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• How Culture Wars Delay Herd Immunity: Christian Nationalism and Anti-Vaccine Attitudes

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  From the Abstract: "Prior research demonstrates that a number of cultural factors--including politics and religion--are significantly associated with anti-vaccine attitudes. This is consequential because herd immunity is compromised when large portions of a population resist vaccination. Using a nationally representative sample of American adults that contains a battery of questions exploring views about vaccines, the authors demonstrate how a pervasive ideology that rejects scientific authority and promotes allegiance to conservative political leaders--what we and others call Christian nationalism-- is consistently one of the two strongest predictors of anti-vaccine attitudes, stronger than political or religious characteristics considered separately. Results suggest that as Americans evaluate decisions to vaccinate themselves or their children, those who strongly embrace Christian nationalism--close to a quarter of the population--will be much more likely to abstain, potentially prolonging the threat of certain illnesses. The authors conclude by discussing the immediate implications of these findings for a possible coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine."

  American Sociological Association

  Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L.

  2020
• Curriculum Recommendations for Disaster Health Professionals: Disaster Behavioral Health, Second Edition

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  From the Introduction: "A wide variety of extreme events produce psychological, social, and biological sequelae labeled with terms such as stress, trauma, grief, and bereavement. These consequences are experienced by individuals, families, workplaces, schools, communities, and nations. They result from causal factors that are natural, human-generated, or both. While all disasters are extreme events, not all extreme events would be considered disasters. [...] This document focuses on the general topic of disasters and other extreme events. For the purposes of this document, disasters are considered: 1) extreme events in which needs of the impacted population and/or area exceeds the local response and recovery resources, and external resources must be utilized (e.g., pandemics, hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes); and 2) events in which local resources may be fully utilized and not be exceeded (e.g., mass violence, terrorism, industrial accidents, chemical spills), but result in adverse psychological and behavioral responses for affected individuals and communities that are similar to other disasters in which resources are exceeded. More disaster behavioral health training for healthcare professionals, including behavioral health personnel, is being conducted today than ever before. Despite this, few healthcare professionals receive education on the unique psychological and behavioral impacts of disaster events during formal training programs. The vast majority of training occurs after degree conferral and is frequently experiential. Specific training in disaster behavioral health for most healthcare professionals is rare."

  National Center for Disaster Medicine & Public Health (U.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress

  Flynn, Brian W., Ed.D.; Vance, Mary C.; Morganstein, Joshua C.

  2020
• Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Molecular Laboratory Developed Test (LDT) COVID-19 Authorized Tests [SARS-CoV-2 Mass Array Test]

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  From the Document: "This Fact Sheet informs you of the significant known and potential risks and benefits of the emergency use of a Molecular LDT [Laboratory Developed Test] COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Authorized Test called the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Mass Array Test that has been issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by FDA. The Molecular LDT COVID-19 Authorized Test is authorized for use on certain respiratory specimens collected from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider."

  United States. Food and Drug Administration

  2020?
• Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Molecular Laboratory Developed Test (LDT) COVID-19 Authorized Tests [Akron Children's Hospital SARS-CoV-2 Assay]

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  From the Document: "This Fact Sheet informs you of the significant known and potential risks and benefits of the emergency use of a Molecular LDT [Laboratory Developed Test] COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Authorized Test called the Akron Children's Hospital SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Assay that has been issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by FDA. The Molecular LDT COVID-19 Authorized Test is authorized for use on certain respiratory specimens collected from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider."

  United States. Food and Drug Administration

  2020?
• Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Molecular Laboratory Developed Test (LDT) COVID-19 Authorized Tests [Aeon Global Health SARS-CoV-2 Assay]

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  From the Document: "This Fact Sheet informs you of the significant known and potential risks and benefits of the emergency use of a Molecular LDT [Laboratory Developed Test] COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Authorized Test called the Aeon Global Health SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Assay that has been issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by FDA. The Molecular LDT COVID-19 Authorized Test is authorized for use on certain respiratory specimens collected from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider."

  United States. Food and Drug Administration

  2020?
• COVID-19, Conspiracy and Contagious Sedition: A Case Study on the Militia-Sphere

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  From the Foreword: "Following on the heels of a state-by-state lockdown of social and economic activity put in place to attempt to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus pandemic, we stand in the midst of historical nationwide violence and riots over the George Floyd incident. Together, these events cause social dislocation on a scale not seen since the Great Depression. Not surprisingly in such an environment, fear of disease, fear of law enforcement, and fear of violence are compounded by social isolation and widespread unemployment. It is not surprising, in this season of discontent, that many Americans have grown frustrated with the restrictions on their freedoms, and angry at the repeated confrontations involving law enforcement. Many have exercised their constitutional rights to freedom of speech and assembly to express their anger in a peaceful manner."

  Network Contagion Research Institute; Rutgers University. Miller Center for Community Protection and Resilience

  Finkelstein, Joel; Donohue, John K.; Goldenberg, Alex . . .

  2020?
• Coping on the Front Lines of a Pandemic: Understanding and Managing COVID-19 Stressors

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  From the Highlight: "Since the onset of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the nature and frequency of stressors experienced by the healthcare workforce have increased exponentially. Rachel Kaul, the Behavioral Health Lead for ASPR [Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response] EMMO [Office of Emergency Management and Medical Operations], shares how to recognize and mitigate these stressors while bolstering resilience." This resource is taken from ASPR TRACIE's [Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange] Newsletter, "The Exchange," Issue 12. Click here to view the full issue: [https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=850016].

  United States. Technical Resources, Assistance Center and Information Exchange

  Kaul, Rachel

  2020?
• Role of the United States Postal Service in the Age of COVID-19

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  From the Document: "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed many victims and is threatening to claim another one--the United States Postal Service (USPS). In May 2020, a statement from the USPS said that the its main source of revenue--letter-mail volume--had dropped dramatically as businesses cut back on sending advertisements and bulk mail and that it will exhaust its cash on hand by the end of September. Unlike other federal agencies, the USPS does not receive tax dollars for its operating expenses; instead, it relies on postage and product sales and services. Given these dire circumstances, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a $3 trillion coronavirus relief package on May 15 that included relief funds for the USPS, although the Senate is unlikely to consider the bill. However, this is not the first time the USPS has needed federal relief, and this request is being debated in Congress in light of whether we need the USPS at all, given the other private delivery services that are now available."

  RAND Corporation

  Pollard, Michael S.; Davis, Lois M.

  2020
• Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Progress Report, 1 January - 30 June 2020

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  From the Introduction: "The Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework is an innovative public health instrument that brings together Member States, industry, other stakeholders and WHO [World Health Organization] to implement a global approach to pandemic influenza preparedness and response. The key goals include: to improve and strengthen the sharing of influenza viruses with human pandemic potential through the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), and to increase the access of developing countries to vaccines and other pandemic response supplies."

  World Health Organization

  2020
• WHO Guidance for Climate Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities

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  From the Executive Summary; "The aim of this guidance is to enhance the capacity of health care facilities to protect and improve the health of their target communities in an unstable and changing climate; and to empower health care facilities to be environmentally sustainable, by optimizing the use of resources and minimizing the release of waste into the environment. Climate resilient and environmentally sustainable health care facilities contribute to high quality of care and accessibility of services, and by helping reduce facility costs also ensure better affordability. They are, therefore, an important component of universal health coverage (UHC)."

  World Health Organization

  2020
• #CoronaJihad: COVID-19, Misinformation, and Anti-Muslim Violence in India

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  From the Abstract: "On March 25th, India imposed one of the largest lockdowns in history, confining its 1.3 billion citizens for over a month to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). By the end of the first week of the lockdown, starting March 29th reports started to emerge that there was a common link among a large number of the new cases detected in different parts of the country: many had attended a large religious gathering of Muslims in Delhi. In no time, Hindu nationalist groups began to see the virus not as an entity spreading organically throughout India, but as a sinister plot by Indian Muslims to purposefully infect the population. This report tracks anti-Muslim rhetoric and violence in India related to COVID-19, as well as the ongoing impact on social cohesion in the country."

  Institute for Strategic Dialogue

  Desai, Shweta; Amarasingam, Amarnath

  2020
• What COVID-19 Means for City Finances

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  From the Document: "City governments across the nation provide essential services that keep our economy and neighborhoods strong. From sanitation services, water utilities and public health to affordable housing, summer youth programming and public safety, these are the services that make our communities work. As the coronavirus spiraled into a global public health and economic crisis, local leaders and municipal workers were and continue to be on the frontlines of minimizing the spread and preparing to reopen, while minimizing the financial burden of mass unemployment and industry shutdowns on residents and businesses. [...] This report profiles city budgets and details how the pandemic-induced economic downturn is affecting cities nationwide."

  National League of Cities

  Yadavalli, Anita; McFarland, Christiana K.; Wagner, Spencer

  2020
• City Fiscal Conditions 2020

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  From the Introduction: "Now in its 35th year, the City Fiscal Conditions survey of 485 cities reveals the breadth and depth of challenges facing city budgets, including: [1] Nearly 90 percent of cities will be less able in FY 2021 than in FY 2020 to meet the fiscal needs of their communities. This widespread sentiment about lack of fiscal capacity has not been reported since the low point of the Great Recession; [2] Current estimates for FY 2020 put year-over-year general fund revenue growth at near zero; [3] All major local tax revenue sources slowed in FY 2020, with severe year-over-year declines in sales (-11%) and income tax (-3.4%) receipts; and [4] On average, cities anticipate a 13 percent decline in FY 2021 general fund revenues over FY 2020."

  National League of Cities

  McFarland, Christiana K.; Pagano, Michael A.

  2020
• Returning to a Healthy Environment

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  From the Document: "Beginning with the initial guidance from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) as well as subsequent and emerging recommendations, University personnel voraciously consumed the best available information to guide planning for the return of students, staff, and faculty during the omnipresent COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 19] pandemic. A broad cross-section of the Institution's constituencies participated in the process of analyzing, imagining, and projecting what could be done and should be done to minimize risks and maximize the well-being of persons who work and study at Allen University. From this process, a standing Environmental COVID-19 Committee was empaneled and will continue to update and make recommendations as circumstances warrant and guidance from CDC and DHEC continues to evolve."

  Allen University

  2020
• Fatal Attraction of a Post-COVID Green New Deal

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  From the Document: "Last year we were already talking about the threat of Net Zero to economic recovery post-Brexit, but that context has obviously changed. The Net Zero commitment cannot now be considered independently of the situation created by the restrictions imposed to address Covid-19, and measures to recover, not from the virus, but from those restrictions. So what has changed precisely? We are not now talking about whether Net Zero is wise for a more-or-less intact and expanding national economic system, one moving steadily further from thermodynamic equilibrium towards a state of greater complexity, an economy surrounded by other national systems, many of which were expanding at a greater rate, and could be called upon to support growth. That question has now been superseded. The answer, for the record, was that it was deeply unwise, and that it would have slowed the rate at which complexity increased, it would have consumed a good deal of the societal complexity accumulated since the medieval period, that there would have been genuine human hardship, but that public resistance would have set in, perhaps after some decades, and that a correction would and could have taken place, partly assisted by the fact that other national systems would not have been as seriously affected. [...] The question that now faces us is how attempts to deliver the Net Zero target will affect a national system that has been deliberately tipped into a state of deep contraction, surrounded by other national systems all similarly, though not quite equally, affected."

  Global Warming Policy Foundation

  Constable, John, 1963-

  2020
• Secondary Infektion

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  From the Executive Summary: "'Secondary Infektion' is the name given to a long-running Russian information operation, encompassing multiple campaigns on social media run by a central entity, which was already active in 2014 and that was still running in early 2020. Secondary Infektion targeted countries across Europe and North America with fake stories and forged documents. Its focus and areas of interest were often of a diplomatic and foreign policy nature: it appeared primarily aimed at provoking tensions between Russia's perceived enemies, and its stories typically concerned relationships between governments and often specifically focused on government representatives. It is also notable for launching smear campaigns against Kremlin critics, and for targeting presidential candidates in 2016 in the U.S., in 2017 in France, in Germany, Sweden and elsewhere. This report is the first systematic examination of Secondary Infektion's campaigns. It reveals the most comprehensive picture yet of this actor's strategic objectives and tactical priorities across the years."

  Graphika

  Nimmo, Ben; François, Camille; Eib, C. Shawn . . .

  2020
• Preemption and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring State Interference Before, During, & After the Crisis

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  From the Document: "Preemption is when a higher level of government removes or limits the authority of a lower level of government. The impact on people's well-being, health, and economic situation can be severe. During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, for example, states preempted local governments from being able to enact mask mandates, meaning local leaders could not make mask-wearing mandatory in their local communities . At times, these states were not implementing any sort of mandate at the state level. Preemption is neither inherently good nor bad. Preemption can be used to set minimum standards or can be used in policy areas that should be left to the state. The misuse and abuse of preemption, however, represents state interference, where the higher level of government unnecessarily constrains the actions of local leaders. For instance, states implementing emergency orders during the pandemic to close businesses to prevent the spread of the virus across the state. [...] There are a few different types of preemption, including floor preemption as North Carolina used, and each has been used in the current crisis. These types of preemptions are laid out [in this report]."

  National League of Cities

  Wagner, Spencer; Rainwater, Brooks; Carter, Katherine

  2020
• Analysis of the National Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Through the Lens of Medical Military Support Requirements

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  From the Introduction: "The aim of this Open Publication for Allied Command Transformation is to examine national responses, both civil and military, to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic and especially the coordination function between them. It will look at the strategic directions that nations have taken, including the NATO partner nations. It will also include the experiences and comparisons of the non-NATO nations of Russia, China, and Brazil as they present a differing strategic approach to NATO and western nations. The paper will support further analysis of current and future capabilities required of military medical services, especially how this pandemic compares to large scale warfighting operations. It will identify areas of similarity and differences within and between nations that could inform future conceptual and novel capability development. This will support future conceptual and capability development of military medical support for NATO."

  NATO Allied Command Transformation

  Bricknell, Martin; Homan, Zenobia; Gheorghe, Adrian . . .

  2020
• Human Costs of Local Fiscal Crises During COVID-19

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  From the Introduction: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has dire implications for the vitality of US cities. While cities play a crucial role in the direct provision of essential services that will affect the health and economic security of millions of Americans, they are also ground zero for a deep fiscal crisis. A recent National League of Cities survey of 485 cities reveals that nearly 90 percent of cities will be less able in FY 2021 than in FY 2020 to meet their fiscal needs. In the immediate term, US state and local governments anticipate a budget shortfall of nearly $500 billion through the end of 2022. Revenue shortfalls in some cities could be as high as 20 percent in Fiscal Year 2021. Behind these numbers lay potentially devastating consequences for all citizens and communities alike. Looking back to the Great Recession (GR) of 2008-09, we identify some of the likely local impacts of the economic downturn in the absence of federal intervention. While often ignored in national coverage of the recession, they have left an indelible mark on US cities and, by extension, the overall economy."

  National League of Cities

  Reinecke, David; Rocco, Philip

  2020
• COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: A New Tool Helps Analyze Commercial Air Travel Involving Infected Passengers

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  From the Webpage: "Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was first reported in Wuhan, China, have been confirmed in all 50 U.S. states. In this report--the first of several from a RAND Corporation team examining the role of commercial air travel in the COVID-19 pandemic--we quantify potential vectors of virus transmission to the United States as a result of commercial air travel. Understanding the COVID-19 propagation patterns, regionally and globally, will help policymakers mitigate the resulting threats to public health."

  RAND Corporation

  Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .

  2020
• COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: African Anchor States Face Higher Risk of Importing COVID-19 Cases

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  From the Webpage: "In this report--one of several from a RAND Corporation team examining the role of commercial air travel in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic--we use our COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization (CAT-V) tool to quantify the potential vectors of transmission to countries in the U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) area of responsibility (AOR), which encompasses every country in Africa except Egypt. The tool combines COVID-19 case data from Johns Hopkins University with detailed air travel data from the International Air Transport Association."

  RAND Corporation

  Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .

  2020
• COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: Worldwide Spread of COVID-19 Accelerated Starting on February 19, 2020

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  From the Webpage: "In this report--one of several from a RAND Corporation team examining the role of commercial air travel in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic--we use our COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization (CAT-V) tool to estimate when COVID-19 transmission via commercial air travel began to rapidly accelerate throughout the world. The tool combines daily COVID-19 case data from Johns Hopkins University with detailed air travel data, including travelers' country of origin and country of destination, from the International Air Transport Association (IATA)."

  RAND Corporation

  Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .

  2020
• COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: COVID-19 Cases in China Were Likely 37 Times Higher Than Reported in January 2020

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  From the Key Finding: "Many people have raised concerns about the accuracy of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] data from China. In this report, we present strong evidence that China's reported COVID-19 caseload was undercounted by a factor of nearly 40. Based on officially reported cases in China in January 2020, the odds of the novel coronavirus appearing by January 22, 2020, in Japan, Thailand, South Korea, the United States, and Taiwan--as it did--would have been minuscule."

  RAND Corporation

  Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .

  2020
• COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: Air Passenger Transmission Risk to GCC Countries Originated from Outside the Region

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  From the Key Finding: "Transmission risk resulting from air travel is often global rather than regional in nature. Although regional countries often have more connectivity with one another than with countries outside the region, the GCC [Gulf Cooperation Council] countries are highly connected globally. As a result, most of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] transmission risk for most GCC countries originated from air travelers outside the region, first from China and then from elsewhere."

  RAND Corporation

  Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .

  2020
• COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: Decisionmakers Should Base Travel Restrictions on Infection Rates Per Capita and Air Traffic Levels

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  From the Key Finding: "Travel advisories from the U.S. Department of State and warnings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention focus primarily on the risk of travel to particular countries. Additional metrics could measure the risk of travel from particular countries with both high infection rates and high numbers of air travelers to the United States. Future assessments focused on these alternative metrics would allow U.S. authorities to reduce passenger air travel, or at least increase the screening of air passengers, from the highest-risk countries."

  RAND Corporation

  Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .

  2020
• COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: By January 31, 2020, at Least 1.5 Daily Infected Passengers Were Originating in China

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  From the Key Finding: "By January 31, 2020, passengers from China were likely exporting at least 1.5 cases of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] globally per day. The eight countries most at risk of infection, based on our modeling, were Japan, Thailand, South Korea, the United States, Taiwan, Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia. These were also the eight countries with the most confirmed cases outside of China as of January 31, 2020."

  RAND Corporation

  Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .

  2020
• COVID-19 and the Experiences of Populations at Greater Risk: Description and Top-Line Summary Data -- Wave 1, Summer 2020

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  From the Webpage: "As a continuation of RAND Corporation and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation efforts to capture how people in the United States think about, value, and prioritize issues of health, well-being, and health equity, a new longitudinal survey aims to understand how health views and values have been affected by the experience of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. In this report, the authors present the results of the first of four waves of the COVID-19 and the Experiences of Populations at Greater Risk Survey, fielded during summer 2020, with particular focus on populations deemed at risk or underserved, including people of color and those from low- to moderate-income backgrounds. The questions in this COVID-19 survey focused specifically on experiences related to the pandemic (e.g., financial, physical, emotional), how respondents viewed the disproportionate impacts of the pandemic, whether and how respondents' views and priorities regarding health actions and investments are changing (including the role of government and the private sector), and how general values about such issues as freedom and racism may be related to pandemic views and response expectations."

  RAND Corporation

  Carman, Katherine Grace; Chandra, Anita; Nelson, Christopher . . .

  2020
• #DeplatformIcke: How Big Tech Powers and Profits from David Icke's Lies and Hate, and Why it Must Stop

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  From the Introduction: "For many people, David Icke is a joke, whose public life ended when he declared himself the 'son of God' live on the BBC thirty years ago. In truth that interview was the start of a new and profitable career as a professional conspiracy theorist, in which Icke has spent decades promoting bigotry and misinformation. Icke's popularity was turbocharged by social media, where he has an audience of two million followers. His website is one of the 1,000 most popular in the UK. Recent polling by Hope Not Hate revealed that more than half of the UK population have heard of Icke. The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, however, has clarified the threat David Icke poses to public safety. His conspiracy theories about COVID-19 have been viewed over 30 million times on social media, making him the leading producer of misinformation on the disease. [...] The only way to rein in Icke's hate and misinformation is to deplatform him now, before inaction on his lies and hate end up costing lives."

  Center for Countering Digital Hate

  2020
• Update: COVID-19-Related Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

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  From the Introduction: "The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] outbreak an international pandemic in March 2020. Since then, the pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on peoples' lives around the world. Countries have responded by imposing a variety of public health measures, and implementing stimulus programmes to help protect individuals and companies. These measures have evolved over the last six months, in response to the changing situation in different countries. Changes in behaviour as a result of the pandemic - whether the behaviour of individuals, companies or governments - have in turn presented criminals with new opportunities to commit crimes and launder the proceeds. The FATF [Financial Action Task Force] has been monitoring these changes in criminal activity, their impact on anti-money-laundering/counter-terrorist-financing (AML/CFT) regimes, and the measures that governments have implemented to respond to the different types of challenges presented. This has included the publication of a paper in May on COVID-19 risks and policy responses, supplemented by a series of webinars with participants from both the public and private sectors. Since May, the FATF has continued to collect and assess relevant information on the impact of the pandemic. [...] The purpose of this paper is to provide reporting entities, other private sector entities, and other stakeholders with additional information on COVID19 related money laundering and terrorist financing risks. This paper addresses both changes in predicate offences and changes in money laundering and terrorist financing activity."

  Financial Action Task Force

  2020
• Preserving Small Businesses: Small-Business Owners Speak About Surviving the COVID-19 Pandemic

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  From the Document: "Our principal aim in this Perspective is to provide a preliminary understanding of the challenges that these businesses are facing as a result of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Using this understanding, we provide a preliminary description of what kinds of policies will help them to survive. [...] The challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic will not pass quickly, and government policies for assisting small businesses and managing a return to some version of normal business continue to evolve. Therefore, RAND set out to understand better these challenges."

  RAND Corporation

  Neu, C. R. (Carl Richard), 1949-; Carew, Diana Gehlhaus; Shatz, Howard J.

  2020