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COVID-19 Pandemic Pinches Finances of America's Lower- and Middle-Income Families
From the Document: "This report analyzes data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplements [hyperlink] (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey [hyperlink] (CPS) to study the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the financial wellbeing of U.S. households in the middle class and in lower- and upper-income tiers. The latest available survey data, from March 2021, records the household income and work experience of adults in 2020, the first year of the pandemic. The CPS is the U.S. government's official source for monthly estimates of unemployment [hyperlink] and the ASEC, conducted in March each year, is the official source for its estimates of income and poverty [hyperlink]. In this report, the ASEC files were also matched from one year to the next to examine the annual movement of adults across income tiers over the period from 2000 to 2021."
Pew Research Center
Kochhar, Rakesh, 1955-; Sechopoulos, Stella
2022-04-20
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 19, 2022: Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5-11 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 -- COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020-February 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5-11 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] -- COVID-NET [COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network], 14 States, March 2020-February 2022." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-19
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K-12 Education: An Estimated 1.1 Million Teachers Nationwide Had at Least One Student Who Never Showed Up for Class in the 2020-21 School Year [Reissued with Revisions on Apr. 19, 2022]
From the Document: "As the COVID-19 [Coronavirus Disease 2019] pandemic continues to reverberate across the nation, for millions of students, educators, and families, the current school year is rife with challenges. The long-term impact of the disruptions of the last 2 years on student enrollment and attendance remains to be seen, particularly for students with whom schools have lost contact. As we previously reported, even though many schools provided students with computers and internet access to participate in virtual instruction, many students faced difficulties staying engaged in school or disappeared from school altogether. While the issue of students not showing up at all during the pandemic is of grave significance, little is known about the obstacles these students face or the types of schools they come from. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act includes a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to report on its ongoing monitoring and oversight efforts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this report, we provide information on (1) how widespread was the issue of K-12 public school students not showing up for class all year in school year 2020-21, (2) obstacles these students faced in showing up, and (3) the characteristics of the schools these students were registered to attend."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-04-19
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Fact Sheet: Preserving Agricultural Trade, Access to Communication, and Other Support to Those Impacted by Russia's War Against Ukraine
From the Document: "In response to Russia's unprovoked and brutal war against Ukraine, the United States, international partners, and allies have imposed unprecedented economic costs on the Government of the Russian Federation and its supporters. The U.S. Department of the Treasury's (Treasury) Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is issuing this Fact Sheet to make clear that U.S. sanctions issued in response to Russia's further invasion of Ukraine do not stand in the way of, agricultural and medical exports, nongovernmental organization (NGO) activities, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) relief, the free flow of information, humanitarian assistance, and other support to people impacted by Russia's war. Beyond its toll on human life, Russia's war against Ukraine is causing significant harm in the region and the rest of the world. Russian President Vladimir Putin's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine is driving food and energy costs higher for people around the world. His actions have disrupted supply chains of agricultural commodities, destroyed agricultural and transportation infrastructure in Ukraine, and put millions at increased risk of food insecurity. Treasury is deeply concerned about the risks to global food supplies and food prices at a time when many emerging market and developing countries are still struggling to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. Treasury is working to address food security risks, including bolstering social safety nets for the most vulnerable people; unlocking trade finance to smooth disrupted supply chains for food and critical supplies; strengthening countries' domestic food production; and addressing the macroeconomic impacts of the crisis on the most affected countries."
United States. Department of the Treasury
2022-04-19
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COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment-- Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress [Updated April 19, 2022]
From the Document: "Some observers argue the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic could be a world-changing event with potentially profound and long-lasting implications for the international security environment. Other observers are more skeptical that the pandemic will have such effects. In reports issued in March and April 2021, the U.S. intelligence community provided assessments of the potential impact of the pandemic on the international security environment. Observers who discuss whether the pandemic will be world-changing for the international security environment have focused on several areas of potential change[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-04-19
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USDA Nutrition Assistance Programs: Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic [Updated April 18, 2022]
From the Summary: "U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) programs are often part of emergency response efforts, providing foods for distribution, additional benefits for redemption, and program flexibilities. During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, access to food-- particularly in light of increased unemployment and closures of institutions that households rely on for food, such as schools--has been a concern for many people. Some observers also view the programs, particularly the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), as a means of economic stimulus. This report discusses related provisions of five laws that supplement FNS's prior response to the COVID-19 pandemic with new funds and authorities[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Aussenberg, Randy Alison; Billings, Kara Clifford
2022-04-18
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Public Transportation Faces Post-Pandemic Challenges [April 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an unprecedented effect on public transportation agency budgets [hyperlink]. Public transportation agencies have kept many buses and trains running, especially to support the travel of 'essential workers,' but ridership and fare revenues have plummeted. Public transportation agency budgets have been supported by federal supplemental appropriations [hyperlink] totaling $69.5 billion, about five times the pre-pandemic $12 billion in annual federal public transportation support [hyperlink] and more than three times the $19 billion coming from fares and other operating revenue annually. While the pandemic is challenging the public transportation industry nationwide, its financial effects are pronounced most on agencies that operate the 15 subway and 32 commuter rail systems [hyperlink] in the United States, the largest of which are located in the New York metropolitan area. This is because subways and commuter rail have lost a greater share of ridership than bus systems due to the pandemic and are typically more reliant on fares to cover operating costs. These trends, if they hold, have implications for federal public transportation policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mallett, William
2022-04-18
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April 2022 Update to TIGER: Policymakers Face Grim Quandaries as Storm Clouds Gather
From the Webpage: "This was to be the year of post-COVID [coronavirus disease] normalization, labor market healing, and a growth revival. Instead, it is turning into a fraught period of geopolitical realignments, persistent supply disruptions, and financial market volatility, all against the background of surging inflationary pressures and limited room for policy maneuver. The latest update of the Brookings-Financial Times Tracking Indexes for the Global Economic Recovery (TIGER) shows an overall loss of growth momentum, with considerable unevenness across countries in their vulnerability to adverse domestic and international developments. The war in Ukraine, the resurgence of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in China, and the limited macroeconomic policy space that now confronts most governments will make 2022 a tough year for global growth. The disruptive impact of COVID-19 seems contained in most other parts of the world, although it remains a wildcard as new variants emerge."
Brookings Institution. Global Economy and Development
Khanna, Aryan; Prasad, Eswar
2022-04-17
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 15, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Translocation of an Anteater ('Tamandua tetradactyla') Infected with Rabies from Virginia to Tennessee Resulting in Multiple Human Exposures, 2021"; "Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication -- Worldwide, 2020-2021"; "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Mortality and Vaccine Coverage -- Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, January 6, 2022-March 21, 2022"; "Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA [messenger ribonucleic acid] Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Among Adults with Previous SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infection -- United States, June 2021-February 2022"; "Notes from the Field: Wound Botulism Outbreak Among a Group of Persons Who Inject Drugs -- Dallas, Texas, 2020"; and "QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Death Rates of Heart Disease and Cancer, by Sex -- United States, 2010-2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-15
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Management Alert - FEMA's COVID-19 Funeral Assistance Operating Procedures Are Inconsistent with Previous Interpretation of Long-Standing Regulations for Eligible Funeral Expenses
From the Summary of Issues: "We are issuing this management alert to advise the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that its Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Funeral Assistance Program operating procedures are inconsistent with FEMA's previous interpretation of long-standing regulations for ineligible funeral expenses established in FEMA's 'Individual Assistance Program and Policy Guide' (IAPPG). This interpretation of regulations for ineligible funeral expenses remains unchanged in FEMA Policy 104-21-0001 (COVID-19-specific policy). During our ongoing audit of the COVID-19 Funeral Assistance Program, we determined, and verified through analyzing a sample of completed program applications, that FEMA regularly reimburses applicants for expenses expressly excluded from funeral assistance in the IAPPG. Due to the unprecedented size of this program and the uncertainty surrounding the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, FEMA must take action to curb reimbursement of ineligible expenses to avoid further waste and abuse of taxpayer dollars."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-04-13
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ICE Spent Funds on Unused Beds, Missed COVID-19 Protocols and Detention Standards While Housing Migrant Families in Hotels
From the Document: "We evaluated U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) plans to house migrant families in hotels and how ICE selected a contractor to implement these plans. From April 2021 to September 2021, we conducted remote inspections of the ICE hotel facilities to assess compliance by the contractor, Endeavors, with ICE detention standards and COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] requirements. [...] We made four recommendations to improve ICE's contracting and oversight of hotel facility management and operations."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
Shiffer, John D.; Christian, Stephanie; Stumpf, Ian . . .
2022-04-12
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First Crisis, Then Catastrophe: Unless G20 Leaders, the IMF and the World Bank Act Immediately, Crises of Inflation, Inequality and COVID-19 Could Push Over a Quarter of a Billion More People into Extreme Poverty in 2022
From the Summary: "The crises of extreme inequality, unprecedented food and energy price inflation accelerated by the war in Ukraine and COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] are converging to create a catastrophe for the world's poorest people. New Oxfam estimates, building on World Bank projections and prior research conducted by the World Bank and Center for Global Development on food price spikes, show that over a quarter of a billion more people could be pushed into extreme poverty in 2022 . The combined impact of COVID-19, inequality and food price hikes could result in 263 million 'more' people living in extreme poverty this year, resulting in a total of 860 million people living below the $1.90 a day extreme poverty line. This would be an extraordinarily damaging rise that reverses decades of progress in the fight against poverty. [...] The G20 [Group of 20], IMF [International Monetary Fund] and World Bank all meet in the next two weeks. Sticking to the status quo is not without consequence - it will result in harm to people the world over. Amid exceptionally challenging political circumstances, it is urgent that leaders take responsibility to advance action that averts catastrophe for billions of people. And in doing so, they have the chance to show we can rewrite the rules of our economy so that everyone, including the richest countries, richest people and corporations, play their part and pay their fair share of taxes; so that governments have the needed fiscal space and are not servicing their debts at the expense of delivering strong universal public services required to protect their populations at all times but especially in times of crisis; so that decent work exists for all; and so we get on track to stop climate breakdown in the few years that we have left. That is the job of creating a more equal world and that job must begin now."
Oxfam International
2022-04-12
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COVID-19 Vaccination: Selected U.S. Data Sources [Updated April 11, 2022]
From the Document: "The sources below can help congressional staff track the progress of the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination campaign at the national, state, and local levels. Sources were selected for having commonly cited and frequently requested data. This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Because different resources use different methodologies, readers should check websites' notes and caveats, and use caution when comparing data. For help interpreting or analyzing these data, congressional staff should contact CRS (202-707-5700, or place an online request). For an overview of considerations for Congress, see CRS Report R47024, 'Immunization Information Systems: Overview and Current Issues' and CRS Insight IN11584, 'Tracking COVID-19 Vaccines: U.S. Data Systems and Related Issues.' For international sources, see CRS Insight IN11732, 'International COVID-19 Data and Vaccine Distribution: Selected Resources.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cornell, Ada S.; Napili, Angela
2022-04-11
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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact in Africa [Updated April 11, 2022]
From the Document: "As of April 2022, most countries in sub-Saharan Africa ('Africa') had emerged from a fourth COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] wave--primarily driven by the Omicron variant, first detected in Botswana in late 2021--and were reporting relatively low caseloads. Citing these trends and increased treatment capacity in many countries, World Health Organization (WHO) officials have expressed optimism that Africa 'can control the pandemic in 2022.' [...] COVID-19 has exacerbated health system challenges in many African countries, disrupting routine immunizations, diagnosis and treatment of other diseases, maternal and child health care, and other health services. The pandemic has intensified food insecurity (especially in areas with conflicts or natural disasters) and prompted long school closures without virtual options in some countries. The initial economic impact in Africa was severe and pushed tens of millions more people into extreme poverty, according to the World Bank. The pandemic cratered global demand and prices for Africa's oil and mineral exports, disrupted trade and tourism, stemmed remittances from African workers abroad, and prompted local lockdown measures. Most African economies began to recover in 2021, buoyed in some cases by rising commodity prices, but growth rates appear unlikely to reverse increases in poverty and debt. The regional outlook remains uncertain."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Arieff, Alexis; Blanchard, Lauren Ploch; Cook, Nicolas
2022-04-11
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COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Intentions Following US Food and Drug Administration Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine
From the Webpage: "Despite the availability of safe and effective COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccines, 25% of American adults remained partially vaccinated or unvaccinated against COVID-19 at the beginning of 2022. Lack of a formally approved COVID-19 vaccine was a common reason given for non-vaccination in polls prior to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the biologics license application--also called 'full approval'--for the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccine. Understanding the repercussions for vaccination intentions after FDA full approval is important for informing vaccination interventions and policy in future infectious disease outbreaks. The primary objective of this survey with unvaccinated US adults was to assess vaccination intentions in response to full approval of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine and any demographic associations with these intentions."
American Medical Association
Scherer, Aaron M.; Parker, Andrew M.; Gidengil, Courtney A.
2022-04-11
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 8, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Monkeypox in a Traveler Returning from Nigeria -- Dallas, Texas, July 2021"; "Cardiac Complications After SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infection and mRNA [messenger ribonucleic acid] COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Vaccination -- PCORnet, United States, January 2021 - January 2022"; "Notes from the Field: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection in 10 Persons Within 90 Days of Previous SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Infection -- Four States, October 2021 - January 2022"; "Notes from the Field: Enteropathogenic 'Escherichia coli' Outbreak at a Child Care Center -- Oregon, August 2021"; "Erratum: Vol. 71, No. 6," and "QuickStats: Rate of Deaths Attributed to Unintentional Injury from Fire or Flames, by Sex and Urban-Rural Status -- National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-08
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Provider Relief Fund: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated April 7, 2022]
From the Summary: "The Provider Relief Fund (PRF) was established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136) to reimburse, through grants or other mechanisms, eligible health care providers for increased expenses or lost revenue attributable to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The CARES Act provided $100 billion to prevent, prepare for and respond to coronavirus, domestically and internationally. The amounts were subsequently increased by $78 billion, with $75 billion added in the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA, P.L. 116-139) and $3 billion in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116- 260). The latter was the first time the Provider Relief Fund was referred to in statute and required changes to the fund's reporting requirements and requirements for future fund allocations. The answers to the frequently asked questions (FAQs) in this report provide overview information on the PRF, how funds have been allocated, and the fund's requirements for provider reporting. In addition, this report describes the use of the PRF to pay providers for providing COVID-19 testing, treatment, and vaccines to uninsured individuals and the use of the fund to pay providers for costs associated with vaccinating individuals who are underinsured (e.g., who do not have insurance that covers vaccine administration)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heisler, Elayne J., 1976-
2022-04-07
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U.S. Border Patrol Encounters at the Southwest Border: Titles 8 & 42 [April 7, 2022] [infographic]
From the Document: "When the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) encounters a migrant entering illegally between ports of entry, they are processed for removal under Title 8 (immigration law) and asked whether they fear persecution or intend to seek asylum. However, at the start of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued an order requiring USBP to use an additional procedure at the border under Title 42 (public health code). The policy prohibits the entry of certain migrants to prevent the introduction of COVID-19 into border facilities and the United States. Individuals subject to the order are not held in congregate areas for processing and not given a credible fear interview to pursue the asylum process. Instead they are swiftly expelled to Mexico or their counties of origin. The focus of this infographic is on the Southwest border; migrants arriving at the Northern border between ports of entry are subject to the same processes but make up a small share of total USBP encounters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Singer, Audrey
2022-04-07
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Evaluation of Department of Defense Military Medical Treatment Facility Challenges During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Fiscal Year 2021 (DODIG-2022-081)
From the Webpage: "The objective of this evaluation was to determine the challenges and concerns encountered by medical personnel working at DoD Military Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF) during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. [...] On March 13, 2020, the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak an emergency. Since March 2020, the DoD's COVID-19 response operations supported the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Health and Human Services as part of the whole-of-government response to the COVID-19 pandemic. On November 9, 2020, the Secretary of Defense issued guidance stating that the Military Departments are responsible for readiness, giving the Military Departments the 'unilateral authority to deploy military medical personnel from the MTFs to support wartime and related operational missions with feasible notice to the DHA [Defense Health Agency].' In 2021, the DoD also supported Operation Allies Refuge and Operation Allies Welcome. [...] We analyzed interview responses and documentation provided by senior officials at 30 MTFs, the Military Medical Departments, the Defense Health Agency (DHA), and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs). Based on this information, we identified the most serious reported challenges and future concerns for the MTFs. We also identified whether challenges reported by MTF officials in a 2020 DoD Office of Inspector General (OIG) report remained challenges in 2021."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2022-04-06
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Evaluation of Department of Defense Military Medical Treatment Facility Challenges During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Fiscal Year 2021 [Redacted]
From the Document: "The objective of this evaluation was to determine the challenges and concerns encountered by medical personnel working at DoD Military Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF) during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. [...] On March 13, 2020, the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak an emergency. Since March 2020, the DoD's COVID-19 response operations supported the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Health and Human Services as part of the whole-of-government response to the COVID-19 pandemic. On November 9, 2020, the Secretary of Defense issued guidance stating that the Military Departments are responsible for readiness, giving the Military Departments the 'unilateral authority to deploy military medical personnel from the MTFs to support wartime and related operational missions with feasible notice to the DHA [Defense Health Agency].' In 2021, the DoD also supported Operation Allies Refuge and Operation Allies Welcome."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2022-04-05
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Long Covid Impact on Adult Americans: Early Indicators Estimating Prevalence and Cost
From the Executive Summary: "While most patients recover from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], as many as half experience lingering symptoms six or more months after their initial infection.1 Long Covid is the patient-preferred term used to describe this experience of post-infection illness. Long Covid includes a broad range of symptoms that can be disabling, prevent the patient's recovery to pre-infection health, and thwart the patient's return to the workforce. Using mathematical models, publicly available data, patient-led research, and the published natural histories of other post-infection illnesses, specifically myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/ CFS), Solve M.E. estimates the prevalence and cost of Long Covid on adult Americans, presented here. Most importantly, these estimates differentiate between persons with milder symptoms and those experiencing disability or inability to work. While noting limitations of population and serology data, including under-reporting and gender bias, these mathematical models and analyses were developed with a specific emphasis on the impacts of this mass disabling event on American labor markets and labor shortages."
Solve ME/CFS Initiative
2022-04-05
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Estimated Budgetary Effects of the Bipartisan COVID Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on April 4, 2022. From the Document: "Title I of the legislation would provide funding for federal agencies to prevent, prepare for, and respond to the coronavirus pandemic. Title II would rescind or repurpose about $10,465 million in unobligated balances from a variety of accounts and specify requirements for the budgetary treatment of section 1206 and sections 1209 through 1211. In keeping with those requirements, and at the direction of the Senate Committee on the Budget, those four sections are considered authorizing legislation rather than appropriation legislation. As a result, the estimated budgetary effects of section 1206 and sections 1209 through 1211 are subject to pay-as-you-go procedures. However, section 1206 also requires the estimated budgetary effects stemming from that section to be excluded from the pay-as-you-go scorecards maintained by the Senate and the Office of Management and Budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-04-04
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Consolidated Department of Defense Coronavirus Disease 2019 Force Health Protection Guidance
From the Executive Summary: "Consistent with Task Force and OMB [Office of Management and Budget] guidance, this Guidance includes policies and procedures that incorporate the best available data and science-based measures and activities that focus on health and safety and on workplace operations. DoD uses the latest guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and requirements from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and other relevant Federal agencies as the starting point for developing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] policy and guidance. The Department began publishing FHP [Force Health Protection] guidance and policy to address COVID-19 in January 2020. In February 2021, the Secretary of Defense directed the review of all guidance and policy memoranda previously issued for COVID-19. The review was completed in April 2021, and subsequent updates align DoD COVID-19 policy and guidance with current Task Force, OMB, CDC, and OSHA [Occupational Safety and Health Administration] guidance as appropriate. The DoD COVID-19 Task Force is responsible for recommending updated DoD COVID19 policy. The Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff co-chair the DoD COVID-19 Task Force which assembles as needed for meetings virtually and in person and includes representatives from senior leadership across the Department, including the Secretaries of the Military Departments (MILDEPs), Under Secretaries of Defense, and Combatant Commanders."
United States. Department of Defense
Cisneros, Gilbert R., Jr.
2022-04-04
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 01, 2022: Cardiac Complications After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination -- PCORnet, United States, January 2021-January 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Cardiac Complications After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination -- PCORnet, United States, January 2021-January 2022." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-01
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 1, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey -
United States, January-June 2021"; "Overview and Methodology of the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey - United States, January-June 2021"; "Use of Tobacco Products, Alcohol, and Other Substances Among High School Students During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Pandemic - Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January-June 2021 "; "Mental Health, Suicidality, and Connectedness Among High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic - Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January-June 2021 "; "Perceived Racism and Demographic, Mental Health, and Behavioral Characteristics Among High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic - Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January-June 2021"; and "Disruptions to School and Home Life Among High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic - Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January-June 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-01
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 1, 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults Aged 19-59 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices -- United States, 2022"; "Assessment of Epidemiology Capacity in State Health Departments -- United States, 2021"; "Use of At-Home COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Tests -- United States, August 23, 2021-March 12, 2022"; "Effectiveness of Homologous and Heterologous COVID-19 Booster Doses Following 1 Ad.26.COV2.S (Janssen [Johnson & Johnson]) Vaccine Dose Against COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults -- VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021-March 2022"; "'Notes From the Field': Xylazine-Related Deaths -- Cook County, Illinois, 2017-2021"; and "'QuickStats': Percentage of Office-Based Physicians Who Had Telephone or Internet/Email Consults with Patients -- National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, United States, 2018 and 2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-04-01
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Cost-Effective Proactive Testing Strategies During COVID-19 Mass Vaccination: A Modelling Study
From the Webpage: "As SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] vaccines are administered worldwide, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic continues to exact significant human and economic costs. Mass testing of unvaccinated individuals followed by isolation of positive cases can substantially mitigate risks and be tailored to local epidemiological conditions to ensure cost effectiveness. [...] Using a multi-scale model that incorporates population-level SARS-CoV-2 transmission and individual-level viral load kinetics, we identify the optimal frequency of proactive SARS-CoV-2 testing, depending on the local transmission rate and proportion immunized. [...] Assuming a willingness-to-pay of US$100,000 per averted year of life lost (YLL) and a price of $10 per test, the optimal strategy under a rapid transmission scenario (Re ∼ 2.5) is daily testing until one third of the population is immunized and then weekly testing until half the population is immunized, combined with a 10-day isolation period of positive cases and their households. Under a low transmission scenario (Re ∼ 1.2), the optimal sequence is weekly testing until the population reaches 10% partial immunity, followed by monthly testing until 20% partial immunity, and no testing thereafter. [...] Mass proactive testing and case isolation is a cost effective strategy for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in the initial stages of the global SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign and in response to resurgences of vaccine-evasive variants."
ScienceDirect (Online service)
Du, Zhanwei; Wang, Lin; Bai, Yuan . . .
2022-04
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Consular Affairs: State May Be Unable to Cover Projected Costs If Revenues Do Not Quickly Rebound to Pre-Pandemic Levels, Report to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "From fiscal years 2013 through 2019, consular fees fully funded consular operations, according to State documentation. However, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic caused State's revenues from passport and visa fees to drop. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review consular fees. This report examines, among other things, how State managed the decline in consular fee revenues, projections regarding State's ability to meet the targeted threshold in the future, and the extent to which State's processes for estimating key data meet the key elements of economic analysis. [...] GAO recommends that State (1) assess what actions would allow it to cover future consular costs; (2) measure the statistical variability of unit costs; and (3) document its cost, demand, and revenue estimates."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-04
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Pandemic Patterns: California is Seeing Fewer Entrances and More Exits
From the Executive Summary: "Since the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic began, fewer people have been moving into California from other states and more have been leaving. At the end of September 2021, entrances to California were 8% lower than at the end of March 2020. Exits, following a dip in the first half of 2020, stood 12% higher at the end of September 2021 than at the end of March 2020 -- representing a return to a steady pre-pandemic rate of increase of approximately 4% per year since 2016. Net domestic migration, defined as the difference between entrances and exits, went from 40,000 net exits per quarter prior to the pandemic to 80,000 afterward. This brief uses data through the end of September 2021. These trends are present throughout the state. Since the end of March 2020, new entrances to the state have dropped in 40 of 58 California counties, and when Californians move, they are slightly more likely to leave the state than they were before the pandemic began (true for nearly every county). But the Bay Area stands out, for several reasons. Since the end of March 2020, new entrances to Bay Area counties have dropped more quickly than in other parts of the state. Before the pandemic, San Francisco County was the only net receiver of population from other US states. Today, all California counties lose population to domestic migration. In addition, whereas in every other economic region the move rate fell since the pandemic began, Bay Area residents moved (to any destination) at higher levels (up 0.3 percentage points, to 4.2%), driving a 21% increase in Bay Area exits."
California Policy Lab
Holmes, Natalie; White, Evan
2022-04
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Science & Tech Spotlight: Wastewater Surveillance
From the Document: "Wastewater surveillance can be an efficient way to detect community-level disease outbreaks and other health threats. It has the potential to identify a COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak 1 to 2 weeks sooner than clinical testing and allow for a more rapid public health response. However, the lack of national coordination and standardized methods pose challenges to wider adoption. [...] Wastewater surveillance, also known as wastewater-based epidemiology, is the monitoring of pathogens (e.g., viruses), as well as pharmaceuticals and toxic or other chemicals by testing sewage (see fig. 1). Public health officials can use this approach to monitor for outbreaks, identify threats (e.g., antibiotic-resistant bacteria), and, in response, support the mobilization of resources. Pathogens and chemicals can enter sewer systems through human waste. Wastewater surveillance programs collect sewage samples from these systems and treatment plants and send them to laboratories for testing. Officials can use test data, for example, to assess whether there is a viral outbreak or increasing drug use and then decide what actions to take to protect public health. These actions might include increased clinical testing in an area, or alerting local clinics and hospitals to prepare for an increase in patients."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-04
