbitt Burns, Inc.
Cooper, Sherry S.
2005-10-11
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President Meets with Vaccine Industry Representatives to Discuss Avian Flu [October 7, 2005]
"We have just concluded the meeting with a group of representatives from the vaccine industry with the President. We discussed the potential of a pandemic flu, and the preparations that are necessary. We talked -- we received expressions of vigorous support from the vaccine industry, their willingness to aggressively help us prepare. We talked about the need for short-term and long-term preparations; talked about the importance of a vigorous domestic vaccine market, and the need for us to be planning not just for the H5N1, but for the long-term prospect of a pandemic."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2005-10-07
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Alabama Draft Pandemic Influenza Planning Document
This planning document addresses how the Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) responds to pandemic influenza through its Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). This document will be periodically reviewed and updated by the ADPH Executive Planning Committee to ensure that information contained within the document is up to date. It identifies the phases of the State's pandemic influenza response and describes the specific Federal and State responsibilities during response operations. LLIS Core Capability: Emergency Management; Community Preparedness; Public Health; Planning; Planning; Emergency Management
Alabama. Department of Public Health
2005-10-04
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Explaining Pandemic Flu: A Guide from the Chief Medical Officer
"The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organisations have recently warned that an influenza (flu) pandemic is both 'inevitable' and imminent. Such warnings have been fuelled largely by the persistence of a highly virulent strain of bird (avian) flu in Asia that experts fear could trigger another influenza pandemic. While these warnings aim to ensure countries are prepared for such an event, they have also caused public concern over the nature of the threat and our ability to respond to it. The consequences of an influenza pandemic would be serious with the numbers of people falling ill and dying being far higher than with 'ordinary' winter flu outbreaks. There is a great deal of effort under way, both globally and in this country, to anticipate and respond effectively to an influenza pandemic, should one occur. Protecting the public from infectious diseases, including pandemic influenza, is part of the ongoing work of the Department of Health and is an integral part of its mandate. This guide aims to provide a proper understanding of the nature of the threat, its likely impact on the United Kingdom and reassure people that our country is ready to respond."
Great Britain. Department of Health
2005-10
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Pandemic Influenza and Other Highly Infectious Respiratory Transmitted Disease Response Plan
"An influenza pandemic has a very significant potential to cause rapid increases in death and illness among all age groups and even among the healthy population. Planning and preparedness before the next pandemic strikes is critical for an effective response. This Pandemic Influenza and Other Highly Infectious Respiratory Transmitted Disease Response Plan describes a coordinated local strategy to prepare for and respond to an influenza pandemic that supplement the State and Federal Plans."
San Diego County (Calif.) Health and Human Services Agency
2005-10
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Georgia Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Standard Operating Plan
"The Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Standard Operating Plan (SOP) for the State of Georgia was written to address the threat of a possible future influenza pandemic affecting Georgia. This SOP represents an initial threat analysis and a broad series of guidelines for action in case the influenza pandemic threat is realized."
Georgia. Division of Public Health. Department of Human Resources
2005-10
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Pandemic Flu: UK Influenza Pandemic Contingency Plan
"Pandemics of influenza have swept the world from time to time throughout history, three times in the last century. They caused widespread illness, large numbers of deaths, including among children and young adults, and huge societal disruption, concentrated in just a few weeks. There is currently rising concern that a new influenza virus with pandemic potential will emerge and spread, and a further pandemic can be expected. When that will be is not known, but the consequences, when it does, will be serious. Around a quarter of the population could be affected, with over 50,000 deaths in the UK alone. This could be over one or more waves, each lasting around 3 months. This document updates the March 2005 UK Influenza Pandemic Contingency Plan. It sets the scene and provides the overall framework for the UKs response to an influenza pandemic. It is based on current advice from the World Health Organization for national pandemic plans. The response is divided into phases, starting with work to be done before a pandemic or potential pandemic emerges, followed by a stepwise escalating response as a pandemic evolves."
Great Britain. Department of Health
2005-10
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County of San Diego Pandemic Influenza and Other Highly Infectious Respiratory Transmitted Disease Response Plan
"An influenza pandemic has a very significant potential to cause rapid increases in death and illness among all age groups and even among the healthy population. Planning and preparedness before the next pandemic strikes is critical for an effective response. This Pandemic Influenza and Other Highly Infectious Respiratory Transmitted Disease Response Plan describes a coordinated local strategy to prepare for and respond to an influenza pandemic that supplements the State and Federal Plans. Influenza causes seasonal epidemics of disease resulting in an average of 36,000 deaths each year. A pandemic-or significant global epidemic-occurs when there is a mutation in the influenza virus so that most or all of the world's human population has no previous exposure and is thus vulnerable to the virus. Three pandemics occurred during the 20th century, the most severe of which, in 1918, caused over 500,000 U.S. deaths and more than 20 million deaths worldwide. Recent outbreaks of human disease caused by avian (bird) influenza strains in Asia and Europe highlight the potential of new strains to be introduced into the human population. Recent studies suggest that avian strains are mutating genetically and may be more capable of causing severe disease in humans. These strains have become endemic in some wild birds. If these strains reassort with human influenza viruses they can effectively be spread between humans and a pandemic can occur."
San Diego County (Calif.)
2005-10
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DoD Pandemic Influenza Planning Efforts
"By the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, the current pandemic phase is pandemic alert period, phase 3. WHO defines this phase as: human infections with a new subtype, but no human-to-human spread, or at most rare instances of spread to a close contact. Influenza pandemics occur when a new influenza virus (potentially including avian influenza virus type A (H5N1)) infects humans at higher than usual rates. Pandemic influenza outbreaks involve higher illness and death rates in healthy people, higher than the 36,000 deaths due to influenza in an average year in the United States. At present there is no FDA-licensed vaccine to protect humans from avian influenza A (H5N1) infection. However, the Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS) is coordinating vaccine development efforts. Research studies to test a vaccine to protect humans against H5N1 virus began in April 2005. Researchers are also beginning to develop a vaccine against H9N2, another bird influenza virus subtype."
United States. Department of Defense
2005-09-28
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Shelter in Place
The following guide explains the actions Anchorage residents should take if a dangerous chemical is spilled or released in their neighborhood or community. It provides detailed information on detecting a spill as well as instructions for sealing a house and the required materials.
Anchorage (Alaska). Emergency Management
2005-09-22?
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After a Hurricane: Key Facts about Infectious Disease
This fact sheet details symptoms of infectious diseases and how to avoid them, specifically after a hurricane or disaster. "Although infectious diseases are a frightening prospect, widespread outbreaks of infectious disease after hurricanes are not common in the United States. Rare and deadly exotic diseases, such as cholera or typhoid, do not suddenly break out after hurricanes and floods in areas where such diseases do not naturally occur. Communicable disease outbreaks of diarrhea and respiratory illness can occur when water and sewage systems are not working and personal hygiene is hard to maintain as a result of a disaster."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2005-09-14
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Delaware Pandemic Influenza Plan
"The Delaware Pandemic Influenza Plan '[1.1] Provides a guideline for the State of Delaware to prepare and respond to a pandemic outbreak. [1.2] Outlines preparedness actions during the inter-pandemic period to strengthen capabilities for an effective response to a pandemic influenza outbreak and to minimize the risk of transmissions to humans by situation monitoring and assessment, prevention and containment, health system response, communication, and planning and coordination. [1.3] Outlines response actions during a pandemic alert and/or pandemic period to ensure rapid characterization of the new virus subtype, maximize efforts to contain and delay the spread to possibly avert a pandemic, and to minimize the impact of the pandemic by situation monitoring and assessment, prevention and containment, health system response, communication, and planning and coordination. [1.4] Defines the roles and responsibilities for the Division of Public Health (DPH), other primary state agencies, and outside partners during the different phases and periods of inter-pandemic, pandemic alert, and pandemic influenza. [1.5] Outlines the command and control and management structure during the different phases and periods of inter-pandemic, pandemic alert, and pandemic influenza."
Delaware. Department of Health and Social Services
Hill, Cindy
2005-09-06
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Pandemic Influenza Plan: Cochise County Health Department
"Influenza viruses have the ability to cause sudden, widespread illness in all age groups on a global scale. Because influenza is highly transmissible, is prone to rapid genetic changes, and is harbored in animal reservoirs, it poses an unpredictable pandemic threat. A pandemic occurs when an influenza A virus undergoes a shift in one or both of it's surface proteins to create a new or 'novel' virus to which the general population has no immunity. The initial appearance of a novel virus that is easily spread in humans is the first step toward a pandemic. The current trivalent vaccine would have no effect on the new strain of influenza and a specific monovalent vaccine could take several months to be prepared. Therefore public health departments need to develop a strategy to prepare for and reduce the effects of an influenza pandemic on a local level. This plan defines the various stages of a flu pandemic and outlines a tier of responses that can be used to mitigate the outbreak."
Cochise County (Az.) Health Department
Lueck, E.
2005-09
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Ohio Influenza Pandemic Response Plan (Version 2.0)
Ohio's Influenza Pandemic Response Plan provides guidance to state agencies and departments on their preparedness and response activities to counter the impact of a pandemic influenza outbreak. LLIS Core Capability: Emergency Management; Public Health; Community Preparedness
Ohio. Department of Health
2005-09-01?
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POD Manager's Workbook: Point of Dispensing/Vaccination Clinic
"The Point of Distribution (POD) Manager's Workbook will provide Local Public Health Agency (LPHA) Planners with guidance and checklists for managing and dispensing the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS). The focus of this document is the dispensing of medicinal prophylaxis and administration of vaccinations to some or all of the state population. Many of the checklists within the workbook are also applicable to mass clinic planning for pandemic influenza vaccination and other public health emergencies."
Missouri. Department of Health & Senior Services
2005-09
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Pandemic Influenza (PI) Preparation and Response Planning Guidance
"Recent Asian avian influenza cases have raised concern that avian influenza could undergo genetic reassortment or mutation, and become efficiently transmissible (confirmed, sustained human-to-human transmission) resulting in a global pandemic. No avian influenza vaccine yet exists, and it could take 6 months or longer to develop and produce an effective vaccine after the pandemics emergence. Because PI could spread rapidly and infect many military units, it poses a distinct threat to military operations in the Area of Responsibility (AOR). Additionally, a global pandemic could place enormous strains on civilian resources, resulting in requirement for substantial military support to civilian organizations of partner and coalition governments."
United States. Department of Defense
2005-08-24
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Indiana State Department of Health Pandemic Influenza Operations Plan
"This document forms the core of the Indiana State Department of Health Pandemic Influenza Plan. It is intended to provide a brief outline of the plan so that a reader can quickly obtain an overview. Details will be provided in annexes to this plan so that readers may quickly move to the parts of the plan that are of immediate concern." The plan covers actions to be provided by the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) in the case of a pandemic, including disease surveillance, coordination of antiviral medications and vaccines, and coordination of health care resources. Contact information for various organizational support personnel is also included in the plan.
Indiana. State Department of Health
2005-08-23
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Nauru Ministry of Health: Emergency Operations Plan for Pandemic Influenza
"This Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan (Pandemic Flu Plan) was developed by the Nauru Influenza Pandemic Task Force (see Annex A) in consultation with WHO. The plan is designed to provide an overview of the activities and responses that will be required from the Nauru government, corporations, and non-governmental organizations to prepare for, mitigate, and respond to an influenza pandemic."
Nauru
2005-08-20
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Nauru Ministry of Health Emergency Operations Plan for Pandemic Influenza
This Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan (Pandemic Flu Plan) was developed by the Nauru, Influenza Pandemic Task Force in consultation with WHO [World Health Organization]. The plan is designed to provide an overview of the activities and responses that will be required from, the Nauru government, corporations, and non-governmental organizations to prepare for, mitigate,, and respond to an influenza pandemic.
Nauru
2005-08-20?
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Use of Former (Shuttered) Hospitals to Expand Surge Capacity: Requirements for Reopening a Shuttered Hospital in an Emergency, and Suggestions for Meeting These Requirements
This extensive report offers information for emergency responders and public health officials charged with opening shuttered hospitals to respond to crisis created by disasters. The report includes a surge capacity toolkit and a variety of checklists to guide planners.
United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Hassol, Andrea; Zane, Richard D.
2005-08
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Development of Models for Emergency Preparedness: Personal Protective Equipment, Decontamination, Isolation/Quarantine, and Laboratory Capacity
"A biological or other WMD event could result in many casualties presenting themselves in a variety of clinical settings, including emergency rooms, physicians' offices, and walk-in clinics. To reasonably accommodate these casualties, health-care professionals need training and tools to help them recognize and diagnose diseases caused by biological weapons, recognize toxidromes indicative of chemical exposure, inform public health authorities, and treat patients. Health professionals also need access to the most appropriate protection for themselves and to prevent the spread of disease and the ability to address surge capacity issues, including laboratory services, regionally. Under Congressional direction, AHRQ, within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is providing support for assessing and improving the U.S. health-care system's capacity to respond to possible incidents of bioterrorism. This initiative, which focuses on clinical preparedness of health-care providers and health-care systems, is part of a broad effort by HHS and other Federal agencies directed toward potential instances of bioterrorism. AHRQ's Bioterrorism Initiative is examining the clinical training and ability of front-line medical staff - including primary care providers, emergency departments, and hospitals - to detect and respond to a bioterrorist threat. The Bioterrorism Initiative is consistent with AHRQ's overall research goals of supporting improvement in health outcomes, strengthening quality measurement and improvement, and identifying strategies to improve health-care access, foster appropriate use of the health-care system, and reduce unnecessary expenditures."
Science Applications International Corporation. Homeland Security Support Division
Jevitt, Laura; Stopford, Bettina M.; Ledgerwood, Michèle M.
2005-08
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Impact of Quarantine on Military Operations
"The purpose of this paper is to fully define the role of quarantine as a battle-tested public health strategy and its potential impact on military operations in the United States Air Force (USAF). The primary emphasis will focus on how a commander can carry out effective operations while adhering to quarantine requirements during the initial 72-hour period following the realization of an outbreak. Quarantine may not be appropriate in all cases, however, this may not be clear until a definitive diagnosis is known, which takes time. Unfortunately, time is not on the side of a commander forced with making a decision on how best to respond to an emerging disease outbreak."
Miller, Robert I.
2005-08
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Public Health Emergency Preparedness: 'Crisis Communications Guide and Checklist'
"The purpose of this guide is to assist public health planners in the preparation for a public health emergency by equipping them with the knowledge and understanding of basic crisis communications components. The 2001 anthrax crisis is used to clarify these crisis communications components."
Montgomery County (Md.)
2005-08
