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New Findings on Links Between Urban Expansion and Viral Disease in Vietnam Offer Lessons for COVID-19
From the Document: "Several studies have suggested that unplanned, poorly serviced areas surrounding Asia's cities are at special risk for outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza or coronavirus. Today, the identification of possible links between disease outbreaks and urban growth is particularly critical because rural-to-urban migration is overwhelming the resources for urban planning all across Asia. Specifically, rapid urbanization is outpacing the provision of sanitation, clean water supplies, modern construction, and other infrastructure. For a number of reasons, Vietnam offers a special opportunity to study possible links between urbanization and emerging infectious disease. Vietnam is urbanizing quickly, and the country has experienced major outbreaks of bird flu in its large and growing poultry industry. Outbreaks between 2003 and 2005 killed millions of chickens and, in a few troubling cases, 'jumped' from infected birds into the human population. At the same time, Vietnam has a strong, national-scale data collection and monitoring capability. The government collects and publishes detailed information on disease outbreaks, infrastructure development, and many other relevant factors from across the country."
East-West Center
Spencer, James H., 1967-; Saksena, Sumeet; Fox, Jefferson, 1951-
2020-04-01
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Estimating the True Number of China's COVID-19 Cases
From the Key Points: "[1] China's COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] figures are not arithmetically sensible. The Communist Party has deliberately made estimation difficult, but outside of Wuhan city and Hubei province, cases are low by a factor of 100 or more. [2] In late January, Chinese media provided information about migrant outflow from Wuhan before quarantine. Using a lower number than theirs, the conservative figures for migrants' infection rate and time in circulation before national lockdown, generates an estimate of 2.9 million cases. [3] This is partly due to China's huge population. That population can also hide COVID-19 among tens of millions of respiratory illnesses. Along with harshly enforced censorship, the population can hide tens of thousands of deaths."
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
Scissors, Derek
2020-04
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Countering the Health 'Infodemic'
From the Document: "The dissemination of mis- and disinformation in traditional media and on social media has surged in recent years, with wide-ranging consequences in various policy areas - from elections to geopolitics to healthcare. The prevalence of false information regarding health issues threatens to undermine trust in official health advice and institutions responsible for countering threats to public health, potentially posing a serious threat to the health and wellbeing of individuals, a threat exacerbated in the current COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic."
European Parliament. European Parliamentary Research Service
Bentzen, Naja; Smith, Thomas
2020-04
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Combatting the 'Infodemic': Newsguard's Response to the Spread of COVID-19 Misinformation
From the Document: "NewsGuard has been at the forefront of documenting, debunking, and tracking coronavirus misinformation since the early days of the pandemic. Before any Americans died of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], NewsGuard analysts noticed an alarming increase in false and misleading content about the disease, its origin, and potential 'cures.' The World Health Organization called this problem an 'infodemic,' as citizens globally are exposed to 'an over-abundance of information - some accurate and some not - that makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it.' [...] To counter this dangerous 'infodemic,' NewsGuard has responded with research, reporting, and a public service campaign that includes partnerships with major nonprofits, technology companies, advertisers, libraries, and government officials."
NewsGuard
2020-04?
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COVID-19 and 5G: A Case Study of Platforms' Content Moderation of Conspiracy Theories
From the Document: "For a few weeks now, conspiracy theories around 5G and Coronavirus have been flooding the web, leading to real-life incidents with acts of vandalism on cell towers in the UK. Despite being strongly refuted by scientists, these theories range from the claim that 5G alters people's immune system to the idea that 5G changes people's DNA, thus making people more susceptible to contracting COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. We traced back the diffusion and content moderation timeline of a conspiracy video across several social media platforms. The velocity of such content is alarming. Before its removal, the content had been viewed over a million times and shared hundreds of thousands of times."
EU DisinfoLab
2020-04
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COVID-19: Impact on Humanitarian Operations
From the Document: "This Quick Impact Survey is part of ACAPS' [Assessment Capacities Project] efforts to better understand the current COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis and its impact on current humanitarian operations. It was sent to humanitarian organisations worldwide and conducted over four days. [...] ACAPS has developed an analytical framework to approach the analysis of this ongoing and quickly developing crisis. We published a report on initial government measures and will continue to monitor new government measures and their impact. Based on these insights, and in collaboration with partners, ACAPS is also working on forward-looking analysis and scenarios for the humanitarian community to better prepare for the changes to come."
Assessment Capacities Project
2020-04
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Enforcement Policy for Remote Ophthalmic Assessment and Monitoring Devices During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency: Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff
From the Introduction: "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or the Agency) plays a critical role in protecting the United States from threats such as emerging infectious diseases, including the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. FDA is committed to providing timely guidance to support response efforts to this pandemic. FDA is issuing this guidance to provide a policy to help expand the capability of remote ophthalmic assessment and monitoring devices to facilitate patient care while reducing patient and healthcare provider contact and exposure to COVID-19 during this pandemic. This policy is intended to remain in effect only for the duration of the public health emergency related to COVID-19 declared by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), including any renewals made by the HHS Secretary in accordance with section 319(a)(2) of the Public Health Service (PHS) Act."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services; United States. Food and Drug Administration
2020-04
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Changes in State Unemployment Insurance Rules During the COVID-19 Outbreak in the U.S.
From the Summary: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic led to an unprecedented expansion in unemployment insurance (UI) eligibility across states. While more than forty states had modified UI rules by the end of March, not all states responded in the same way. In this article, I summarize the changes to state UI rules in response to the crisis and explore factors that have contributed to the variation in states' responses."
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
Xie, Zoe
2020-04
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COVID-19: Scenarios: Possible Global Humanitarian Developments Over the Next Six Months
From the Document: "These scenarios have been developed to consider how the global humanitarian system will be impacted over the next six months in relation to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. This involves considering how changes in donor and recipient countries will affect each other, as well as the possibility that Covid-19 will trigger new humanitarian crises. To achieve this, this report considers the global interplay between countries, and the implications of both primary and secondary of the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures. The primary purpose is to inform strategic humanitarian decision-making through an understanding of the possible changes in needs for humanitarian assistance and possible constraints in meeting these needs."
Assessment Capacities Project
2020-04
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COVID-19 & Privacy & Data Protection Chart
From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has had an unprecedented impact on businesses. Many employers have deployed business continuity plans to help mitigate the effect of the virus, which include measures to protect the health and safety of employees. Discharging that duty is not easy, particularly when navigating the varying guidance from regulators around the world on what an employer can and can't do with its employees' personal data. Our comparative chart contains a traffic light system and explanations to help you answer important questions, such as whether you can ask employees about symptoms, or whether you can take temperature readings from employees."
Bird & Bird (Firm)
2020-04
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News and Uncertainty About COVID-19: Survey Evidence and Short-Run Economic Impact
From the Document: "We survey households about their expectations of the economic fallout of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, in real time and at daily frequency. Our baseline question asks about the expected impact on output and inflation over a one-year horizon. Starting on March 10, the median response suggests that the expected output loss is still moderate. This changes over the course of three weeks: At the end of March, the expected loss amounts to some 15 percent. Meanwhile, the pandemic is expected to raise inflation considerably. The uncertainty about these effects is very large. In the second part of the paper we feed the survey data into a New Keynesian business cycle model. Because the economic costs of the pandemic have not fully materialized yet but are nonetheless (a) anticipated and (b) uncertain, private expenditure collapses, thereby amplifying and bringing forward in time the economic costs of the pandemic. The short-run economic impact of the pandemic depends critically on whether monetary policy accommodates the drop in the natural rate of interest or not."
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
Dietrich, Alexander M.; Kuester, Keith; Müller, Gernot, 1943- . . .
2020-04
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Responding to COVID-19: A Note
From the Abstract: "We consider several epidemiological simulations of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic using the textbook SIR [susceptible, infected and removed] model and discuss the basic implications of these results for crafting an adequate response to the ensuing economic crisis. Our simulations are meant to be illustrative of the findings reported in the epidemiological literature using more sophisticated models (e.g., Ferguson et al. (2020)). The key observation we stress is that moderating the epidemiological response of social distancing according to the models may come at a steep price of extending the duration of the pandemic and hence the time these measures need to stay in place to be effective. We caution against ignoring this tradeoff as well as the fact that the timeline of the pandemic remains uncertain at this point. Consistent with the prudent advice of hoping for the best but preparing for the worst, we argue that a comprehensive economic response should address the question of how to safely 'hibernate' the national economy for a flexible time period. We provide a discussion of basic policy guidelines and highlight the key policy challenges."
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
Drozd, Lukasz A.; Mendes Tavares, Marina
2020-04
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Explaining Governors' Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States
From the Abstract: "What is the response of US governors to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic? In this research note, we explore the determinants of implementing stay-at-home orders, focusing on governors' characteristics. In our most conservative estimate, being a Democratic governor increases the probability of implementing a stay-at-home order by more than 50 percent. Moreover, we find that the probability of implementing a statewide stay-at-home order is about 40 percent more likely for governors without a term limit than governors with a term limit. We also find that Democratic governors and governors without a term limit are significantly faster to adopt statewide orders than Republican governors and governors with a term limit. There is evidence of politics as usual in these unusual times."
IZA Institute of Labor Economics
Baccini, Leonardo; Brodeur, Abel
2020-04
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COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings: Questions and Answers
From the Page Summary: "Who is this for: Healthcare personnel who may care for patients who are confirmed with or under investigation for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. What is it for: This creates FAQs [frequent questions and answers] to support the existing Healthcare Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for COVID-19. How is it used: To assist healthcare facilities in preventing transmission of COVID-19 in healthcare setting."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-04-01
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Strengthening Public Health Systems: Policy Ideas from a Governance Perspective
From the Abstract: "Public health systems that are capable of disease surveillance and action to prevent and manage outbreaks require trustworthy community-embedded public health workers who are empowered to undertake their tasks as professionals. Economic theory on incentives and norms of agents tasked with performing activities that society cares about yield direct implications for how to recruit and manage frontline health workers to promote trustworthiness and professionalism. This paper provides novel evidence from a survey of public health workers in Bihar, India's poorest state, that supports the insights of economic theory and taken together yields ideas that can immediately be put to work in policy responses to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis. These ideas address problems of governance and trust that have bedeviled health policymakers. Managing the current and preventing future pandemics requires going beyond technical health policies to the political institutions that shape incentives and norms of health workers tasked with implementing those policies."
World Bank Group
Khemani, Stuti; Chaudhary, Sarang; Scot, Thiago
2020-04
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Americans Support More Stimulus: Polling on Potential Stimulus Policies to Meet the Scale of the Moment
From the Executive Summary: "[1] We find overwhelming, bipartisan support for an additional emergency relief bill. [2] Voters support a variety of proposals to provide relief to individuals during the pandemic including halting evictions/ foreclosures/utility shut offs, granting universal paid sick and family & medical leave, and providing free care for coronavirus treatment to everyone. [3] There is support for expanding cash assistance given to individuals from the oneoff $1,200 in the current package to a $2,000 per month payment."
Data for Progress
Swasey, Charlotte; Winter, Ethan; Sheyman, Ilya
2020-04
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Protecting Rural Jails from Coronavirus
From the Executive Summary: "Rural communities have certain traits that make them particularly vulnerable in a pandemic. On the whole, people living in rural regions are poorer, older, and less healthy. One in three rural counties has a poverty rate over 20%. More than half of all births at rural hospitals are covered by Medicaid. Rural communities are quickly losing hospitals and health care providers. Small newspapers are closing across the heartland, and internet access in rural areas is often limited, so rural residents may not have accurate information about the pandemic or how to best respond. Many of these concerns are amplified in rural jails. People detained in rural jails are likely to be there because they cannot afford cash bail. Judges in rural courts often send people to jail for drug possession, in part because there are few diversion programs. Given the paucity of medical providers and other social services in rural areas, the criminal legal system is often used to address a range of social, emotional, and financial problems that elsewhere may be handled outside of the court system through community treatment or other programs. And people inside the jails may have prior substance use or other medical problems that are exacerbated in a pandemic. Perhaps most alarming, rural jails are frequently located in counties that lack hospital capacity to handle the coronavirus pandemic. [...] This report discusses specific challenges and responses to decarceration in rural communities in light of the coronavirus."
Data for Progress
Littman, Aaron; Sudeall, Lauren; Pishko, Jessica
2020-04
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California Voters Support Releasing People from Jails & Prisons to Protect Communities from COVID-19: Now Governor Newsom Must Act
From the Executive Summary: "Across the country and throughout the world, there has been wide recognition that reducing the number of people inside jails and prisons is critical to slowing the spread of the coronavirus-- both within these facilities and in the general public. [...] Simply put, this is a matter of our mutual survival. That is why doctors, reform advocates, judges, and law enforcement officials have embraced this decarceration strategy, which both conservative and liberal voters support. Decarceration is especially urgent in California, where prisons have been overcrowded for decades."
Data for Progress
Bazelon, Lara, 1974-; Barry, Kyle C.
2020-04
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Americans Support Suspending All Rent Payments
From the Executive Summary: "[1] Voters strongly favor a program of suspending and forgiving rent, backing it by a margin of 22 percentage points. [2] Voters under the age of forty-five are especially enthusiastic about suspending and forgiving rent, supporting it by a margin of 50 points. [3] By a 14-point margin, voters who self-identified as Republicans favor a more moderate proposal of suspending, but not forgiving, rent during the coronavirus crisis."
Data for Progress
Blank, Lew; Raghuveer, Tara
2020-04
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California Prosecutors Must Do More to Protect Their Communities from Coronavirus: Policies & Polling
From the Executive Summary: "In recent weeks, the humanitarian disaster that doctors and public health experts predicted has turned into reality: coronavirus has reached prisons and jails in California and across the country, sparking outbreaks that threaten the lives of incarcerated people, staff, and surrounding communities. California's elected prosecutors--the district attorney in each county--are uniquely positioned to address this crisis. We know that the best and most urgent solution is releasing people from incarceration, creating space inside these cramped facilities to comply with social distancing guidelines, and preserving scarce medical resources. Some counties in California have started this process through the cooperation of sheriffs, prosecutors, and judges, but it hasn't been sufficient to slow the spread. Prosecutors have the power to do more by agreeing to quickly and safely release people from custody, both in local jails, and, thanks to a new law that gives prosecutors the discretion to revisit prison sentences, the state prison system."
Data for Progress
Armour, Jody David; Barry, Kyle C.
2020-04
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California Housing Precarity in the Context of Coronavirus Pandemic
From the Executive Summary: "Earlier this year, California Governor Gavin Newsom gave a speech where he spoke about the extreme level of homelessness in the state, saying, the 'California Dream is dimmed by the wrenching reality of families, children, and seniors living unfed on a concrete bed.' [...] The State must take immediate action to provide long-term protection for renters and homeowners, but must not forget about residential landlords, many of whom find themselves facing financial uncertainty due to the coronavirus. The solution is for California to forgive rent payments but also directly compensate residential landlords for missed rental payments, which will have the benefit of ensuring that residential landlords are able to make their own fixed payments. As shown through polling by Data for Progress of Californians, voters want their government officials to protect people from losing their homes and falling into financial despair."
Data for Progress
Godsil, Rachel D.; Ronen, Hillary
2020-04
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California's Sheriffs Must Do More to Save Their Communities from the Ravages of Coronavirus
From the Executive Summary: "The spread of coronavirus in California jails have rendered the conditions of confinement for inmates so unsafe that they constitute the kind of unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain that is contrary to contemporary standards of decency and violates constitutional rights. The Supreme Court of the United States has held that it violates Eighth Amendment prohibitions of cruel and unusual punishment to hold inmates in unsafe conditions that expose them to serious health risks from infectious diseases. Fortunately, there are measures to prevent an impending catastrophe, and polling from The Justice Collaborative and Data for Progress shows that the vast majority of people are in favor of measures that California sheriffs can take to reduce jail populations and prevent the spread of the disease. There is agreement across political parties that sheriffs should limit the number of arrests for misdemeanors, low-level offenses, and technical violations in order to reduce jail populations in light of the ongoing pandemic."
Data for Progress
Armour, Jody David; Pishko, Jessica
2020-04
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Stimulus for All Americans: Voters Support Including All Americans in Stimulus, Regardless of Immigration Status
From the Executive Summary: "[1] An overall majority of Americans support extending a number of benefits to immigrants regardless of immigration status--including the extension of free health treatment, monthly stimulus payments to taxpayers, the auto-renewal of visas to all immigrant essential workers and Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients --as a means of mitigating the severity and duration of the coronavirus pandemic. [2] Given visa renewal offices are closed, automatically renewing visas and immigration benefits for essential workers in particular--nurses, doctors, agricultural workers and transportation for the duration of the state of emergency in the U.S.--is very popular, with 71 percent support overall. Support for this proposal was 59 percent among Republicans--a leap of nearly 20 percentage points above Republican support for each of the other proposals surveyed. [3] The American public believes including everyone in the United States in recovery efforts is best for public health and the economy."
Data for Progress
Masiello, Monica
2020-04
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Voters Support Sweeping Action to Address the Economic Fallout of the Coronavirus Pandemic
From the Executive Summary: "[1] Of the twelve policies surveyed--including rent suspension, monthly cash payments, and the forgiveness of at least $10,000 in student debt--all enjoy at least a 30-percentage-point margin of support, with most policies netting even higher support. [2] The most popular proposal tested is the prohibition of debt collection, garnishing wages, and repossession during the pandemic. This policy is supported by a massive 71-point margin. [3] Support for all twelve proposals is bipartisan. All proposals enjoy at least plurality support from self-identified Republicans, with even progressive policies like student-debt forgiveness netting a 10-point margin of support."
Data for Progress
Winter, Ethan
2020-04
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Local Officials Should Quickly Reduce Jail Populations to Slow the Spread of the Coronavirus
From the Executive Summary: "As the number of cases of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in the United States continues to sharply increase, and as city, state, and federal officials take increasingly aggressive moves to contain the virus's spread, it is critical to understand the significant role our nation's more than 2,800 county jails may play in spreading the disease, not just within the facilities, but to vulnerable communities more broadly. In short: more than five million people cycle in and out of our jails each year; over a quarter of million just through the jails in New York State alone. Most spend only a few days or weeks behind bars, but while detained they are confined in close proximity to others and with poor medical care. Moreover, those in jails are not only disproportionately vulnerable to COVID-19 themselves, but they come from--and thus return to--communities with disproportionately vulnerable populations. All these factors combine to make jails powerful vectors of disease."
Data for Progress
Pfaff, John F.
2020-04
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To Protect Our Children and Fight the Coronavirus, Release Youth from Juvenile Detention
From the Executive Summary: "Juveniles in detention are especially vulnerable during pandemics due to the additional stress and trauma associated with increased restrictions and isolation. Lockdown and confinement practices force solitary-like conditions on every juvenile in detention, including near-total isolation from family and loved ones, as well as from each other. This can result in serious long-term damage to each young person in juvenile detention, and there is no evidence to suggest the additional restrictions will inhibit pandemic acceleration. [...] In a national poll, we found broad bipartisan public support for releasing early some youth held in detention."
Data for Progress
Buckingham, Samantha
2020-04
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Policies & Polling on the Coronavirus and America's Immigrant Detention Crisis
From the Document: "Today, tens of thousands of immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers are at risk of contracting the coronavirus because of the current punitive immigration enforcement regime in the United States. Amidst the calls for 'self-isolation,' thousands of immigrants are herded into detention facilities, which, for all intents and purposes, are prisons, where we know that the risk of infection is great. The solution to this crisis is simple: release people from detention and stop detaining people in the first place. But will the United States government rise to the call?"
Data for Progress
Chapin, Violeta
2020-04
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Debt Report 2020: Edition II
From the Document: "This is the second of a new series of Debt Reports for 2020 to be published online, at regular intervals, over the course of the year. Debt Report 2020 Edition II is published at a time when many countries are struggling to cope with the deadly impact of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and a large part of the global economy is shut down, generating both demand and supply side shocks. [...] Debt Report 2020 Edition II is focused on a preliminary estimate of the evolution of external debt stocks in 2019 in low- and middle-income countries and comparable developments in high-income countries. It elaborates on anticipated outcomes at the regional level and identifies the key countries driving these trends. It also highlights ongoing efforts to enhance the monitoring of debt statistics and transparency in reporting."
World Bank Group
2020-04
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Technical Note on COVID-19 and Harmful Practices
From the Document: "Hundreds of millions of children and adolescents will likely face increasing threats to their safety and well-being, including gender-based violence (GBV), exploitation, abuse and neglect, social exclusion, and/or separation from caregivers and friends. We know from the Ebola outbreaks and from other public health crises that adolescent girls are disproportionally affected by these emergencies. Efforts to stop the Ebola epidemics led to school closures and a loss of education; a decrease in access to reproductive health information and services; a loss of livelihoods and a contraction of social support networks. These undermine strategies to end FGM [female genital mutilation] and child marriage, and threaten the progress that has been made over the past decade."
UNICEF
2020-04
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Prosocial Behavior in the Time of COVID-19: The Effect of Private and Public Role Models
From the Abstract: "In public good provision and other collective action problems, people are uncertain about how to balance self-interest and prosociality. Actions of others may inform this decision. We conduct an experiment to test the effect of watching private citizens and public officials acting in ways that either increase or decrease the spread of the coronavirus. For private role models, positive examples lead to a 34% increase in donations to the CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Emergency Fund and a 20% increase in learning about COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]-related volunteering compared to negative examples. For public role models these effects are reversed. Negative examples lead to a 29% and 53% increase in donations and volunteering, respectively. Results are consistent with the Norm Activation Model: positive private role models lead to more prosocial behavior because they increase norms of trust, while negative public role models increase a sense of responsibility among individuals which convinces them to act more prosocially."
IZA Institute of Labor Economics
Abel, Martin; Brown, Willa
2020-04
