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Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection for Pandemic Influenza Exposure Control
This document reviews the environmental cleaning and disinfection procedures for pandemic influenza exposure. This Safe Operating Procedure summarizes current recommendations from public health agencies, available in the public domain. Agencies may modify, recommendations based on specific attributes of a specific pandemic flu virus.
University of Nebraska--Lincoln
2007-12
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Report to Congress: Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Spending [December 2007]
"This report is an update to the previous reports to Congress that were provided in June and December 2006 and in June 2007. This report covers all activities from December 2005 to December 2007. The report covers the pandemic influenza funding provided in both the December 2005 emergency supplemental appropriations bill (PL 109-148) and the June 2006 emergency supplemental appropriations bill (PL 109-234). In August 2005, animal outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5Nl had been reported in twelve countries around the world with 112 total human cases confirmed in four of those countries. Just over two years later in December 2007, the number of countries confirming animal outbreaks has jumped to 61, with 346 total human cases confirmed in fourteen of those countries. While the majority of human cases to date can be attributed to exposure to infected poultry, and sustained human-to-human transmission has not been observed, the human infections have been severe. Overall, 62 percent of human cases have been fatal. History shows that the mortality rate of a human pandemic virus is not likely to be this high. However, even a two percent case-fatality rate, as was seen in the 1918 pandemic, would constitute a public health catastrophe. Once a pandemic begins, time will be a critical factor in our ability to accomplish the necessary production and delivery of vaccines and other medical countermeasures required to mitigate the pandemic."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2007-12
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University of Iowa Pandemic Influenza Tabletop Exercise Scenario: April 2007
This scenario was used by over sixty participants during the tabletop exercise coordinated by the University of Iowa Pan Flu Planning Task Force. The Task Force is chaired by Christopher G. Atchison, Director of the University Hygienic Lab and Associate Dean in the College of Public Health. The tabletop was held in April 2007. This fictional scenario goes through the initial two weeks of an outbreak of pandemic influenza in Iowa City, Iowa.
University of Iowa
2007-11-30?
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Department of the Interior Pandemic Influenza Plan
From the Purpose: "The purpose of the 'DOI [Department of the Interior] Pandemic Influenza Plan' is to address how the Department will: [1] Protect the health and safety of DOI's employees; [2] Maintain the essential functions and services of the Department during events resulting in significant and sustained absenteeism; [3] Support the Federal, State, and local response to a pandemic; [4] Communicate effectively with DOI's stakeholders during a pandemic. While the plan focuses specifically on a pandemic caused by influenza, it is also applicable to pandemics caused by other diseases that have a similar affect on operations. Additionally, the plan integrates planning and preparedness efforts being taken by DOI's Bureaus as well as Offices within the Office of the Secretary."
United States. Department of the Interior
2007-11-30
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Department of Energy's Pandemic Influenza Planning
" Specifically, we found that: Of the 72 organizations required to submit a pandemic plan by a June 1, 2007, deadline set by the DOE Continuity Program Manager, only 36 (or 50 percent) met the requirement. In addition, only one of the four DOE power administrations submitted a plan, which is of particular concern given their role in ensuring the Nation's electricity infrastructure; As of October 11, 2007, at the conclusion of our field work, 53 of 80 organizations (or 66 percent) had submitted their pandemic plans; the Continuity Program Manager explained that the number of organizations required to submit plans had increased since the June 1, 2007, deadline; Coordination with individual State or U.S. Department of Health and Human Services officials for the release of pandemic vaccines and antivirals had not been completed; Of the 11 required Monitoring Team technical advisory positions and 1 Medical Officer position, 4 advisory positions and the Medical Officer position remained unfilled as of October 11, 2007; Although much progress has been made, DOE had not fully implemented an overall corporate process for identifying and reporting employees who would be unable to perform their work during a pandemic; DOE had not conducted a 'social distancing' drill (e.g., use of teleworking, limited use of mass transit, and restrictions on meetings and gatherings) to test its ability to perform mission-essential functions while minimizing person-to-person contact; and, Although DOE had initiated a pandemic influenza education and information campaign, including a voluntary training course, only 550 of approximately 140,000 DOE Federal and contractor employees were trained as of October 11, 2007."
United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Inspections and Special Inquiries
2007-12
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Pandemic Influenza: Be Informed. Get Prepared. [presentation]
From the Lessons Learned Information Sharing abstract: "This presentation includes background information on avian flu. It also includes information on how to be better prepared for pandemic influenza."
United States. Department of Energy; United States. Department of Energy. Office of Health, Safety, and Security
Richter, Bonnie S.
2007-11-29?
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Stockpiling Antiviral Drugs for Pandemic Influenza: The Key Ethical Principles
From the Document: "The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza emphasizes that planning and preparedness are shared responsibilities of all levels of government, businesses, and individuals. This concept of 'shared responsibility' has been proposed for the purchase and stockpiling of antiviral drugs in preparation for pandemic influenza. Antiviral drugs for the treatment of persons who become ill during a pandemic have been purchased and stockpiled by the federal and state governments. A working group that included representatives from government and public health recently recommended that pandemic antiviral drug strategies be expanded to also include prophylaxis (preventive use) for healthcare and emergency service providers and for household contacts of persons who have pandemic illness. Businesses also are encouraged to consider stockpiling antiviral drugs for their critical employees as a component of a comprehensive pandemic plan."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2007-11-28
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East Asia/Pacific: U.S. Government Support to Combat Avian and Pandemic Influenza
This fact sheet outlines U.S. support to East Asia in combating Avian and Pandemic Influenza. The fact sheet includes information on U.S. preparedness and communication assistance, U.S. assistance to East Asian nations in building capacity for surveillance and detection, and U.S. assistance to help East Asian nations respond to H5N1 outbreaks.
United States. Department of State
2007-11-28
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Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. Government Support to Combat Avian and Pandemic Influenza
This fact sheet outlines U.S. support to Sub-Saharan Africa in combating Avian and Pandemic Influenza. The fact sheet includes information on U.S. preparedness and communication assistance, U.S. assistance to Sub-Saharan African nations in building capacity for surveillance and detection, and U.S. assistance to help Sub-Saharan African nations respond to H5N1 outbreaks.
United States. Department of State
2007-11-28
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Europe and Eurasia: U.S. Government Support to Combat Avian and Pandemic Influenza
This fact sheet outlines U.S. support to Europe/Eurasia in combating Avian and Pandemic Influenza. The fact sheet includes information on U.S. preparedness and communication assistance, U.S. assistance to Europe/Eurasia nations in building capacity for surveillance and detection, and U.S. assistance to help Europe/Eurasia nations respond to H5N1 outbreaks.
United States. Department of State
2007-11-28
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South and Central Asia: U.S. Government Support to Combat Avian and Pandemic Influenza
This fact sheet outlines U.S. support to South and Central Asia in combating Avian and Pandemic Influenza. The fact sheet includes information on U.S. preparedness and communication assistance, U.S. assistance to South and Central Asian nations in building capacity for surveillance and detection, and U.S. assistance to help South and Central Asian nations respond to H5N1 outbreaks.
United States. Department of State
2007-11-28
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Middle East/North Africa/Arabian Peninsula: U.S. Government Support to Combat Avian and Pandemic Influenza
This fact sheet outlines U.S. support to Middle East/North Africa/Arabian Peninsula in combating Avian and Pandemic Influenza. The fact sheet includes information on U.S. preparedness and communication assistance, U.S. assistance to Middle East/North Africa/Arabian nations in building capacity for surveillance and detection, and U.S. assistance to help Middle East/North Africa/Arabian nations respond to H5N1 outbreaks.
United States. Department of State
2007-11-28
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Guidance for Pandemic Influenza: Infection Control in Hospitals and Primary Care Settings
"Guidance for Pandemic Influenza: Infection Control in Hospitals and Primary Care Settings has been developed to facilitate planning by National Health Service (NHS) Trusts in advance of the emergence of the next influenza pandemic. Acute and Primary Care Trusts will form the vanguard of the NHS response to pandemic influenza. However, an influenza pandemic will not be 'business as usual' and the way the NHS functions will need to be altered to accommodate exceptional infection control arrangements. This Guidance provides specific recommendations, planning strategies, and tools for local public health and healthcare officials who are the front line for managing and containing an influenza pandemic. Planning now will minimize the need to make unplanned decisions and improve those made at the time of the pandemic. The Guidance includes detailed sections on preparedness planning, occupational health, infection control precautions, and environmental infection control. Additional sections focus on hospital and primary care specific-issues separately."
Great Britain. Department of Health
2007-11-01
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Spontaneous Evacuation Following a Dirty Bomb or Pandemic Influenza: Highlights from a National Survey of Urban Residents' Intended Behavior
"Rural preparedness planning efforts generally focus on the needs of area residents following a local emergency situation. The potential for spontaneous evacuation of urban residents following a disaster or public health crisis is rarely considered. Such an evacuation is a particular concern for rural areas, which would be quickly overwhelmed by the significant population increase. To supplement the Walsh Center's work on urban-to-rural evacuation, a national survey was fielded to assess the evacuation intentions of urban citizens following emergency scenarios. Scenarios included were the detonation of a radiological device (i.e., dirty bomb) and an influenza pandemic. The dirty bomb scenario was chosen as an event likely to cause few casualties, but significant panic and, as a result, a high level of self-evacuation."
Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis
Briggs, Thomas; Kennedy, Alene; Meit, Michael
2007-11
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Pandemic Influenza: Preparation and Response: A Citizen's Guide
This manual describes possible consequences of an influenza pandemic, and makes it clear that individuals and families can and must know what to, do should a pandemic occur. It also describes how those with this knowledge can help to educate others in the simple measures that will mitigate and, limit the negative impact of an influenza pandemic on the world's communities.
Innovative Support to Emergencies Diseases and Disasters
Booth, Sarah; Hills-Evans, Kelsey
2007-11
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Responding to Pandemic Influenza: The Ethical Framework for Policy and Planning
From the Introduction: "Planning for a pandemic, and responding to one while it is happening, involves many difficult decisions. These may create tension between the needs of individuals and the needs of the population. [...] In some cases, particularly with regard to planning, decisions may have to be taken despite considerable uncertainty about relevant facts (for example, about exactly how many people will be affected in a pandemic). However, delaying decisions until the facts are certain might mean that it would not be possible to respond effectively to a pandemic. [...] The framework is designed for use by planners and strategic policy makers at national, regional and local level, both before and during a pandemic. It is also designed to assist clinicians and others (who will also be guided by their own professional codes) in developing policies on clinical issues for use during a pandemic."
Great Britain. Department of Health
2007-11
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Pandemic Influenza and Hospital Resources
"Using estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and published models of the expected evolution of pandemic influenza, we modeled the surge capacity of healthcare facility and intensive care unit (ICU) requirements over time in northern Netherlands (≈1.7 million population). We compared the demands of various scenarios with estimates of maximum ICU capacity, factoring in healthcare worker absenteeism as well as reported and realistic estimates derived from semi-structured telephone interviews with key management in ICUs in the study area. We show that even during the peak of the pandemic, most patients requiring ICU admission may be served, even those who have non-influenza-related conditions, provided that strong indications and decision-making rules are maintained for admission as well as for continuation (or discontinuation) of life support. Such a model should be integral to a preparedness plan for a pandemic with a new human-transmissible agent."
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Nap, Raoul E.; Andriessen, Maarten P.H.M.; Meessen, Nico E.L. . . .
2007-11
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Report to Congress: Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Spending [June 2007]
"This report is an update to the previous reports to Congress that were provided in June and December 2006. This report covers all activities from December 2005 to June 2007. The report covers both the December 2005 emergency supplemental (PL 109-148) and the June 2006 emergency supplemental (PL 109-234). In August 2005, animal outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 had been reported in twelve countries around the world with 112 total human cases confirmed in four of those countries. […]. Overall, 61 percent of human cases have been fatal. Once a pandemic begins, time will be a critical factor in our ability to accomplish the necessary production and delivery of vaccines and other medical countermeasures required to mitigate the pandemic. On November 1, 2005, the President requested a total of $7.1 billion in emergency funding for pandemic influenza preparedness activities, of which $6.7 billion was for implementation of the HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan. This funding was requested in FY 2006 to fund a three-year preparedness effort to ensure the Nation could effectively respond in the event of a pandemic. In December 2005, Congress appropriated $3.3 billion in emergency funding for HHS in a FY 2006 supplemental, for the first year of the HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan. In June 2006, Congress appropriated $2.3 billion for HHS in emergency funding in a second FY 2006 supplemental for the second year of the HHS Plan. In addition, HHS has requested $870 million in the FY 2008 President's Budget in one-time funding to continue these efforts."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2007-11
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Pandemic Flu: A National Framework for Responding to an Influenza Pandemic [Great Britain]
"Influenza pandemics are natural phenomena which occurred three times in the last century. Their severity has ranged from something similar to seasonal influenza to a major threat, with many millions of people worldwide becoming ill and a proportion of these dying. No country can expect to escape the impact of a pandemic entirely, and when it arrives most people are likely to be exposed to an increased risk of catching the virus at some point. Influenza pandemics therefore pose a unique international and national challenge. As well as their potential to cause serious harm to human health, they threaten wider social and economic damage and disruption. […] In addition to collaborating actively in multi-national prevention, detection and research, the Government's aims at a national level are to ensure that the UK is prepared to limit the internal spread of a pandemic and to minimise health, economic and social harm as far as possible. This framework sets out the Government's strategic approach to achieving these aims and is intended for use by all those involved in planning for and responding to an influenza pandemic. It builds upon and supersedes the most recent version of the UK Health Departments' UK Influenza Pandemic Contingency Plan (published in October 2005), expanding it to cover a more comprehensive range of impacts and responses. The framework will also inform the development of community and organisational arrangements that are appropriate to local circumstances and are sufficiently consistent to ensure an equitable and sustainable national response. It includes information to support planning and, where necessary, provides signposts to additional sources of technical information and guidance."
Great Britain. Department of Health; Great Britain. Cabinet Office
2007-11
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Memorandum Report: Laboratory Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza
"This memorandum report provides information on laboratory pandemic influenza preparedness as requested in April 2007 by officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Office of Inspector General (GIG) surveyed State public health laboratory officials in June 2007 about the extent to which they conducted the eight critical tasks for public health laboratory testing as required by the Pandemic Influenza Guidance Supplement to the 2006 Public Health Emergency Preparedness Cooperative Agreement, Phase II (the Guidance)."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2007-10-24
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Children and Pandemic Flu: A Resource Sheet
This resource sheet summarizes information regarding children and pandemic flu. It includes an overview of pandemic flu, a summary of the importance of addressing children's needs in pandemic flu, and a comprehensive list of pandemic flu resources.
Children's National Medical Center (Washington, D.C.)
2007-10-21?
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UNCW Pandemic Flu Exercise: October 10, 2007: After Action Report [Wilmington, North Carolina]
"The UNCW [University of North Carolina Wilmington] Pandemic Flu tabletop exercise took place on October 10, 2007. This exercise was conducted to better prepare UNCW emergency responders for a widespread pandemic influenza situation. Participants were presented with a scenario and asked to respond in real time according to the UNCW Pandemic Influenza Response Plan. All participants received a copy of the plan prior to the exercise. The exercise scenario took participants through four modules. However, because of limited time, participants were only able to discuss two of the modules. During these two modules, participants identified many successes in UNCW's pandemic flu procedures as well as several challenges. Successes included the quick identification of a suspected avian flu case at UNCW, effective coordination with the New Hanover County Health Department, and excellent cooperation between the participating groups and departments. Issues included a lack of academic policies for pandemic flu situations, difficulties in communicating with UNCW community members working and studying abroad, and lack of the identification of essential functions at UNCW and succession plans to keep these essential functions filled."
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
2007-10-20
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Global Health: U.S. Agencies Support Programs to Build Overseas Capacity for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Statement of David Gootnick, Director International Affairs and Trade, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
"The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 showed that disease outbreaks pose a threat beyond the borders of the country where they originate. The United States has initiated a broad effort to ensure that countries can detect outbreaks that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. Three U.S. agencies--the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Department of Defense (DOD)--support programs aimed at building this broader capacity to detect a variety of infectious diseases. This testimony describes (1) the obligations, goals, and activities of these programs and (2) the U.S. agencies' monitoring of the programs' progress. To address these objectives, GAO [Government Accountability Office] reviewed budgets and other funding documents, examined strategic plans and program monitoring and progress reports, and interviewed U.S. agency officials. GAO did not review capacity-building efforts in programs that focus on specific diseases, namely polio, tuberculosis, malaria, avian influenza, or HIV/AIDS. This testimony is based on a report (GAO-07-1186) being released today in conjunction with the hearing. GAO did not make recommendations. The agencies whose programs we describe reviewed our report and generally concurred with our findings. We incorporated their technical comments as appropriate."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2007-10-04
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Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Program: Management Problems May Increase Vulnerability of U.S. Agricultute to Foreign Pests and Diseases, Statement of Lisa Shames, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives
"U.S. agriculture generates over $1 trillion in economic activity annually, but concerns exist about its vulnerability to foreign pests and diseases. Under the agricultural quarantine inspection (AQI) program, passengers and cargo are inspected at U.S. ports of entry to intercept prohibited material and pests. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 transferred responsibility for inspections from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Customs and Border Protection (CBP). APHIS retained some AQI related responsibilities, such as policy setting and training. This testimony is based on issued GAO [Government Accountability Office] reports and discusses (1) steps DHS and USDA took that were intended to strengthen the AQI program, (2) views of agriculture specialists of their work experiences since the transfer, and (3) management problems. As part of these reports, GAO surveyed a representative sample of agriculture specialists on their work experiences, analyzed inspection and interception data, and interviewed agency officials."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2007-10-03
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SEMP Biot #461: What is the WHO's 'Global Public Health Security' Initiative?
"The global health situation has changed dramatically since 1951 when the World Health Organization (WHO) issued its first set of regulations to prevent the international spread of six 'quarantinable' diseases--cholera, plague, relapsing fever, smallpox, typhus and yellow fever. New diseases in 1951 emerged only rarely, and antibiotics and vaccines helped reduce the heavy infectious disease load born by humanity for millennia. Most people travelled internationally by ship, and important news travelled by telegram."
Suburban Emergency Management Project (U.S.)
2007-10-01
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Unanticipated Consequences of a Pandemic Flu in New York City: A Neighborhood Focus Group Study
From the Executive Summary: "There is fairly consistent evidence that ethnic and minority communities have historically been more vulnerable to disasters, less trusting of public authority, and often so socially marginalized that it placed them in harm's way. In an effort to explore some of these issues we conducted a series of community-based focus groups among selected ethnic communities in order to understand how perceptions of neighborhood life during a pandemic - and community adaptation - might vary across the city. We conducted the focus groups in six distinct New York City neighborhoods, each meant to represent a particular ethnic sub-group: Jamaican-Americans in Wakefield, Bronx; Chinese-Americans in Chinatown; African-Americans in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn; Dominican-Americans in Washington Heights; Greek-Americans in Astoria, Queens; and South Indian-Americans in Flushing, Queens. Four of the focus groups were conducted in English, one was in Spanish, and one was in Mandarin, Chinese."
National Center for Disaster Preparedness; Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health
Fuller, Elizabeth J.; Abramson, David M. (David Michael), 1958-; Sury, Jonathan
2007-10
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Pandemic Influenza: What You Should Know Now
This fact sheet summarizes what the public should know about pandemic influenza. This includes what individuals can do now and what to expect during a pandemic influenza outbreak.
New Jersey. Department of Health and Senior Services
2007-10
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Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: Pandemic Influenza [Revised October 2007]
"The purpose of this [document] is to provide the reader with vital communication concepts and tools to assist in preparing for and responding to a severe influenza pandemic in the United States. The focus of the book is on the possibility of a severe pandemic. Although the concepts do apply to less intense public health challenges, they may not need to be executed at the same level of intensity. This book is intended to be used as an addition to the CDC Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication coursebook (Reynolds, Galdo, Sokler, 2002) and the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: By Leaders for Leaders coursebook (Reynolds, 2004). The concepts in this book do not replace, but, instead, build on the first two books. This book shares foundational concepts that will support your communication work and should be relevant even as the circumstances surrounding a severe pandemic may change. Nonetheless, the information in this book is current as of October 2007. As major events occur, especially related to countermeasures such as pandemic vaccine development, some assumptions may change."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2007-10
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Pandemic Influenza Impact on Communications Networks Study: Communications and Information Technology Best Practices
"The communications and information technology (IT) best practices are separated into four categories: 1) Enterprise Network Best Practices - Guidance for businesses on preparing enterprise IT infrastructure to support an anticipated increase in telecommuting traffic during a pandemic 2) Telecommuter Best Practices - Guidance for business telecommuters on techniques to maintain business continuity while working from residential access networks 3) General Public Best Practices - Guidance for the general public on voluntary actions to help reduce potential congestion in residential access networks 4) Network Service Provider Best Practices - Guidance for network service providers on maintaining operations and existing service levels during a pandemic".
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2007-10
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Influenza Pandemic: Opportunities Exist to Address Critical Infrastructure Protection Challenges That Require Federal and Private Sector Coordination, Report to Congressional Requesters
"An outbreak of pandemic flu would require close cooperation between the public and private sectors to ensure the protection of our nation's critical infrastructure, such as drinking water and electricity. Because over 85 percent of the nation's critical infrastructure is owned and operated by the private sector, it is vital that both sectors effectively coordinate to successfully protect these assets. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is responsible for coordinating a national protection strategy and government and private sector councils have been created as a collaborating tool. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to assess how the federal and private sectors are working together at a national level to protect the nation's critical infrastructure in the event of a pandemic, the challenges they face, and opportunities for addressing these challenges. GAO reviewed 5 of the 17 critical infrastructure sectors. These 5 sectors are energy (electricity), food and agriculture, telecommunications, transportation (highway and motor carrier), and water."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2007-10
