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ELC Enhancing Detection: Illinois Testing Plan
From the Document: "The Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) is involved in all aspects of testing expansion, in partnership with local governments, agencies, hospitals, and private labs. The State's goal of expanding testing significantly by the end of September 2020 will be achieved by: [1] Maintaining more than 20,000 tests per day; [...] [2] Adding 10,000-20,000 tests per day increase from hospitals partners who already possess testing equipment that has not been able to be used yet; [...] [3] Adding 5,000 tests per day increase through new public/private collection with local government partners including the City of Chicago; [4] Maximizing additional lab capacity (50,000+ tests a day)."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Florida Testing Plan
From the Document: "Florida, with a population of 21 million residents, has been asked to ensure testing of a minimum of 420,000 residents each month to meet the ELC [Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Disease] Enhancing Detection Goals. Florida Department of Health (Department) is an integrated public health agency with county health departments (CHDs) in each of the state's 67 counties. The CHDs work closely with county governments and health care stakeholders in each local community. The Department has three public health laboratories located in Jacksonville, Miami and Tampa. Florida's emergency management services (EMS) are also coordinated through the Department and EMS personnel have been actively engaged statewide in this response."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Hawaii Testing Plan
From the Document: "The Hawaii Department of Health (HDOH) is engaging a number of partners in long-term care facilities, correctional facilities, homeless programs, universities, etc. to establish active surveillance programs to regularly screen persons for symptoms and recommend COVID [coronavirus disease 2019] testing at a low threshold (e.g., only one of the following present: subjective fever, chills, cough, or sore throat; or for certain populations such as elderly, altered mentation or acute change in activities of daily living). Specimens from such persons would be directed to SLD [State Laboratories Division] for both COVID-19 and respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) testing to allow monitoring of all potential respiratory pathogens and gain an understanding of their activity and trends in relation to each other."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Guam Testing Plan
From the Document: "Enhancing detection will require both the assessment of how widespread COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] infections are in the community (prevalence) through serologic testing, as well as on-going PCR [polymerase chain reaction] testing to determine active infectious cases (incidence)."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Washington DC Testing Plan
From the Document: "As of May 29th, approximately 37,881 residents of the District of Columbia have been tested for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. In addition to close contacts of all new positives, priority groups for testing include the following: [1] Hospitalized patients and healthcare facility workers with COVID-19 symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Many of the patients in this group are currently receiving testing within hospitals and through their health systems' occupational health programs. [2] Patients in long-term care facilities with symptoms; patients over the age of 65 with symptoms; patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, lung disease who also have symptoms; and first responders with symptoms. [3] Critical infrastructure workers with symptoms; individuals who do not meet any of the above categories but have symptoms; healthcare facility workers and first responders; and individuals in detention centers and individuals experiencing homelessness with symptoms. DC Health in collaboration with the DC Public Health Laboratory is supporting COVID-19 testing in a myriad of ways. In addition to testing within hospitals, efforts have been directed toward standing up drive-thru testing sites, a mobile truck laboratory for skilled nursing facilities and group homes, and community mass screenings targeting the populations such as the homeless."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Rhode Island Testing Plan
From the Document: "The broad goals of the Rhode Island State Testing Plan are as follows: 1) Implement efficient and timely testing for symptomatic individuals with suspected COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]; 2) Perform screening of asymptomatic individuals at high-risk of COVID-19 and from underserved populations; 3) Perform sentinel surveillance of populations with a focus on high-risk and underserved populations; 4) Ensure isolation and timely contact tracing of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] positive cases with quarantining of close contacts. Rhode Island is currently performing >60,000 tests/month. This represents 5.7% of the state's population."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Pennsylvania Testing Plan
From the Document: "The Wolf Administration has developed an enhanced testing strategy with a focus on three pillars: ensuring testing is accessible for all Pennsylvanians with symptoms of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]; available by increasing supply and building community capacity; and adaptable to the evolving landscape of the virus and data. Through this enhanced strategy, the Administration has set a goal for 90 percent of people in Pennsylvania to live within 45 miles from a specimen collection site in addition to the goal of 2 percent of the population in every region throughout the commonwealth to be tested per month. The number of cases in communities will continue to be closely monitored to ensure that specimen collection sites are situated appropriately in areas with the greatest need."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Ohio Testing Plan
From the Document: "Through the leadership of Governor Mike DeWine, the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) and the work of the State of Ohio Testing Strike Force, Ohio has worked to maximize the use of testing platforms by establishing a statewide network of laboratories, linking state and private laborites under a single effort. Recognizing the value of our local partners and science experts the state utilized the existing infrastructure of sophisticated hospital and academic medical center laboratories throughout the state, as well as the existing Ohio Department of Health lab."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Oregon Testing Plan
From the Document: "According to the 2019 Annual Oregon Population Report, Oregon's population is 4,236,400. In order to test 2% of our population per month, we must build capacity to test 84,728 people per month. In order to meet this target, the Oregon Health Authority and the Oregon State Public Health Laboratory (OSPHL) have partnered with local public health authorities (LPHAs), healthcare systems, academic institutions, commercial laboratories and retail sites. Through these partnerships, we have created a network of laboratories which can perform up to 140,000 tests per month."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Philadelphia Testing Plan
From the Document: "The Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH) is committed to continued rapid detection and containment of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]. There are currently over 50 testing sites in Philadelphia, including sites run by health systems, health centers, pharmacies and urgent cares. Since March 2020, PDPH has been working with healthcare partners throughout Philadelphia to increase testing capacity, accessibility, and speed of reporting. Expanded testing efforts have been planned through June 2020, with components in varying stages of execution, to reach a goal of 150,000 tests performed each month by testing sites across the city. PDPH's short-term testing expansion strategy focuses on maximizing its own laboratory capacity, implementation of rapid testing platforms at testing sites, continuation of testing partnerships with Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) and long-term care facilities, and development of new community-based testing programs in coordination with partner organizations like urgent care centers and retail pharmacies."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: South Carolina Testing Plan
From the Document: "South Carolina has an approximate population of 5.1 million in 46 counties. To bolster testing capacity and reach the goal of testing at least 2% of the population each month, the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) is utilizing agency resources and fostering public and private partnerships to increase access to testing, particularly for under resourced communities and vulnerable populations."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Palau Testing Plan
From the Document: "Prior to March 2020, Palau relied on a referral system for testing through the Hawaii State Laboratory Division and Guam Public Health Laboratory. The MOH [Ministry of Health] began efforts to establish local diagnostic capacity in February and by April had secured a molecular diagnostic testing platform with 100,000 test kits and worked quickly to train laboratory staff to conduct testing. In March, all commercial flights were suspended, effectively cutting off Palau from access to all reference laboratories for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] testing. There are currently two full-time laboratory technologists who are trained to perform COVID-19 diagnostic testing using a high-throughput RT-PCR [real-time polymerase chain reaction] testing platform."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Puerto Rico Testing Plan
From the Document: "The volume of tests in the State current testing plan for May 2020 includes 7,700 diagnostic tests and 10,280 for June 2020. The current testing capacity in the Puerto Rico Department of Health is for 1,022 diagnostic tests daily for a total of 30,660/month, which is 48% of the 2% of Puerto Rico's population (64,000). In order to reach 100% of the 2% population, we plan to increase testing capacity by acquiring new testing platforms for the Puerto Rico Public Health Laboratories that are high throughput."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020
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Investing in the Future of Health Care: A Strategic Assessment of Federally Funded Health Services Research and Primary Care Research
From the Document: "Since its emergence in the 1960s, health services research (HSR) has provided insights to improve the delivery of care and the health of patients. Primary care research (PCR) also has emerged as a distinct field, improving our understanding of the part of the health care system in which most people receive care. Many federal agencies are involved in funding HSR and PCR. [...] The RAND team formed two technical expert panels (one for HSR and one for PCR), conducted 50 interviews across a diverse sample of five stakeholder groups, and performed a systematic environmental scan of federal research grants and contracts to assess the following topics: [1] breadth and focus of federal agency research portfolios in HSR and PCR; [2] overlap and coordination among federal agency research portfolios; [3] impacts of federally funded HSR and PCR; [4] gaps and prioritization of federally funded HSR and PCR; [5] options for improving the outcomes, value, and impact of future federally funded HSR and PCR."
RAND Corporation
Mendel, Peter; Gidengil, Courtney A.; Tomoaia-Cotisel, Andrada . . .
2020
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Psychological, Political, and Situational Factors Combine to Boost COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory Beliefs
From the Document: "Conspiracy theories (CTs) are not solely the domain of extremists and paranoids. They cut across demographic and political differences (Uscinski and Parent, 2014) and can have negative social/political consequences. [...] Scholars have identified psychological, political, and situational factors that contribute to the likelihood that someone will endorse a CT. [...] The global COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is a perfect storm for activating these psychological, political, and situational factors. Uscinski et al. (2020) find that conspiratorial thinking is positively related to the endorsement of two COVID-19 CTs. Moreover, because the current political context is one in which a Republican president is being widely criticized for his handling of the pandemic (threatening the political worldviews of those on the right), Republicans are more likely to believe COVID-19 CTs than Democrats or Independents (Uscinski et al., 2020). Finally, personal uncertainty (likely induced by the pandemic) is positively related to COVID-19 CT beliefs (Miller, 2020)."
Canadian Political Science Association
Miller, Joanne M.
2020
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COVID-19, Fiscal Federalism and Provincial Debt: Have We Reached a Critical Juncture?
From the Introduction: "In 2019, Canada's gross subnational debt to GDP [gross domestic product] was well over 40 per cent, easily the highest in the world[.] This level will only grow as the provinces grapple with the pandemic and its fiscal effects. Some believe surging provincial debts have brought Canadian federalism to a critical juncture: they have greatly increased the odds of federal measures to stabilize provincial finances. This article assesses this claim. The cleanest and most balanced path to fiscal sustainability is a combination of enhanced federal transfers, which would bolster provincial fiscal capacity, and national fiscal rules, which would constrain provincial borrowing. But the former is unlikely to restore sustainability on its own, and the latter would require a severe provincial debt crisis, which Canada's existing fiscal federal structures can avoid. COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has increased the odds of certain reforms, and it is difficult to predict their long-run effects. But any obvious paths to fiscal sustainability remain hidden."
Cambridge University Press
Hanniman, Kyle
2020
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Examining the Need for Eye Protection for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention in the Community
From the Document: "As the world reopens after extreme social distancing designed to flatten the curve and protect hospitals, it appears that even countries that had controlled coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with widespread testing and contact tracing, such as South Korea and Singapore, are seeing increased case counts. One proposed method for reducing transmission as society reopens is requiring the public to wear face coverings, including cotton face masks or face shields. An important factor that distinguishes face shields from masks is eye protection. Yet the importance of eye protection in the prevention of COVID-19 and other coronaviruses is underappreciated, which has led to public health authorities recommending cotton face masks over potentially more protective alternatives, such as face shields. The mucous membranes of healthcare workers (HCWs), including the conjunctiva, may be exposed to respiratory droplets from the patient. The importance of eye protection during care of patients with novel coronaviruses was recognized in 2003 during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) outbreaks and subsequent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks."
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
Marra, Alexandre R.; Edmond, Michael B.; Popescu, Saskia V. . . .
2020
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RT-PCR Tests for SARS-COV-2 Processed at a Large Italian Hospital and False-Negative Results Among Confirmed COVID-19 Cases
From the Document: "In Italy, the first autochthonous case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was detected on February 21, 2020. By mid April 2020, >15,000 persons had been infected in the country and >20,000 had died. More than 1 million upper respiratory specimens were collected through nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs2 for infection confirmation or screening purposes. The proportion of the population with confirmed infection varies across the 20 Italian regions, as does the number of swabs collected per population unit. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used to test for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the specimens collected through swabs, as recommended by the World Health Organization for clinical management and outbreak control purposes. It is currently the gold standard for the etiological diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection."
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
Valent, Francesca; Doimo, Anna; Mazzilis, Giada . . .
2020
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How COVID-19 is Changing the World: A Statistical Perspective
From the Introduction: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has turned the world upside down. [...] Throughout this crisis, the international statistics community has continued to work together, in partnership with national statistical offices and systems around the world to ensure that the best quality data and statistics are available to support decision making during and after the crisis. [...] The statistics presented in this report are unprecedented. We are witnessing data points and inflections in trends that would have been unimaginable only a few months ago. New statistical records are being set on an almost weekly basis. By the end of April, 212 countries, territories or areas had reported confirmed cases of COVID-19. In the first four months of 2020, more than 3 million cases of infection had been confirmed and more than 210,000 deaths. Some startling economic numbers include a 9% year-on-year fall in global production and manufacturing output, nowcasts that the value of global merchandise trade will fall by almost 27% in Q2 [Quarter 2] 2020, the largest fall in global commodity prices on record (-20.4% between February and March 2020). On the social side, we see the shocking loss of employment - a decline of almost 10.5% in total working hours, the equivalent of 305 million full-time workers. Some 1.6 billion students have been affected by school closures and the crisis will push an additional 40 - 60 million people into extreme poverty."
Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities
2020
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Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Mental Health in the Elderly: Perspective from a Psychogeriatric Clinic at a Tertiary Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil
From the Document: "Recent studies emphasize the high frequency of subsyndromal mental abnormalities in the general population during the new coronavirus pandemic, affecting up to one-third of the exposed individuals (Rajkumar, 2020). These manifestations can be represented by a simple increase in the selfperception of stress, but also by a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, sleep complaints and relapse of pre-existing psychiatric disorders (Pfefferbaum and North, 2020). This perspective has been depicted by early population studies conducted in eastern Asia in the first months of the pandemic but seems to be replicable in Western countries as well. In Brazil, much attention is being paid to this secondary but not less important wave of morbidity. The rapidly progressive dissemination of the viral infection causing a consistent growth of incidence rates, along with the high clinical severity of a substantial proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, may warrant the outburst of a true mental health crisis in the general population. To date, scientific publications addressing mental health issues in the Brazilian COVID-19 pandemic have focused on its impact on mental health professionals (Ornell 'et al.', 2020), and no systematic evaluation of the mental state of the elderly population has been made so far."
International Psychogeriatric Association
Forlenza, Orestes V.; Stella, Florindo
2020
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To Follow or Not to Follow: Social Norms and Civic Duty During a Pandemic
From the Document: "The outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has put substantial pressure on individuals to adapt and change their behaviours. As the hope of a vaccine remains at least a year away, everyone is urged to take action to slow the spread of the virus. Thus, 'flattening the curve' has become vital in preventing medical systems from being overrun, and it relies on massive collective action by citizens to follow specific public health measures such as physical distancing, hand washing, and physical isolation for vulnerable individuals. Despite the recommendations, the public has often been confronted with the reality that some individuals are not respecting them, including elected officials. [...] In this article, we explore the effects of civic duty and social norms on adherence to public health recommendations. We find that civic duty promotes following health recommendations and that norms become important in the absence of duty."
Cambridge University Press
Bourgeois, Laura French; Stephenson, Laura Beth, 1976-; Harell, Allison
2020
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Issue Guide: COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing, Considerations for Using Digital Technologies
From the Executive Summary: "As communities relax stay-at-home orders and ramp up testing, the public health system is seeing increases in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases. Until vaccines are broadly available, the primary ways of preventing transmission of COVID-19 include interventions such as case investigation, contact tracing, social distancing, and isolation and quarantine. Case investigation and contact tracing are well-established public health functions that have been implemented for many diseases like Ebola, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and tuberculosis. However, the scale and speed needed for COVID-19 is unprecedented. An extensive and swift expansion of the case investigation and contact tracing workforce--paired with continuous evaluation to ensure effectiveness--is needed to adequately respond to rising caseloads and rapid investigation cycles. To complement this time-tested, workforce-based solution, technology companies have been engaging with various public health experts to develop new tools that could aid in COVID-19 response efforts. Public health officials may choose to incorporate solutions that can augment and support case investigation and contact tracing while also protecting privacy."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2020?
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Global Order After COVID-19
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is the most disruptive global event since the Great Depression and World War 2. At least 4.8 million people have been infected in less than six months; more than 300,000 have died, and many more deaths will occur even if effective vaccines or treatments are eventually developed. The economic costs are staggering: much of the world has fallen into recession, debt levels are soaring, and future growth prospects have dimmed. It is in some ways the first fully global crisis in human history, one from which no country can remain aloof. Yet despite these far-reaching effects, the current pandemic will not transform the essential nature of world politics."
Institut für Sicherheitspolitik
Walt, Stephen M., 1955-
2020
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COVID-19: Defining an Invisible Enemy Within Healthcare and the Community
From the Document: "The rapid dissemination of severe respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) throughout the globe has been declared a pandemic. A lack of national and internationally agreed case definitions for healthcare-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to inconsistencies in describing epidemiology, which limit comparisons. [...] Recent NHS [National Health Service] England guidance recommends screening all emergency hospital admissions on admission followed by a single repeat, for those testing negative, between 5 and 7 days after admission. Our data demonstrate that healthcare-associated COVID-19 has contributed an important number of cases patients during the height of a pandemic. Sequential screening of non-COVID-19 hospitalized patients beyond this, possibly on a weekly basis up to 14 days after hospital discharge, may prove beneficial in further reducing the threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. Further validation of proposed definitions is required and according to the evolution of CDI [Clostridium difficile infection] definitions, amendments are likely."
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
Musa, Saif A.; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Paget, Stephanie . . .
2020
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Guide to the Ethics of Surveillance and Quarantine for Novel Coronavirus
From the Document: "The UK Government has declared the spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) to be a serious and imminent threat to public health. [...] This step gives government authorities additional legal powers to control the disease, such as restricting people's movement. The Department of Health and Social Care has said that people infected with novel coronavirus could now be forcibly quarantined and not allowed to leave, and could be forcibly sent into isolation if they posed a threat to public health."
Nuffield Council on Bioethics
2020?
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Evidence-Based Practice for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
From the Website Description: "When communities face complex public health emergencies, state local, tribal, and territorial public health agencies must make difficult decisions regarding how to effectively respond. The public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR) system, with its multifaceted mission to prevent, protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from public health emergencies, is inherently complex and encompasses policies, organizations, and programs. Since the events of September 11, 2001, the United States has invested billions of dollars and immeasurable amounts of human capital to develop and enhance public health emergency preparedness and infrastructure to respond to a wide range of public health threats, including infectious diseases, natural disasters, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear events. Despite the investments in research and the growing body of empirical literature on a range of preparedness and response capabilities and functions, there has been no national-level, comprehensive review and grading of evidence for public health emergency preparedness and response practices comparable to those utilized in medicine and other public health fields."
National Academies Press (U.S.)
2020
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Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prioritizing Health, Equity, and Communities (2020)
From the Website Description: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the nation's K-12 [kindergarten-twelfth grade] education system. The rush to slow the spread of the virus led to closures of schools across the country, with little time to ensure continuity of instruction or to create a framework for deciding when and how to reopen schools. States, districts, and schools are now grappling with the complex and high-stakes questions of whether to reopen school buildings and how to operate them safely if they do reopen. These decisions need to be informed by the most up-to-date evidence about the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] virus that causes COVID-19; about the impacts of school closures on students and families; and about the complexities of operating school buildings as the pandemic persists."
National Academies Press (U.S.)
2020
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Law Enforcement Response to Sexual Assault During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "Responding to crimes against persons is considered an essential function of policing. Victims of sexual assault may face greater barriers to reporting crimes, accessing help, and obtaining support due to public health orders such as stay-at-home mandates during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. Despite the inherent difficulties of a global pandemic, law enforcement agencies can incorporate flexibility and innovation into both current and cold case sexual assault response efforts to ensure they are meeting the complex needs of victims, while also meeting the safety requirements of agency personnel, collaborating partners, and community members. Agency leaders should consider the following modified practices outlined in this tool to ensure agency personnel are able to safely perform essential duties related to sexual assault crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic."
International Association of Chiefs of Police
2020?
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Support for Rehabilitation Self-Management After COVID-19- Related Illness
From the Document: "This leaflet provides basic exercises and advice for adults who have been severely unwell and admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]."
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
2020
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COVID-19 Technical Mission of Experts to Tajikistan: 1-11 May 2020
From the Executive Summary: "The observations and recommendations in this report are based on the review of normative and technical documents provided by the Government of Tajikistan and, specifically, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Population, site visits, meetings and discussions conducted during the 10-day WHO [World Health Organization] technical mission."
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
2020
