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• Guidance from Pediatric Stakeholders: A Coordinated Approach to Communicating Pediatric-related Information on Pandemic Influenza at the Community Level

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  "Effective communication is a key component of emergency response planning. It can help direct the medical community and the general public to take appropriate action to contain a disease outbreak, limit exposure, and reduce morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, ineffective communication can lead to confusion in both the general public and the emergency response community. It can interfere with the response to an incident. It can lead to public distrust and skepticism, and, once that has happened, it is difficult to regain that trust. The purpose of this document is to provide a suggested approach, based on input from pediatric stakeholders, to communicating pediatric-related information on pandemic influenza at the community level in a step-by-step manner. This is a suggested approach to coordinating communication and disseminating information; it can be adapted or modified to suit most communities as they see fit. The goal is to give community planners 'talking points' for discussions on a coordinated approach to communication in their community."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

  2010-01-27
• R.E.C.O.N.: Recent Events, Cautions, Outlooks, and Notifications, January 20, 2010

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  "The RECON [Recent Events, Cautions, Outlooks, and Notifications] is a collective effort by the staff of Marion County Emergency Management. The design is to reach out and inform our partners in the public and private sectors along with citizens, academia, and public safety." The brief includes a weekly weather forecast, announcements, local events and training, and a roundup of local, state, national, and international news. This issue also includes a feature regarding H1N1 pandemic flu.

  Indianapolis (Ind.). Department of Public Safety

  2010-01-20
• LLIS Practice Note: Point of Dispensing Operations: Yolo County, California, Health Department's Use of Ham Radio Operators

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  "During a point of dispensing (POD) exercise at the University of California, Davis, (UCD) the Yolo County, California, Health Department utilized ham radio operators to communicate real-time patient and vaccination information from the POD to the UCD emergency operations center (EOC)."

  Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)

  2010-01-15?
• SEMP Biot #679: What Did the 2009 Swine Flu Pandemic Response Accomplish?

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  "As the 2009 swine flu consternation slowly fades into history, barring a third wave, some alert observers from a variety of countries and cultures are beginning to ask questions, such as what did pandemic preparedness and response accomplish? Who benefited from the efforts? Who did not? How much did the efforts cost? Were the preparedness and response activities a good value? How good? Why? For whom? What trends characterize the health management of anthrax bioterrorism, SARS, avian flu, and novel swine flu outbreaks in the decade 2001-2010? In these four outbreaks, were preparedness and response activities based on reliable and valid data and information? Is anyone studying preparedness and response processes and outcomes for these four outbreaks as a group?"

  Suburban Emergency Management Project (U.S.)

  2010-01-13
• Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World: Workshop Summary

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  "Modern transportation allows people, animals, and plants--and the pathogens they carry--to travel more easily than ever before. The ease and speed of travel, tourism, and international trade connect once-remote areas with one another, eliminating many of the geographic and cultural barriers that once limited the spread of disease. Because of our global interconnectedness through transportation, tourism and trade, infectious diseases emerge more frequently; spread greater distances; pass more easily between humans and animals; and evolve into new and more virulent strains. The IOM [Institute of Medicine]'s Forum on Microbial Threats hosted the workshop 'Globalization, Movement of Pathogens (and Their Hosts) and the Revised International Health Regulations' December 16-17, 2008 in order to explore issues related to infectious disease spread in a 'borderless' world. Participants discussed the global emergence, establishment, and surveillance of infectious diseases; the complex relationship between travel, trade, tourism, and the spread of infectious diseases; national and international policies for mitigating disease movement locally and globally; and obstacles and opportunities for detecting and containing these potentially wide-reaching and devastating diseases. This document summarizes the workshop."

  National Academies Press (U.S.)

  Relman, David A.; Choffnes, Eileen R.; Mack, Alison

  2010
• Protecting Our Employees: Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and the Federal Workforce, Hearing Before the Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia Subcommittee of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, June 16, 2009

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  From the opening statement of Daniel K. Akaka: "Pandemic influenza continues to be a grave threat facing the United States and the world. The United Nations' World Health Organization (WHO), which coordinates global pandemic preparedness and response efforts, has said that infectious diseases are spreading faster than at any time in history. [...] I am concerned that Federal agencies have not done enough to protect the Federal workforce from the current outbreak of H1N1. Employees who interact with hundreds or thousands of travelers daily in the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and Transportation Security Administration (TSA) received conflicting guidance. This is unacceptable. As reports from the field indicate, employees who asked to wear protective masks were told they could not. However, this policy is not part of the official guidance distributed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The men and women on the front lines must be able to trust that their agencies will develop and distribute clear policies in a timely manner during an emergent event. Proper coordination between DHS, OPM, and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is needed to accomplish this. Public health officials warn that we may see a resurgence of a stronger, more threatening version of the novel H1N1 virus later this fall. Agencies need to make sure now that the workforce is properly informed of policies and guidance so we are ready if that happens." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Daniel K. Akaka, George V. Voinovich, W. Craig Vanderwagen, Elaine C. Duke, Nancy H, Kichak, Bernice Steinhardt, T.J. Bonner, and Maureen Gilman.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2010
• Miscellaneous and Processed Products: Regulating the Importation of Miscellaneous and Processed Products Regulated by Plant Protection and Quarantine

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  "The Miscellaneous and Processed Products Manual provides the background, procedures, and reference tables for regulating imported articles of nonplant origin (i.e., goatskins, brassware, and beeswax) that might serve to introduce exotic pests and parasites. The articles from the countries of origin listed in this manual are regulated because just one destructive pest might be enough to start a pest outbreak that can cause millions of dollars of damage to crops, trees, flowers, or lawns. By their destructiveness, pests can increase the price and reduce the quality of food, lower property values, and ruin recreational areas. The extinction of just one plant species does away with the aesthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, commercial, and scientific value of our world. […] The Miscellaneous and Processed Products Manual covers all nonplant articles that could serve to introduce exotic pests or parasites (e.g., goatskins are entered because they can sustain populations of the khapra beetle; while beeswax is entered because it could introduce exotic bee mites or diseases of bees). Specifically, the manual covers: 1. Products that result from the harvesting and milling of field crops--principally corn, cotton, rice, sugarcane, and wheat 2. Products that result from the harvesting, preserving, and processing of fruits, herbs, nuts and other seeds, and vegetables 3. Nonplant articles that could become contaminated with exotic plant pests, parasites, and/or animal secretions 4. Decorative articles and handicrafts constructed using plants and plant parts 5. Herbarium specimens."

  United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

  2010-01
• Civilian First Responder Decontamination Equipment Characteristics Survey Results

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  From the Introduction:"Current users of decontamination equipment have a wide range of procurement options. In most cases, users must rely on little more than vendor claims and their professional experience to determine the best equipment for decontaminating the general public, themselves, and their own equipment. These users, called First Responders, include fire fighters, hazardous material teams, police officers, emergency medical technicians, and other professionals in charge of decontamination after an event. To better enable First Responders to choose the most effective decontamination equipment for their applications, the DHS/NIST Standards Development Team, Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), was tasked by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Washington, DC, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, to develop equipment performance standards for the Response community. The Standards Development Team tasked the Decision Analysis Team (DAT) to determine the important characteristics of equipment used by First Responders in personnel decontamination operations. These characteristics will be used to develop recommended equipment performance standards for adoption by various Standards Development Organizations (SDOs)."

  Edgewood Research, Development, & Engineering Center (U.S.)

  Walther, John D.; Bowen, Shawn; Kooistra, Scott

  2010-01
• Information for First Responders on Maintaining Operational Capabilities during a Pandemic

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  "First responders have a critical role in prehospital emergency care and must continue to provide this essential service and fill the many emergency response roles in a community. The first responder community includes: fire, emergency medical services, law enforcement, emergency management, and 9-1-1 telecommunications. During a severe pandemic, workloads will increase and staff sizes will diminish as employees and their families become ill. Contingency planning now can help reduce the worst impacts: smart planning can save lives. To help with planning for the impacts of a severe pandemic, this document provides the following kinds of information for first responders: (1) Potential ways to adjust operations to maintain readiness and response; (2) Potential ways for leaders in the first responder community at the local level, including two planning tools; [and] (3) Reference sheets with discipline-specific potential action steps."

  United States Fire Administration; United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Health Affairs

  2010
• Planning Today for a Pandemic Tomorrow: A Tool for Nursing Facilities

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  From the Introduction: "The impact of a novel virus, to which the general population would have little or no immunity, is not possible to predict. The effects of a pandemic could range from moderate to severe. In a moderate pandemic, nursing homes may need to implement restricted visitation or manage a shortage of personal protective equipment, like N95 respirators, and struggle with the challenges of just‐in‐time fit testing for staff. In a severe pandemic, a facility will struggle with these and more difficult issues that may threaten the facility's ability to remain operational. In a severe pandemic, nursing homes may be faced with a sharp demand for increased services while attempting to manage their own staffing and supply shortages caused by multiple healthcare facilities sharing the same need for supplies. As your own residents become acutely ill, hospitals already implementing their own surge plans may deny requests for transfers from your facility. In fact, nursing homes may be asked to accept transfers 'from' acute care and be tasked with providing care for individuals with much higher acuity than those cared for in the regular resident census."

  New Jersey Hospital Association; Hoffman‐LaRoche, Inc.

  2010
• Implementing Ethical Frameworks for Rationing Scarce Health Resources in Minnesota During Severe Influenza Pandemic

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  A companion report to 'For the Good of Us All: Ethically Rationing Health Resources in Minnesota in a Severe Influenza Pandemic': "In 2007, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) contracted with ethicists from the University of Minnesota's Center for Bioethics and the Minnesota Center for Health Care Ethics to develop and lead the Minnesota Pandemic Ethics Project. This project's primary goal is to develop guidance regarding how scarce health resources should be rationed in Minnesota during severe influenza pandemic. A presentation of the project's recommendations for ethical frameworks for rationing can be found in the report entitled 'For the Good of Us All: Ethically Rationing Health Resources in Minnesota in a Severe Influenza Pandemic'. The project committed not only to the development of ethical frameworks for rationing, but also to the identification and analysis of issues relating to the implementation of those ethical frameworks. This report, 'Implementing Ethical Frameworks for Rationing Scarce Health Resources in Minnesota During Severe Influenza Pandemic', presents analysis of those implementation issues."

  Minnesota. Department of Health

  Vawter, Dorothy E.; Garrett, J. Eline; DeBruin, Debra A. . . .

  2010
• Use of Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) Ventilators in the Pediatric Patient: Instructional Guidelines with Training Scenarios

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  From the 'Overview & Mechanical Ventilation Review': "The threat of nature in the form of an influenza illness has accelerated preparations for a potential pandemic flu, which may result in thousands of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. In the wake of a pandemic flu most available ventilators owned by hospitals will be in use, necessitating the delivery of ventilators currently stored in the Strategic National Stockpile [SNS]. In addition to a surge of all patient populations in a pandemic, there may also be many children who require respiratory support in hospitals that do not routinely care for children on ventilators. This document has been developed for use by clinicians (physicians, nurses and respiratory care providers) who have baseline knowledge of pulmonary physiology and the concepts of ventilation and who may find themselves working with ventilators that are not used on a daily basis. The intent is to provide clinicians with a quick reference for Just-in-Time training and set up of the SNS Ventilators (as of 2010). Mechanical Ventilation is indicated in pandemic flu for acute respiratory failure, defined as insufficient oxygenation, insufficient alveolar ventilation, or both. The principal benefits of mechanical ventilation are improved gas exchange and decreased work of breathing. Mechanical ventilation can be volume, pressure, flow or time-limited."

  Illinois. Department of Public Health; Loyola University of Chicago

  2010
• Risk and Crisis Communications: Best Practices for Government Agencies and Non-Profit Organizations [2010]

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  This guide discusses the best practices for government agencies and non-profit organizations regarding risk and crisis communication. "Sources of best practices should be selected based on an organization or agency's goals. Risk and crisis events are dynamic; therefore, messaging needs to be adapted and updated as the situation changes or worsens. The local context of a risk may require modifying strategies, even if they are based on excellent general principles of risk and crisis communication. In addition, sources may not consistently prioritize best practices in the same way; therefore, several complementary sources should be used. The guide is divided into five chapters: Introduction; Risk Domains; Specific Populations; Social Media; and Additional Resources. Each chapter is divided into categories that list resources specific to that category."

  Booz Allen Hamilton

  Tinker, Tim L.; Vaughan, Elaine

  2010
• Avian Aviators Case Study Pandemic Influenza and Policy Development

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  "Globalization has created almost limitless opportunities for nations to advance the good of their citizens. The opening of borders to trade and immigration, while not without controversy, allows for the rapid dissemination of information and the import/export of goods and people. Unfortunately, this is a double-edged sword, and more open policies have increased the potential for the spread of unwanted elements. In this age of open borders and swift travel, nations must be cognizant of the threats to their national security. These threats are not just from physical force, but other factors that can greatly effect the health and economy."

  Mid-America Regional Public Health Leadership Institute

  2010-01?
• Drive-Thru Point of Dispensing Planning Guide

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  "This planning guide is intended to facilitate development of an operational plan with drive-thru POD [Point of Dispensing] capabilities. These capabilities would be used during an emergency when it is necessary to request medical materials from the state (including SNS [Strategic National Stockpile] assets) and institute drive-thru POD activities in the jurisdiction. Drive-thru PODs potentially increase throughput, allow for infection control by limiting interactions between the public, and can serve populations that cannot stand or walk for long periods of time such as children and the elderly. When complete, the operational document should contain all information necessary for drive-thru POD management, including point-of-contact information, maps, flow charts, and POD clinic management guidance."

  National Association of County & City Health Officials (U.S.); Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness; Florida. Department of Health

  Crow, Arlene; Fekete, Bud

  2010?
• Crisis Communications and Social Media: Advantages, Disadvantages and Best Practices

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  "With new environmental developments and terrorism breeding opportunities for crises, and media proliferation and advancement increasing exposure to crises, organizations have placed a higher premium on crisis management (Coombs, 1999). Through a thorough literature review, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how crisis communications is important today now more than ever with media (traditional and new) increasing the exposure of the crises, and new media -- particularly social media -- adding to and creating this exposure. The paper takes a broad view of crisis communications by examining the varying definitions of crisis and crisis communications, as well as highlighting a few related crisis communication functions, strategies, models and theories. Within this overview will be a concentration on the positive and negative impact of social media on the practice of crisis communications. This paper will explore how social media can help the practice by supplying stakeholders with a ready resource to make sense of a crisis, and by creating a way to share integral, time-sensitive information quickly to citizens and crisis managers and communicators. By the same token, social media can hinder organizations' crisis communications by spreading misinformation at rapid speed. Also, not everyone using social media has the best intentions -- they may use it to harm an organization thereby potentially creating a crisis for both the organization and those stakeholders who bear the risk."

  University of Tennessee, Knoxville

  Holmes, Whitney

  2010?
• Summary Report of the Orange County Health Care Agency: Response to Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza

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  This report "provides summary information of [the County of Orange Health Care Agency's] response to the Pandemic H1N1 influenza threat that began in April 2009. Pandemic H1N1 Influenza - Type A was a novel virus that quickly spread around the world. As a novel virus, the human transmissibility and severity of the virus was unknown and Public Health organizations around the world moved quickly to identify cases, understand the epidemiology of the disease, develop treatment recommendations, implement communicable disease control strategies, distribute antiviral medications, and ultimately develop and distribute preventative vaccine."

  Orange County (Calif.). Health Care Agency

  2010
• Report to the President on Reengineering the Influenza Vaccine Production Enterprise to Meet the Challenges of Pandemic Influenza: Backgrounder

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  This document is a backgrounder to "Report to the President on Reengineering the Influenza Vaccine Production Enterprise to Meet the Challenges of Pandemic Influenza," a report that "examines how the Nation can more rapidly and reliably produce effective vaccines, at a sufficient scale to protect all of the Nation's residents, in response to the emergence of pandemic influenza."

  United States. Executive Office of the President

  2010
• We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918 [video]

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  From the Video Description: "In 1918-1919, the worst flu in recorded history killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide. The U.S. death toll was 675,000 - five times the number of U.S. soldiers killed in World War I. Where did the 1918 flu come from? Why was it so lethal? What did we learn?" The duration of this video is 56 minutes and 49 seconds.

  United States. Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (U.S.)

  2010-01
• 2009 H1N1, Pandemic Influenza, and H5N1 Fact Sheet

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  This fact sheet offers alerts and current status for H1N1 (Swine Flu), Pandemic Influenza, and H5N1 (Avian Flu) in the United States and abroad. Included in the fact sheet is treatment information, World Health Organization (WHO) declarations, and travel advisories. The information on this fact sheet is current as of March 2010.

  United States. Department of State

  2010
• Pandemic Influenza Pediatric Office Plan Template: Product of a Pediatric Healthcare Response to Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Stakeholder Meeting

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  "This Pandemic Influenza Pediatric Office Plan Template is a planning tool developed by pediatric stakeholders that is intended to assist pediatric medical offices that have no pandemic influenza plan in place, but may experience an increase in patient calls/visits or workload due to pandemic influenza. The suggestions and samples contained within this document were collected from a team of pediatric experts during a stakeholder meeting in September 2009. The content of this tool is not meant to be exhaustive or replace existing guidance. It is designed to be tailored by your office planning team to the needs of your practice to identify and plan for potential modifications to your current decision making process. In addition, this tool can also be adapted both for use during pandemic spread of a novel respiratory virus and as a planning tool for future pandemic respiratory virus events. Please note that the current tool references many links or tools developed for Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Influenza. Should this tool be adapted for specific respiratory events, you may wish to update some of the links to reflect the latest clinical and epidemiologic information."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

  2010
• [National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] Implementation Plan Three Year Summary

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  "This Three Year Summary provides a historical record to report the Federal Government's progress in addressing actions due to be completed within 36 months of the initial release of the Implementation Plan and reflects that progress as of April 30, 2009. Although the closely-monitored H5N1 influenza strain did not evolve into a human pandemic strain over those three years, a different influenza virus caused a pandemic in 2009. In late April 2009, human outbreaks associated with a novel influenza virus, 2009 H1N1 Influenza A, were confirmed in Mexico and the United States. On June 11, 2009, the WHO officially declared an influenza pandemic and raised its pandemic alert phase to 6. Fortunately, however, the characteristics of 2009 H1N1 influenza virus have not caused the economic or societal interruptions anticipated in the Implementation Plan and its actions. 2009 H1N1 disease severity has been generally similar to what is seen during regular influenza seasons (although different age groups have been predominantly affected, with most cases, and most severe cases, occurring in older children and adults less than 65 years of age)."

  United States. Department of Health and Human Services

  2010
• Pandemic Preparedness and Response for Remote First Nations Communities in British Columbia: Action Plan - 2009/2010

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  From the Purpose: "The purpose of the main body of this document is to define the rationale and provide a managerial-level framework of policies and actions to reduce the impact of Pandemic influenza in remote BC FN communities during the fall and winter of 2009/2010. Specific appendices include technical descriptions of procedures, or reporting forms, to assist local health workers and community leaders in implementing the actions approved by higher-level health managers."

  British Columbia

  2010
• Modeling Super-Spreading Events for SARS

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  From the Thesis Abstract: "One of the intriguing characteristics of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemics was the occurrence of super spreading events (SSEs). Super-spreading events for a specific infectious disease occur when infected individuals infect more than the average number of secondary cases. The understanding of these SSEs is critical to understanding the spread of SARS. In this thesis, we present a modification of the basic SIR (Susceptible - Infected - Removed) disease model, an SIPR (Susceptible - Regular Infected - Super-spreader - Removed) model, which captures the effect of the SSEs."

  Marshall College (Huntington, W. Va.)

  Mkhatshwa, Thembinkosi P.

  2010
• City of Cleveland Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Pandemic Influenza Plan

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  This plan outlines steps to protect staff members, maintain service to the public, and support staff members who are ill or unable to work during an influenza pandemic.

  Ohio. Department of Public Safety

  2009-12-16?
• Would an Influenza Pandemic Qualify as a Major Disaster Under the Stafford Act? [December 15, 2009]

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  "This report provides a legal analysis of the eligibility of an influenza pandemic (flu pandemic) to be declared by the President as a major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. Given the current influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, awareness has been raised regarding the potential effects of a severe flu pandemic occurring in the United States. In such an event, the Stafford Act could provide authority for federal assistance. Although it is widely agreed that emergency assistance under the Stafford Act could be provided by the President in the event of a flu pandemic, questions remain as to whether broader major disaster assistance would be available. An analysis of the text and history of the Stafford Act suggests that this question was not addressed by Congress when it drafted the current definition of a major disaster, and that neither inclusion nor exclusion of flu pandemics from major disaster assistance is explicitly required by the current statutory language. In the 111th Congress, S. 2863 would amend the Stafford Act to explicitly make major disaster assistance available to respond to pandemics and terrorist attacks."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Liu, Edward C.

  2009-12-15
• Gaps in Respiratory PPE for Infectious Disease Response

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  "Federal agencies continue to implement equipment cache programs to assist communities with the response to disaster situations. Equipment contained within federally funded caches should meet national standards where appropriate. This paper will focus on recommendations to increase the availability of respiratory protection for first responders (first receivers) using cache programs that relate to infectious disease response. Appropriate protective ensemble will also include disposable protective clothing to include caps, gowns, boots, gloves and eye/face splash protection. For respirators, caches should include materials that support training, use and proper fit. Sufficient quantities of fit test kits should be included in the caches for each type of respiratory equipment contained within. Appropriate medical assessment(s) and training must be considered for the use, selection and care of the materials contained within as well as the fit testing, doffing, donning and re-use procedures. Based on a review of available sources, it is the opinion of the IAB [InterAgency Board] that respiratory PPE [Personal Protective Equipment] supplies of N95 respirators are not sufficient to meet the potential demands of an Infectious Disease Response. In the event of a large scale-incident, there are demonstrated concerns about how long it will take for cache replenishments to occur as most of the respiratory protective equipment is not manufactured domestically. Many responder organizations have used DHS [Department of Homeland Security] grant funds to purchase enhanced PPE ensembles, however, until recently, grant funds could not be leveraged to maintain and sustain these products resulting in a degradation of preparedness and response levels."

  InterAgency Board

  2009-12-07
• Recommended Actions for EMS Providers To Prepare For and Respond to Pandemic Influenza

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  This guide contains recommended actions to prepare Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers for pandemic influenza. Sections in the document include the following: "Community Wide Coordination and Control," "Key Contact Information," "Planning Assumptions," "Quick Reference Charts," and "Recommended Actions." Additional resources are provided to supplement the information. This document includes charts and tables.

  Los Angeles County (Calif.). Emergency Medical Services Agency

  2009-12
• North Carolina Emergency Guidelines for Schools, 2009 Edition

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  From the document: "The North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Health Service Regulation, Office of Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Medical Services for Children Program has produced this first North Carolina edition of the Emergency Guidelines for Schools (EGS). [...] These guidelines are designed to assist school staff in responding to pediatric emergencies when the school nurse is not available. They were created with the input of EMS [Emergency Medical Services], emergency medicine, and pediatric specialists to assist in the development of school based emergency guidelines. The purpose of the manual is to provide general guidance based on generally accepted courses of action when confronted with medical emergencies. The guidelines for managing various illnesses and injuries are listed in alphabetical order to assist in locating them in what may be stressful circumstances. In addition, toward the end of the manual, there is a section on disaster preparedness planning based on the type of threat. This also includes information to assist schools with pandemic flu planning." This document downloaded based on the following statement from the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services [NC DHHS] site: "Unless otherwise noted on an individual document, N.C. DHHS grants permission to copy and distribute files, documents, and information for non-commercial use, provided they are copied and distributed without alteration."

  North Carolina. Office of Emergency Medical Services

  2009-11-23
• 2009 Influenza Pandemic: An Overview [November 16, 2009]

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  "This report provides a synopsis of key events in the H1N1 pandemic response, followed by information about selected federal emergency management authorities and actions taken by [the Department of Homeland Security] DHS, [Health and Human Services] HHS, and state and local authorities. It then lists congressional hearings held to date; discusses appropriations and funding for pandemic flu preparedness and response activities; summarizes U.S. government pandemic flu planning documents; and lists sources for additional information. An Appendix describes the [World Health Organization] WHO process to determine the phase of an emerging flu pandemic."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Redhead, C. Stephen; Lister, Sarah A.

  2009-11-16