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Addressing the Rise of Infectious Disease Related to Injection Drug Use: Lessons Learned from Kentucky
From the Executive Summary: "With opioid-involved overdoses claiming the lives of 130 people every day across the United States, governors are looking to replicate best practices to address the epidemic and related challenges, including increased transmission of costly and devastating infectious diseases. This case study explores Kentucky's effort to establish syringe services programs, referred to as Harm Reduction and Syringe Exchange Programs (HRSEPs), in areas hardest hit by the opioid epidemic. The first southern state to authorize syringe services programs, Kentucky has established more than 50 HRSEPs to curb infectious disease transmission, provide basic health care services and establish new pathways to substance use disorder treatment and recovery for people who inject drugs."
National Governors' Association
2019-05
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NCPDP Emergency Preparedness Information
From the Introduction: "Declared emergencies, such as major hurricanes as well as the H1N1 Flu pandemic, have led to the creation of this document. This document provides guidance to the pharmacy industry for resources available during a declared emergency. The intended audience is healthcare industry providers who would need resource information for eligibility and claims processing. [...] Additionally, this Document outlines processes and procedures that are set up as daily occurrences. Processes and procedures that are set up for use as part of daily routines could be invoked at a moment's notice, and some aspects of the declared emergency would not require new training."
National Council for Prescription Drug Programs
2019-05
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School and Preparedness Officials' Perspectives on Social Distancing Practices to Reduce Influenza Transmission During a Pandemic: Considerations to Guide Future Work
From the Abstract: "The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the perspectives of school and preparedness officials on the feasibility of implementing a range of social distancing practices to reduce influenza transmission during a pandemic. In the summer of 2017, we conducted 36 focus groups by teleconference and webinar lasting 90 min with school and preparedness stakeholders from across the United States. We identified and characterized 11 themes arising from the focus group protocol's domains as well as unanticipated emergent themes. These themes were: the need for effective stakeholder communication, the importance of partnering for buy-in, the role of social distancing in heightening anxiety, ensuring student safety, how practices work in combination, challenges with enforcement, lack of funding for school nurses, differing views about schools' role in protecting public health, the need for education and community engagement to ensure consistent implementation, the need for collaborative decision-making, and tension between standardizing public health guidance and adapting to local contexts. Addressing several crosscutting considerations can increase the likelihood that social distancing practices will be feasible and acceptable to school stakeholders."
Elsevier Inc.
Faherty, Laura J.; Schwartz, Heather L.; Uscher-Pines, Lori . . .
2019-04-06
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Patient Care Strategies for Scarce Resource Situations
From the Document: "How to use this card set: 1. Recognize or anticipate resource shortfall. 2. Implement appropriate incident management system and plans; assign subject matter experts (technical specialists) to problem. 3. Determine degree of shortfall, expected demand, and duration; assess ability to obtain needed resources via local, regional, or national vendors or partners. 4. Find category of resource on index. 5. Refer to specific recommendations on card. 6. Decide which strategies to implement and/or develop additional strategies appropriate for the facility and situation. 7. Assure consistent regional approach by informing public health authorities and other facilities if contingency or crisis strategies will continue beyond 24h [24 hours] and no regional options exist for re-supply or patient transfer; activate regional scarce resource coordination plans as appropriate. 8. Review strategies every operational period or as availability (supply/demand) changes."
Minnesota. Department of Health
2019-04
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Standard Operating Procedure: Humanitarian System-Wide Scale-Up Activation, Protocol for the Control of Infectious Disease Events
From the Document: "This paper outlines the IASC [Inter-Agency Standing Committee] procedures for the assessment of infectious disease events, the consultation and decision-making processes on Scale-Up activation, the activation and deactivation criteria and procedures, and implications for IASC members and other key collaborating organizations."
Inter-Agency Standing Committee
2019-04
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Ethics Guidance for the Public Health Containment of Serious Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Low-Income Settings: Lessons from Ebola
From the Executive Summary: "Regardless of geography, public health response to infectious disease outbreaks should be effective, fair, respectful and transparent. Too often, however, outbreaks are met with fear, discrimination, and interventions with limited evidence, raising ethical as well as public health concerns. This ethics guidance is intended to help navigate response challenges that arise particularly where resources are significantly constrained, where core public health functions generally are weak, where there are high levels of economic, social, or political inequities, and where outside personnel are often brought in to aid in the response."
Wellcome Trust (London, England); Johns Hopkins University Berman Institute of Bioethics
Kass, Nancy E.; Kahn, Jeffrey, 1971-; Buckland, Audrey . . .
2019-04
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Tools to Improve Special Pathogens Readiness [presentation]
From the Presentation: "ASPR [Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response] TRACIE [Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange] was developed as a healthcare emergency preparedness information gateway to address the need for: [1] Enhanced technical assistance; [2] A comprehensive, one-stop, national knowledge center for healthcare system preparedness; [3] Multiple ways to efficiently share and receive information between various entities, including peer-to-peer; [4] A way to leverage and better integrate support (force multiplier)[.]"
United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
Brannman, Shayne; Madad, Syra; Bennett, Mary Ellen . . .
2019-03-27
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Space, Staff, Stuff: Identifying Your Community's Resources
"'Space, Staff, Stuff: Identifying Your Community's Resources' (hereafter referred to as 'Space, Staff, Stuff') is a customizable tool for community planners. This tool helps planners identify their community organizations' roles, responsibilities, and resources and determine potential gaps in their all-hazards planning efforts. It is designed to benefit any community regardless of demographics, infrastructure, current levels of planning, or availability of public health and health care resources."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2019-03
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Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the WHO African Region: Booklet Two: Sections 4, 5, 6 and 7
From the Document: "This booklet comprises the following sections of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Technical Guidelines: Section 4: Investigate suspected outbreaks and other public health events; Section 5: Prepare to respond to outbreaks and other public health events; Section 6: Respond to outbreaks and public health events; and Section 7: Risk communication[.]"
World Health Organization
2019-03
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Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the Who African Region: Booklet Two: Sections 1, 2 and 3
From the Document: "This booklet comprises the following sections of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Technical Guidelines: Section 1: Identify and record cases of priority diseases, conditions and events; Section 2: Report priority diseases, conditions and events Section; and 3: Analyse and interpret data[.]"
World Health Organization
2019-03
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Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the WHO African Region: Booklet One: Introduction Section
From the Document: "This booklet introduces all 11 sections of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) Technical Guidelines[.]"
World Health Organization
2019-03
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Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the WHO African Region: Booklet Four: Sections 8 and 9
"This booklet comprises the following sections of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Technical Guidelines: Section 8: Monitor, evaluate, supervise and provide feedback to improve surveillance and response; and Section 9: Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (eIDSR[).]"
World Health Organization
2019-03
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Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the WHO African Region: Booklet Five: Section 10
From the Document: "This booklet comprises the following section of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Technical Guidelines: Section 10: Tailoring Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) to Emergency or Fragile Health System contexts[.]"
World Health Organization
2019-03
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Vaccine Hesitancy and Fake News: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Italy
From the Abstract: "The spread of fake news and misinformation on social media is blamed to be one of the main causes of vaccine hesitancy, one of the ten threats to global health according to World Health Organization. This paper studies the effect of diffusion of fake news on immunization rates in Italy by exploiting a quasi-experiment occurred in 2012, when the Court of Rimini officially recognized a causal link between MMR [measles‐mumps‐rubella] vaccine and autism and awarded injury compensation. To this end, we exploit 'virality' of fake news following the 2012 Italian Court's ruling along with the intensity in the exposure to non-traditional media driven by regional infrastructural differences in Internet broadband coverage. Using a Difference-in-Difference (DiD) regression on regional panel data, we show that the spread of fake news caused a drop in children immunization rates for all types of vaccines."
University of York
Carrieri, Vincenzo; Madio, Leonardo; Principe, Francesco
2019-02
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CERC: Psychology of a Crisis
From the Document: "Crises, emergencies, and disasters happen. Disasters are different from personal and family emergencies, and not just because they are larger in scale. Disasters that take a toll on human life are characterized by change, high levels of uncertainty, and complexity. In a crisis, affected people take in information, process information, and act on information differently than they would during non-crisis times. People or groups may exaggerate their communication responses. They may revert to more basic or instinctive fight-or-flight reasoning. Effective communication during a crisis is not an attempt at mass mental therapy, nor is it a magic potion that fixes all problems. Nonetheless, to reduce the psychological impact of a crisis, the public should feel empowered to take actions that will reduce their risk of harm. This chapter will briefly describe how people process information differently during a crisis, the mental states and behaviors that tend to emerge in crises, how psychological effects are different in each phase of a crisis, and how to communicate to best reach people during these changing states of mind."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2019
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Protecting the Blood Supply During Infectious Disease Outbreaks
From the Preface: "This guidance document has been produced by WHO [World Health Organization] to assist blood services in the development of national plans to respond to any emerging infectious threats to the sufficiency or safety of the blood supply, whether from an existing infectious agent that is changing in incidence and spread, or from a newly identified infectious agent. It is intended that this document be followed to guide the national blood service through the process of planning how to respond in a timely, controlled and appropriate way to any specific infectious threat that may subsequently emerge. It is acknowledged that it is not only the blood supply that may be affected by such emerging infectious threats; in those countries undertaking transplantation, the supply of cell, tissues and organs may also be threatened. Increasingly, blood services are taking overall national responsibility for transplantation in their capacity as the organization responsible for the collection, processing, storage and supply of cells, tissues and organs. This approach is both sensible and appropriate, as the overall donor selection and screening processes are the same or very similar. This guidance document can therefore also be used to assist those bodies responsible for the provision of cells, tissues and organs to prepare for an emerging infectious threat."
World Health Organization
Kitchen, Alan
2019
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Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Annual Progress Report, 1 January - 31 December 2018
From the Introduction: "The Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework is an innovative public health instrument that brings together Member States, industry, other stakeholders and WHO [World Health Organization] to implement a global approach to pandemic influenza preparedness and response. The key goals include: to improve and strengthen the sharing of influenza viruses with human pandemic potential; and to increase the access of developing countries to vaccines and other pandemic response supplies. The Framework includes a benefit-sharing mechanism called the Partnership Contribution (PC). The PC is collected as an annual cash contribution from influenza vaccine, diagnostic, and pharmaceutical manufacturers that use the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)."
World Health Organization
2019
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Non-Pharmaceutical Public Health Measures for Mitigating the Risk and Impact of Epidemic and Pandemic Influenza
From the Scope and Purpose: "This document provides recommendations for the use of NPIs [non-pharmaceutical interventions] in future influenza epidemics and pandemics based on existing guidance documents and the latest scientific literature. The specific recommendations are based on a systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness of NPIs, including personal protective measures, environmental measures, social distancing measures and travel-related measures. The information provided here will be useful for national authorities that are developing or updating their plans for mitigating the impact of influenza epidemics and pandemics."
World Health Organization
2019
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From 'Never Again' to the 'New Normal': What Does the 2018-2019 Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Tell Us About the State of Global Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Response?
From the Executive Summary: "The scale of the tragedy caused by the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa exposed serious failings in the way the world prepares for, and responds to, health emergencies. In the wake of the crisis the UN system and a constellation of international organizations, national governments, and international NGOs [non-governmental organizations] embarked on several initiatives to reform key aspects of global epidemic preparedness and response, from financing to clinical research. 'Never again' was the collective refrain. And yet, in June 2019, a typical headline in the UK press read '"Terrifying" Ebola epidemic out of control in the Democratic Republic of the Congo'. [...] What has happened, why, and what do the answers to those questions tell us about the state of the world's preparedness for pandemic threats? Those are the three overarching questions posed by the Global Preparedness and Monitoring Board (GPMB), and which we set out to explore in this report."
World Health Organization
Konyndyk, Jeremy M.; Tam, Theresa; Matsoso, Malebona Precious . . .
2019
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Building Resilience to Biothreats: An Assessment of Unmet Core Global Health Security Needs
From the Executive Summary: "Global health security is the bulwark against catastrophic public health events. Building this security is a timely and urgent challenge for the world as it faces an increasing rate of emergent and re-emergent infectious disease events tied to changing pressures on animals and ecosystems, resistance to antimicrobials, and avenues for intentional dissemination-- all with prospects of rapid spread through our highly mobile population. To date, no end-to-end review of the components needed for effective prevention, detection, response, and recovery from major biological events of any cause, nor an assessment to determine those components that are receiving insufficient attention, has been published."
EcoHealth Alliance
Carlin, Ellen P.; Machalaba, Catherine; Berthe, Franck C. J., 1964- . . .
2019
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Pandemic Influenza Benchguide: Legal Issues Concerning Quarantine and Isolation
From the Purpose: "This benchguide was designed to serve as an educational resource for the courts in the event of a pandemic influenza or an analogous situation. Due to the quickly evolving area of public health law, a benchguide of this sort must, necessarily, continue to be revised in response to these changes. Therefore, since this benchguide cannot be definitive, readers are encouraged to check cited legal authorities before relying on them or on the proposed orders and checklists that derive from these legal authorities."
Florida Courts
Ferris, Janet E.; Kroll, Kathleen; Ingle, John . . .
2019
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United States Government Global Health Security Strategy
From the Document: "The Global Health Security Strategy outlines the United States Government's approach to strengthen global health security, including accelerating the capabilities of targeted countries to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease outbreaks. Together with the National Security Strategy, National Biodefense Strategy, and executive order on 'Advancing the Global Health Agenda to Achieve a World Safe and Secure from Infectious Disease Threats,' the Global Health Security Strategy guides the Federal Government in protecting the United States and its partners abroad from infectious disease threats by working with other nations, international organizations, and nongovernmental stakeholders. The Global Health Security Strategy supports the National Security and Biodefense Strategies, and further describes how the United States will prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats globally and domestically. The Global Health Security Strategy also delineates how the United States Government will achieve the National Security Strategy priority actions of 'Detecting and Containing Biothreats at their Source' and 'Improving Emergency Response' domestically as part of the global health security system."
United States. White House Office
2019
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State of U.S. Public Health Biopreparedness: Responding to Biological Attacks, Pandemics, and Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, June 15, 2018
This is the June 15, 2018 hearing on "The State of U.S. Public Health Biopreparedness: Responding to Biological Attacks, Pandemics, and Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks," held before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. From the opening statement of Gregg Harper: "Today, the subcommittee continues its longstanding oversight of the U.S. public health system's preparedness to respond to biological threats and emerging infectious diseases that endanger the public health. The purpose of today's hearing is to hear from top public health experts on the good work being done at their agencies to protect the public and to explore where improvements need to be made." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Rick A. Bright, Anne Schuchat, Anthony Fauci, and Denise Hinton.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019
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Strengthening Partnerships for a Safer World: Report of the Global Technical Consultation on Strengthening National Health Security Through Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning
From the Executive Summary: "A crucial role for pandemic influenza Influenza poses the largest pandemic threat in the world today and yet we remain ill-prepared. More than a hundred countries have no plan for pandemic influenza, and fewer than 13% have updated their plan in the past four years. We cannot predict where or when the next influenza pandemic will emerge but we can be sure that one will appear, and when it does, it could have grave social and economic consequences. This makes investing in pandemic influenza preparedness an essential task for all countries--big or small, rich or poor. Investing in pandemic influenza preparedness makes sense for other reasons too: from the very first session of the Hong Kong SAR [Special Administrative Region] meeting, speakers and participants alike emphasized the crucial role that pandemic influenza preparedness has in supporting broader health security."
Pan American Health Organization
Lewis, Sian
2019
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Building Bridges in Preparedness: Report of a Stakeholder Consultation on National Health Security and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning
From the Executive Summary: "In December 2017, more than 80 people from 33 countries attended the 'Stakeholder Consultation on National Health Security and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning' in Accra, Ghana. The meeting brought two Strategic Partnership Networks--the global health security network and the international influenza network--together for the very first time to find the critical synergies between national health security planning and influenza pandemic preparedness that can strengthen countries' ability to cope with health threats with pandemic potential."
World Health Organization
Lewis, Sian
2019
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Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States and Switzerland
From the Abstract: "Vaccine hesitancy (VH), or the reluctance or refusal to participate in vaccination programs, is a complex phenomenon with far-reaching impacts on society. VH can impact vaccine uptake and facilitate subsequent outbreaks, as seen with the case of measles. Perceptions of vaccination are similar in the United States and Switzerland, and misinformation in each country contributed to VH through impaired parental risk-benefit analysis; parental analysis and subsequent VH is associated with both anti-vaccination messages gaining prominence and a decrease in the public perception of the health risk from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). There are many proposed strategies for addressing VH on both clinical and public health levels, most of which center around communication. So far, no single strategy has been shown to be most effective. The literature and the interviews included multiple possible strategies to be tested in the future."
School for International Training
Lunderberg, Anna E.
2019
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Fighting the Rise of the Anti-Vaccination Movement
From the Document: "A growing movement against vaccines has been gaining traction all around the world, and we are starting to hear about it more than ever before. Those who oppose vaccinating their children, who many call 'anti-vaxxers,' believe that vaccines ultimately cause more harm than good. Shockingly, skepticism around vaccines is not a new phenomena; it has existed since 'the smallpox vaccine introduction,' and continued 'unabated ever since' (Whelan 463). Though in recent years, media has accelerated the anti-vaccination movement as more people turn the the internet for information. This movement and their beliefs have piqued the interest, and concern, of people around the globe who wonder why someone would rally against life-saving vaccines. Anti-vaxxers' reason for not vaccinating is a combination of concern for the safety of their children and distrust of the pharmaceutical industry; paving the way for the many conspiracy theories that fuel the movement. The conspiracies rest upon the idea that 'data is faked and harmful side-effects of vaccines are hidden from the public to ensure that pharmaceutical industries and governments are able to make money' (Jolley and Douglas 459). At its very core, anti-vaxx conspiracy theories involve a denial of scientific evidence. As a result, anti-vaxxers believe in a variety of unfounded 'vaccine-injuries,' such as autism."
College of DuPage
Santos, Savannah
2019
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Identifying Safety-Net Resources at Health Centers to Prevent Infectious Disease Transmission Resulting from the Opioid Epidemic
From the Summary: "The impact of the opioid epidemic on infectious disease transmission is an increasingly pressing public health issue. The problem came dramatically to light in 2015 when an outbreak of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occurred in rural Scott County, Indiana; the county, which had reported only a handful of cases in the previous decade, identified nearly 200 cases in a single year. The new infections were almost entirely found among injection drug users. Co-infection with hepatitis C was found in over 90 percent of new cases of HIV. To identify potential strategies for addressing the connections between the opioid epidemic and infectious disease transmission, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) asked the RAND Corporation to conduct this study, which examines the role of Community Health Centers (CHCs). ASPE is focusing on CHCs because they are federally supported to provide care to underserved populations and areas with high need in the United States. To focus the efforts of this exploratory project, ASPE drew on research that identified counties across the country that are at high risk for opioid-related infectious disease outbreaks, such as the one that occurred in Scott County."
RAND Corporation
Breslau, Joshua; McBain, Ryan K.; Simmons, Molly
2019
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CDC Field Epidemiology Manual: Legal Considerations
From the Introduction: "A core duty and primary function of any government is protection of the public's health and safety. Field epidemiology--including investigation of disease outbreaks and clusters--is a critical, basic government function conducted by public health agencies at the state and federal levels. The federal government's authority to protect public health and safety is found in the US Constitution. And while states address the protection of public health and safety in their individual constitutions, each state is also vested with 'police powers,' that is, inherent authority to impose restrictions on private rights for the sake of public welfare, order, and security. Both federal and state authorities are subject to the limitations and restraints of the US Constitution. [...] This chapter provides an overview of legal considerations relating to field epidemiology and, more specifically, epidemiologic investigations. It discusses the interplay of federal and state laws; legal issues related to data collection, analysis, and dissemination, including health information privacy; special or unique jurisdictions; and state and federal cooperation in emergency responses, including investigations of disease outbreaks that may be terrorism-related."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Holt, James D.; Ghosh, Sudevi Navalkar; Black, Jennifer R.
2018-12-13
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Data Sharing in Public Health Emergencies: Analysis of Barriers and Enablers from an Outbreak Response Perspective (SHARE)
From the Executive Summary: "Timely access to data during infectious disease outbreaks by those involved in research preparedness and response provides essential input for public health response and for outbreak-related research. [...] Therefore, historical analyses of data sharing practices during past epidemic outbreaks that involved a wide variety of stakeholders were commissioned by the Wellcome Trust and The Department for International Development (DFID) of the UK. Collectively, these aim to provide an overview of critical lessons learned from past experiences and to support the development of sustainable data sharing practices for future research and infectious disease outbreak preparedness. This case study focused on outbreaks of MERS [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome] Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as a new emerging zoonotic pathogen without a licensed intervention, to provide an in-depth understanding of barriers and enablers to data sharing to such zoonotic emerging infectious disease (EID) outbreaks."
Wellcome Trust (London, England); Great Britain. Department for International Development; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment . . .
Koopmans, M. P. G.; Haringhuizen, George; Claassen, Eric . . .
2018-12
